{"title":"Conversation phrases","description":"Getting to know someone, small talk and saying what you think, then the reactions, follow-ups and story glue that keep a chat going.","conventions":{"romaji":"kotoba's stored spelling: modified Hepburn, lowercase, no macrons, long vowels as spelled (sou, daijoubu, kirei), wa/o/e particles, っ before ch = t (kotchi). Leading hyphen = attaches to a word.","register":"romaji = casual form, learned first; polite = desu/masu counterpart, or null when there is no register difference.","freqRank":"rank in jiten.moe drama frequency list (CC BY-SA 4.0); freqNote explains tokenizer-split forms. null = no usable rank.","scores":"spread / reach / speakNeed, 1-5, judged.","prereqs":"item ids to learn first.","contrastGroup":"items sharing a group name are learned side by side; their examples share a base sentence."},"stats":{"total":765,"chunks":183,"candidatePool":794},"stages":[{"name":"Stage 1","summary":"292 phrases in 68 chunks: getting to know you, likes and free time, what do you think, small talk and 8 more.","items":292,"chunkIds":["c-intro-1","c-intro-2","c-intro-3","c-intro-4","c-intro-5","c-intro-6","c-intro-7","c-intro-8","c-intro-9","c-intro-10","c-intro-11","c-likes-1","c-likes-2","c-likes-3","c-likes-4","c-likes-5","c-likes-6","c-likes-7","c-likes-8","c-opine-1","c-opine-2","c-opine-3","c-opine-4","c-opine-5","c-opine-6","c-opine-7","c-catchup-1","c-catchup-2","c-catchup-3","c-catchup-4","c-catchup-5","c-catchup-6","c-catchup-7","c-react-1","c-react-2","c-react-3","c-react-4","c-react-5","c-react-6","c-ask-1","c-ask-2","c-ask-3","c-ask-4","c-ask-5","c-agree-1","c-agree-2","c-agree-3","c-agree-4","c-agree-5","c-agree-6","c-tell-1","c-feel-1","c-feel-2","c-feel-3","c-feel-4","c-repair-1","c-repair-2","c-repair-3","c-flow-1","c-flow-2","c-flow-3","c-social-1","c-social-2","c-social-3","c-social-4","c-social-5","c-social-6","c-social-7"]},{"name":"Stage 2","summary":"284 phrases in 71 chunks: getting to know you, likes and free time, what do you think, small talk and 10 more.","items":284,"chunkIds":["c-intro-12","c-intro-13","c-intro-14","c-intro-15","c-likes-9","c-likes-10","c-likes-11","c-opine-8","c-opine-9","c-opine-10","c-opine-11","c-opine-12","c-opine-13","c-opine-14","c-catchup-8","c-catchup-9","c-catchup-10","c-catchup-11","c-catchup-12","c-catchup-13","c-react-7","c-react-8","c-react-9","c-react-10","c-react-11","c-react-12","c-react-13","c-react-14","c-ask-6","c-ask-7","c-ask-8","c-agree-7","c-agree-8","c-tell-2","c-tell-3","c-tell-4","c-tell-5","c-feel-5","c-feel-6","c-feel-7","c-feel-8","c-feel-9","c-feel-10","c-feel-11","c-feel-12","c-feel-13","c-plans-1","c-plans-2","c-plans-3","c-plans-4","c-plans-5","c-plans-6","c-plans-7","c-repair-4","c-repair-5","c-banter-1","c-banter-2","c-banter-3","c-banter-4","c-banter-5","c-flow-4","c-flow-5","c-social-8","c-social-9","c-social-10","c-social-11","c-social-12","c-social-13","c-social-14","c-social-15","c-social-16"]},{"name":"Stage 3","summary":"84 phrases in 21 chunks: what do you think, small talk, reacting, telling what happened and 4 more.","items":84,"chunkIds":["c-opine-15","c-catchup-14","c-react-15","c-react-16","c-tell-6","c-tell-7","c-feel-14","c-feel-15","c-feel-16","c-plans-8","c-plans-9","c-plans-10","c-banter-6","c-banter-7","c-banter-8","c-social-17","c-social-18","c-social-19","c-social-20","c-social-21","c-social-22"]},{"name":"Errands and service","summary":"105 phrases for shops, restaurants and service: there for when you need them, not for chatting.","items":105,"chunkIds":["c-errands-1","c-errands-2","c-errands-3","c-errands-4","c-errands-5","c-errands-6","c-errands-7","c-errands-8","c-errands-9","c-errands-10","c-errands-11","c-errands-12","c-errands-13","c-errands-14","c-errands-15","c-errands-16","c-errands-17","c-errands-18","c-errands-19","c-errands-20","c-errands-21","c-errands-22","c-errands-23"]}],"categories":[{"key":"c-intro","name":"Getting to know you","scope":"Getting to know