Times of day
The parts of the day that routines and plans hang on, plus kesa and konban for this morning and tonight.
asa
morning
朝 あさ
The morning as a part of the day, for routines (asa hayaku, asagohan) and spans like asa kara (since the morning).
asa denwa suru ne.
I'll call you in the morning.
朝電話するね。
asa denwa shimasu ne.
I'll call you in the morning.
朝電話しますね。
For 'this morning' say kesa or kyou no asa.
hiru
noon, daytime, lunch
昼 ひる
Midday and the daytime as opposed to yoru, mostly in set phrases: hiru made (till noon), hiru kara (from noon), hirusugi (just after noon), hirugohan (lunch). Casually, bare hiru also means lunch (hiru nani taberu?).
hiru made neteta.
I slept till noon.
昼まで寝てた。
hiru made netemashita.
I slept until noon.
昼まで寝てました。
For 'at lunchtime' say ohiru ni (ohiru ni denwa suru ne). ohiru on its own also means lunch, and hiruma means the daytime hours. For the afternoon say gogo (午後, #1394): gogo wa hima?
yoru
night, evening
夜 よる
Evening and night, for plans and routines. kyou no yoru is a common casual way to say tonight.
yoru denwa suru ne.
I'll call you tonight.
夜電話するね。
yoru denwa shimasu ne.
I'll call you tonight.
夜電話しますね。
ban (晩, #4729) is a near-synonym that lives in set words: konban, konbanwa, bangohan (dinner), maiban (every night). For late afternoon to dusk say yuugata (夕方, #2124); yoru starts once it is dark.
kesa
this morning
今朝 けさ
One word for kyou no asa. It often looks back at earlier this morning with past tense (kesa nani tabeta?), but while it is still morning non-past is fine too: kesa wa samui ne.
kesa wa samukatta ne.
It was cold this morning, huh.
今朝は寒かったね。
kesa wa samukatta desu ne.
It was cold this morning, wasn't it?
今朝は寒かったですね。
An irregular word (not kon-asa). Like kyou, it takes no ni. kyou no asa means the same and is always safe.
konban
tonight
今晩 こんばん
Tonight, for evening plans and invitations. It has the same kon- ('this') as konshuu and kongetsu.
konban nomi ni ikanai?
Want to go for a drink tonight?
今晩飲みに行かない？
konban nomi ni ikimasen ka?
Would you like to go for a drink tonight?
今晩飲みに行きませんか？
konya (今夜) means the same and is more frequent in dramas, so recognise it. Among friends, plain kyou often covers tonight: kyou nomi ni ikanai? For last night say yuube (ゆうべ, #2525) or kinou no yoru.