you","chunkIds":["c-intro-1","c-intro-2","c-intro-3","c-intro-4","c-intro-5","c-intro-6","c-intro-7","c-intro-8","c-intro-9","c-intro-10","c-intro-11","c-intro-12","c-intro-13","c-intro-14","c-intro-15"]},{"key":"c-likes","name":"Likes and free time","scope":"Likes and free time","chunkIds":["c-likes-1","c-likes-2","c-likes-3","c-likes-4","c-likes-5","c-likes-6","c-likes-7","c-likes-8","c-likes-9","c-likes-10","c-likes-11"]},{"key":"c-opine","name":"What do you think","scope":"What do you think","chunkIds":["c-opine-1","c-opine-2","c-opine-3","c-opine-4","c-opine-5","c-opine-6","c-opine-7","c-opine-8","c-opine-9","c-opine-10","c-opine-11","c-opine-12","c-opine-13","c-opine-14","c-opine-15"]},{"key":"c-catchup","name":"Small talk","scope":"Small talk","chunkIds":["c-catchup-1","c-catchup-2","c-catchup-3","c-catchup-4","c-catchup-5","c-catchup-6","c-catchup-7","c-catchup-8","c-catchup-9","c-catchup-10","c-catchup-11","c-catchup-12","c-catchup-13","c-catchup-14"]},{"key":"c-react","name":"Reacting","scope":"Reacting","chunkIds":["c-react-1","c-react-2","c-react-3","c-react-4","c-react-5","c-react-6","c-react-7","c-react-8","c-react-9","c-react-10","c-react-11","c-react-12","c-react-13","c-react-14","c-react-15","c-react-16"]},{"key":"c-ask","name":"Asking and following up","scope":"Asking and following up","chunkIds":["c-ask-1","c-ask-2","c-ask-3","c-ask-4","c-ask-5","c-ask-6","c-ask-7","c-ask-8"]},{"key":"c-agree","name":"Agreeing and disagreeing","scope":"Agreeing and disagreeing","chunkIds":["c-agree-1","c-agree-2","c-agree-3","c-agree-4","c-agree-5","c-agree-6","c-agree-7","c-agree-8"]},{"key":"c-tell","name":"Telling what happened","scope":"Telling what happened","chunkIds":["c-tell-1","c-tell-2","c-tell-3","c-tell-4","c-tell-5","c-tell-6","c-tell-7"]},{"key":"c-feel","name":"Feelings and empathy","scope":"Feelings and empathy","chunkIds":["c-feel-1","c-feel-2","c-feel-3","c-feel-4","c-feel-5","c-feel-6","c-feel-7","c-feel-8","c-feel-9","c-feel-10","c-feel-11","c-feel-12","c-feel-13","c-feel-14","c-feel-15","c-feel-16"]},{"key":"c-plans","name":"Plans and invitations","scope":"Plans and invitations","chunkIds":["c-plans-1","c-plans-2","c-plans-3","c-plans-4","c-plans-5","c-plans-6","c-plans-7","c-plans-8","c-plans-9","c-plans-10"]},{"key":"c-repair","name":"Clarifying","scope":"Clarifying","chunkIds":["c-repair-1","c-repair-2","c-repair-3","c-repair-4","c-repair-5"]},{"key":"c-banter","name":"Teasing and banter","scope":"Teasing and banter","chunkIds":["c-banter-1","c-banter-2","c-banter-3","c-banter-4","c-banter-5","c-banter-6","c-banter-7","c-banter-8"]},{"key":"c-flow","name":"Opening and changing the subject","scope":"Opening and changing the subject","chunkIds":["c-flow-1","c-flow-2","c-flow-3","c-flow-4","c-flow-5"]},{"key":"c-social","name":"Greetings, thanks and sorry","scope":"Greetings, thanks and sorry","chunkIds":["c-social-1","c-social-2","c-social-3","c-social-4","c-social-5","c-social-6","c-social-7","c-social-8","c-social-9","c-social-10","c-social-11","c-social-12","c-social-13","c-social-14","c-social-15","c-social-16","c-social-17","c-social-18","c-social-19","c-social-20","c-social-21","c-social-22"]},{"key":"c-errands","name":"Errands and service","scope":"Errands and service","chunkIds":["c-errands-1","c-errands-2","c-errands-3","c-errands-4","c-errands-5","c-errands-6","c-errands-7","c-errands-8","c-errands-9","c-errands-10","c-errands-11","c-errands-12","c-errands-13","c-errands-14","c-errands-15","c-errands-16","c-errands-17","c-errands-18","c-errands-19","c-errands-20","c-errands-21","c-errands-22","c-errands-23"]}],"blocks":[{"id":"c-intro-1","label":"Where you're from","rationale":"Ask where someone is from and say where you grew up.","interference":"doko kara kita no can also mean 'where have you just come from' today.","items":[{"id":"p-doko-kara-kita-no","romaji":"doko kara kita no?","polite":"dochira kara irasshatta n desu ka?","english":"where are you from?; where did you come from?","use":"Asked when meeting a newcomer, usually meaning which country; answer with the place plus kara (kanada kara).","ja":"どこから来たの？","kana":"どこからきたの？","politeJa":"どちらからいらっしゃったんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, doko kara kita no? amerika?","ja":"ねえ、どこから来たの？アメリカ？","english":"Hey, where are you from? America?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, dochira kara irasshatta n desu ka?","ja":"すみません、どちらからいらっしゃったんですか？","english":"Excuse me, where are you from?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Can also mean where you've just come from today; context decides.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":364,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":1},{"id":"p-shusshin-da-yo","romaji":"... shusshin da yo","polite":"... shusshin desu","english":"I'm from ...; I grew up in ...","use":"Your answer to shusshin doko?; put the country, city or prefecture first.","ja":"〜出身だよ","kana":"〜しゅっしんだよ","politeJa":"〜出身です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kanada no toronto shusshin da yo.","ja":"カナダのトロント出身だよ。","english":"I'm from Toronto, in Canada."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kanada no toronto shusshin desu.","ja":"カナダのトロント出身です。","english":"I'm from Toronto, in Canada."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":42,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":2},{"id":"p-shusshin-doko","romaji":"shusshin doko?","polite":"goshusshin wa dochira desu ka?","english":"where are you from?; where did you grow up?","use":"Asks where someone was born and raised; between Japanese people it usually means which prefecture.","ja":"出身どこ？","kana":"しゅっしんどこ？","politeJa":"ご出身はどちらですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shusshin doko? watashi wa oosaka.","ja":"出身どこ？私は大阪。","english":"Where are you from? I'm from Osaka."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goshusshin wa dochira desu ka? watashi wa oosaka desu.","ja":"ご出身はどちらですか？私は大阪です。","english":"Where are you from? I'm from Osaka."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Doko kara kita no? is the vaguer 'which country' version.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":23,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":3},{"id":"p-jimoto-doko","romaji":"jimoto doko?","polite":"jimoto wa dochira desu ka?","english":"where's your hometown?","use":"Casual; mostly asked between Japanese people who've moved to a city for work or study.","ja":"地元どこ？","kana":"じもとどこ？","politeJa":"地元はどちらですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jimoto doko? natsu ni kaeru no?","ja":"地元どこ？夏に帰るの？","english":"Where's home for you? Going back for the summer?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jimoto wa dochira desu ka? natsu ni kaerimasu ka?","ja":"地元はどちらですか？夏に帰りますか？","english":"Where's your hometown? Are you going back for the summer?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Jimoto also means your local area: jimoto no tomodachi (friends from back home).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":4},{"id":"p-umare-mo-sodachi-mo","romaji":"umare mo sodachi mo ...","polite":"umare mo sodachi mo ... desu","english":"born and raised in ...","use":"Says you've lived in one place your whole life; the place comes at the end.","ja":"生まれも育ちも〜","kana":"うまれもそだちも〜","politeJa":"生まれも育ちも〜です","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"umare mo sodachi mo oosaka da yo.","ja":"生まれも育ちも大阪だよ。","english":"I was born and raised in Osaka."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"umare mo sodachi mo oosaka desu.","ja":"生まれも育ちも大阪です。","english":"I was born and raised in Osaka."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":5}],"stage":1,"range":"1-5","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-2","label":"What you do for work","rationale":"Ask about someone's job and describe your own.","interference":"de hataraiteru takes de for the workplace, while sunderu takes ni.","items":[{"id":"p-donna-shigoto","romaji":"donna shigoto?","polite":"donna oshigoto desu ka?","english":"what kind of work is it?; what do you do?","use":"Follow-up when someone mentions their job or company; answer with a role or field.","ja":"どんな仕事？","kana":"どんなしごと？","politeJa":"どんなお仕事ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaishain na n da. donna shigoto?","ja":"会社員なんだ。どんな仕事？","english":"Oh, you work for a company. What kind of work?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaishain na n desu ne. donna oshigoto desu ka?","ja":"会社員なんですね。どんなお仕事ですか？","english":"Oh, you work for a company. What kind of work do you do?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Oshigoto adds polite o- when it's someone else's job.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":97,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":6},{"id":"p-de-hataraiteru","romaji":"... de hataraiteru","polite":"... de hataraite imasu","english":"I work at ...; I work in ...","use":"The basic answer to where you work; put the place or company before de.","ja":"〜で働いてる","kana":"〜ではたらいてる","politeJa":"〜で働いています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ekimae no kafe de hataraiteru yo.","ja":"駅前のカフェで働いてるよ。","english":"I work at the café by the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ekimae no kafe de hataraite imasu.","ja":"駅前のカフェで働いています。","english":"I work at the café by the station."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Hataraku takes de for the place, but sumu takes ni.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":244,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":7},{"id":"p-doko-de-hataraiteru-no","romaji":"doko de hataraiteru no?","polite":"dochira de hataraite iru n desu ka?","english":"where do you work?","use":"Asks for the company or place; people often answer with the industry instead of a company name.","ja":"どこで働いてるの？","kana":"どこではたらいてるの？","politeJa":"どちらで働いているんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima doko de hataraiteru no? mada ginkou?","ja":"今どこで働いてるの？まだ銀行？","english":"Where are you working now? Still at the bank?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima dochira de hataraite iru n desu ka?","ja":"今どちらで働いているんですか？","english":"Where are you working now?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shigoto nani shiteru no? (what do you do?) is the more common opener.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":6,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":8},{"id":"p-kankei-no-shigoto-o-shiteru","romaji":"... kankei no shigoto o shiteru","polite":"... kankei no shigoto o shite imasu","english":"I work in ...; I do something to do with ...","use":"A handy vague answer when you don't want to explain your job; put the field first (ryokou kankei, kinyuu kankei).","ja":"〜関係の仕事をしてる","kana":"〜かんけいのしごとをしてる","politeJa":"〜関係の仕事をしています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ryokou kankei no shigoto o shiteru yo.","ja":"旅行関係の仕事をしてるよ。","english":"I work in travel."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ryokou kankei no shigoto o shite imasu.","ja":"旅行関係の仕事をしています。","english":"I work in travel."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual speech often drops the o: ... kankei no shigoto shiteru.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":9},{"id":"p-kaishain-da-yo","romaji":"kaishain da yo","polite":"kaishain desu","english":"I work for a company; I'm an office worker","use":"The everyday vague answer about your job; expect donna shigoto? next.","ja":"会社員だよ","kana":"かいしゃいんだよ","politeJa":"会社員です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"futsuu no kaishain da yo. jimu no shigoto.","ja":"普通の会社員だよ。事務の仕事。","english":"Just an ordinary office worker. Admin work."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"futsuu no kaishain desu. jimu no shigoto desu.","ja":"普通の会社員です。事務の仕事です。","english":"I'm just an ordinary office worker. I do admin work."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sarariiman is a near-synonym, used for men.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":21,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":10}],"stage":1,"range":"6-10","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-3","label":"Where you live now","rationale":"Ask where someone lives and say how and where you live.","interference":"jikka is your parents' home, not just any house you live in.","items":[{"id":"p-ima-doko-ni-sunderu-no","romaji":"ima doko ni sunderu no?","polite":"ima dochira ni osumai desu ka?","english":"where do you live now?","use":"Asked once you've said where you're from, to get the current city or neighbourhood.","ja":"今どこに住んでるの？","kana":"いまどこにすんでるの？","politeJa":"今どちらにお住まいですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima doko ni sunderu no? kono hen?","ja":"今どこに住んでるの？この辺？","english":"Where do you live now? Around here?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima dochira ni osumai desu ka? kono hen desu ka?","ja":"今どちらにお住まいですか？この辺ですか？","english":"Where do you live now? Around here?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Osumai is the set polite word for someone's home; doko ni sunde imasu ka? is fine too.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":35,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":11},{"id":"p-ni-sunderu","romaji":"... ni sunderu","polite":"... ni sunde imasu","english":"I live in ...","use":"Answer to doko ni sunderu no?; name the city, area or nearest station.","ja":"〜に住んでる","kana":"〜にすんでる","politeJa":"〜に住んでいます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima wa shibuya no chikaku ni sunderu yo.","ja":"今は渋谷の近くに住んでるよ。","english":"I live near Shibuya now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima wa shibuya no chikaku ni sunde imasu.","ja":"今は渋谷の近くに住んでいます。","english":"I live near Shibuya now."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Always the -te iru form (sunderu) for where you live now, and ni, not de.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":508,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":12},{"id":"p-hitorigurashi","romaji":"hitorigurashi?","polite":"hitorigurashi desu ka?","english":"do you live on your own?; living alone?","use":"A common follow-up to where you live; answer un, hitorigurashi, or say who you live with.","ja":"一人暮らし？","kana":"ひとりぐらし？","politeJa":"一人暮らしですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, hitorigurashi? ryouri toka suru no?","ja":"え、一人暮らし？料理とかするの？","english":"Oh, you live on your own? Do you cook and stuff?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitorigurashi desu ka? ryouri toka shimasu ka?","ja":"一人暮らしですか？料理とかしますか？","english":"Do you live on your own? Do you cook?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hitorigurashi shiteru = I live alone.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":51,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":13},{"id":"p-jikka-ni-sunderu","romaji":"jikka ni sunderu","polite":"jikka ni sunde imasu","english":"I live with my parents; I live at home","use":"Answer to hitorigurashi? or doko ni sunderu no?; living with your parents as a young adult is common in Japan.","ja":"実家に住んでる","kana":"じっかにすんでる","politeJa":"実家に住んでいます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mada jikka ni sunderu n da. raku da yo.","ja":"まだ実家に住んでるんだ。楽だよ。","english":"I still live with my parents. It's easy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mada jikka ni sunde iru n desu. raku desu yo.","ja":"まだ実家に住んでいるんです。楽ですよ。","english":"I still live with my parents. It's easy."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Jikka is your parents' home; jikka ni kaeru means going home to visit them.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":14},{"id":"p-tsuukin-dono-gurai","romaji":"tsuukin dono gurai?","polite":"tsuukin wa dono gurai desu ka?","english":"how long's your commute?","use":"Everyday small talk in Japanese cities, where commutes are long; answer with a time (densha de ichijikan).","ja":"通勤どのぐらい？","kana":"つうきんどのぐらい？","politeJa":"通勤はどのぐらいですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsuukin dono gurai? kekkou tooi?","ja":"通勤どのぐらい？結構遠い？","english":"How long's your commute? Pretty far?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsuukin wa dono gurai desu ka? kekkou tooi desu ka?","ja":"通勤はどのぐらいですか？結構遠いですか？","english":"How long is your commute? Is it quite far?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Add kakaru for 'how long does it take': dono gurai kakaru?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":15}],"stage":1,"range":"11-15","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-4","label":"Why you came to Japan","rationale":"Answer and ask the 'why Japan' question and what sparked it.","interference":"nande asks for the reason; kikkake asks what set it off.","items":[{"id":"p-nande-nihon-ni-kita-no","romaji":"nande nihon ni kita no?","polite":"doushite nihon ni kita n desu ka?","english":"what made you come to Japan?; why did you come to Japan?","use":"Asked of almost every foreigner; a short reason is enough (shigoto de kita, anime ga suki de).","ja":"なんで日本に来たの？","kana":"なんでにほんにきたの？","politeJa":"どうして日本に来たんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nande nihon ni kita no? anime toka?","ja":"なんで日本に来たの？アニメとか？","english":"What made you come to Japan? Anime or something?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"doushite nihon ni kita n desu ka? anime toka desu ka?","ja":"どうして日本に来たんですか？アニメとかですか？","english":"Why did you come to Japan? Was it anime or something?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Nande and doushite both mean why; nande is more casual.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":16},{"id":"p-kikkake-wa","romaji":"kikkake wa?","polite":"kikkake wa nan desu ka?","english":"what got you started?; how did that come about?","use":"Follow-up after someone mentions a hobby, a move or how they met someone; answer with ... ga kikkake de.","ja":"きっかけは？","kana":"きっかけは？","politeJa":"きっかけは何ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, sonna ni nagaku yatteru n da. kikkake wa?","ja":"え、そんなに長くやってるんだ。きっかけは？","english":"Wow, you've been doing it that long? What got you into it?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sonna ni nagaku yatte iru n desu ne. kikkake wa nan desu ka?","ja":"そんなに長くやっているんですね。きっかけは何ですか？","english":"You've been doing it that long? What got you started?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Kikkake is the trigger or starting point; riyuu is the reason.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":24,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":17},{"id":"p-shigoto-de-kita","romaji":"shigoto de kita","polite":"shigoto de kimashita","english":"I came over for work","use":"De gives the reason: ryuugaku de kita (came to study), ryokou de kita (came as a tourist).","ja":"仕事で来た","kana":"しごとできた","politeJa":"仕事で来ました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyonen shigoto de kita n da. sannen no yotei.","ja":"去年仕事で来たんだ。3年の予定。","english":"I came over for work last year. It's meant to be for three years."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyonen shigoto de kimashita. sannen no yotei desu.","ja":"去年仕事で来ました。3年の予定です。","english":"I came for work last year. I'm planning to stay three years."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"For a short work trip: shutchou de kita (here on business).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":9,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":18},{"id":"p-zutto-nihon-ni-kitakatta-n-da","romaji":"zutto nihon ni kitakatta n da","polite":"zutto nihon ni kitakatta n desu","english":"I'd always wanted to come to Japan","use":"An easy, warm answer to why you came; add the reason after if you like.","ja":"ずっと日本に来たかったんだ","kana":"ずっとにほんにきたかったんだ","politeJa":"ずっと日本に来たかったんです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kodomo no koro kara, zutto nihon ni kitakatta n da.","ja":"子供の頃から、ずっと日本に来たかったんだ。","english":"I'd wanted to come to Japan ever since I was a kid."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kodomo no koro kara, zutto nihon ni kitakatta n desu.","ja":"子供の頃から、ずっと日本に来たかったんです。","english":"I'd wanted to come to Japan since I was a child."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Zutto = all along; -takatta is the past of -tai (wanted to).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":19},{"id":"p-ga-kikkake-de","romaji":"... ga kikkake de","polite":null,"english":"it started with ...; ... is what got me into it","use":"Answer to kikkake wa?; name the trigger, then what followed.","ja":"〜がきっかけで","kana":"〜がきっかけで","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"anime ga kikkake de, nihongo o hajimeta n da.","ja":"アニメがきっかけで、日本語を始めたんだ。","english":"Anime is what got me into Japanese."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"anime ga kikkake de, nihongo o hajimeta n desu.","ja":"アニメがきっかけで、日本語を始めたんです。","english":"Anime is what got me started with Japanese."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"On its own, ... ga kikkake da yo answers the question too.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":20}],"stage":1,"range":"16-20","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-5","label":"How long you're here","rationale":"Say how long you've been in Japan and how long you'll stay.","interference":"dono gurai looks back (how long so far); itsu made looks ahead (until when).","items":[{"id":"p-nihon-ni-kite-dono-gurai","romaji":"nihon ni kite dono gurai?","polite":"nihon ni kite dono gurai desu ka?","english":"how long have you been in Japan?","use":"One of the first questions you'll get; answer with a length of time plus ni naru (ninen ni naru).","ja":"日本に来てどのぐらい？","kana":"にほんにきてどのぐらい？","politeJa":"日本に来てどのぐらいですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite dono gurai? nihongo umai ne.","ja":"日本に来てどのぐらい？日本語うまいね。","english":"How long have you been in Japan? Your Japanese is good."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite dono gurai desu ka? nihongo ga ojouzu desu ne.","ja":"日本に来てどのぐらいですか？日本語がお上手ですね。","english":"How long have you been in Japan? Your Japanese is very good."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also said dono kurai; same thing.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":6,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":21},{"id":"p-nen-gurai-ni-naru","romaji":"...nen gurai ni naru","polite":"...nen gurai ni narimasu","english":"it's been about ... years","use":"Answer to how long you've lived somewhere or done something; the number goes before -nen (sannen gurai ni naru).","ja":"〜年ぐらいになる","kana":"〜ねんぐらいになる","politeJa":"〜年ぐらいになります","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"toukyou ni kite, mou gonen gurai ni naru kana.","ja":"東京に来て、もう5年ぐらいになるかな。","english":"It's been about five years since I came to Tokyo, I think."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"toukyou ni kite, mou gonen gurai ni narimasu.","ja":"東京に来て、もう5年ぐらいになります。","english":"It's been about five years since I came to Tokyo."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap in other units: sankagetsu (three months), hantoshi (half a year).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":25,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":22},{"id":"p-kita-bakkari","romaji":"kita bakkari","polite":"kita bakari desu","english":"I've only just got here; I just arrived","use":"Answer to how long you've been in Japan, or for just arriving anywhere; bakkari is the casual form of bakari.","ja":"来たばっかり","kana":"きたばっかり","politeJa":"来たばかりです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon ni wa sengetsu kita bakkari na n da.","ja":"日本には先月来たばっかりなんだ。","english":"I only got to Japan last month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon ni wa sengetsu kita bakari na n desu.","ja":"日本には先月来たばかりなんです。","english":"I only arrived in Japan last month."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Works after any past verb: tabeta bakkari (I just ate).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":107,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":23},{"id":"p-itsu-made-iru-no","romaji":"itsu made iru no?","polite":"itsu made irassharu n desu ka?","english":"how long are you here for?; until when are you staying?","use":"Asked of visitors and newcomers; answer with a time plus made (rainen made), or mada kimetenai.","ja":"いつまでいるの？","kana":"いつまでいるの？","politeJa":"いつまでいらっしゃるんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon ni wa itsu made iru no? rainen made?","ja":"日本にはいつまでいるの？来年まで？","english":"How long are you in Japan for? Till next year?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon ni wa itsu made irassharu n desu ka?","ja":"日本にはいつまでいらっしゃるんですか？","english":"How long will you be in Japan?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Irassharu is the respectful form of iru.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":7,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":24},{"id":"p-mada-kimetenai","romaji":"mada kimetenai","polite":"mada kimete imasen","english":"I haven't decided yet","use":"A safe answer to questions about plans: how long you're staying, what's next, what to order.","ja":"まだ決めてない","kana":"まだきめてない","politeJa":"まだ決めていません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsu kaeru ka wa mada kimetenai.","ja":"いつ帰るかはまだ決めてない。","english":"I haven't decided when I'm going back yet."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itsu kaeru ka wa mada kimete imasen.","ja":"いつ帰るかはまだ決めていません。","english":"I haven't decided when I'm going back yet."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Mada + -te nai is 'not yet'; the past kimenakatta means 'I didn't decide'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":30,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":25}],"stage":1,"range":"21-25","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-6","label":"Speaking in Japanese","rationale":"Say you're learning and steer the chat into Japanese.","interference":"hanaseru? (can you speak) vs hanasou (let's speak).","items":[{"id":"p-nihongo-benkyou-shiteru-n-da","romaji":"nihongo benkyou shiteru n da","polite":"nihongo o benkyou shite iru n desu","english":"I'm learning Japanese","use":"Tells people why your Japanese is limited; the n da makes it an explanation that invites patience.","ja":"日本語勉強してるんだ","kana":"にほんごべんきょうしてるんだ","politeJa":"日本語を勉強しているんです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima, nihongo benkyou shiteru n da. yukkuri hanashite kureru?","ja":"今、日本語勉強してるんだ。ゆっくり話してくれる？","english":"I'm learning Japanese at the moment. Could you speak slowly?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima, nihongo o benkyou shite iru n desu. yukkuri hanashite kudasai.","ja":"今、日本語を勉強しているんです。ゆっくり話してください。","english":"I'm learning Japanese at the moment. Please speak slowly."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":26},{"id":"p-nihongo-de-hanasou","romaji":"nihongo de hanasou","polite":"nihongo de hanashimashou","english":"let's talk in Japanese","use":"Ask for this when someone switches to English to help you; it's how you keep getting practice.","ja":"日本語で話そう","kana":"にほんごではなそう","politeJa":"日本語で話しましょう","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"renshuu shitai kara, nihongo de hanasou yo.","ja":"練習したいから、日本語で話そうよ。","english":"I want the practice, so let's talk in Japanese."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"renshuu shitai node, nihongo de hanashimashou.","ja":"練習したいので、日本語で話しましょう。","english":"I'd like the practice, so let's speak Japanese."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Softer: nihongo de hanashite mo ii? (is it OK if we speak Japanese?).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":27},{"id":"p-eigo-hanaseru","romaji":"eigo hanaseru?","polite":"eigo hanasemasu ka?","english":"do you speak English?; can you speak English?","use":"You'll hear it from people keen to switch to English; to keep practising, answer with nihongo de hanasou.","ja":"英語話せる？","kana":"えいごはなせる？","politeJa":"英語話せますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, eigo hanaseru? nihongo mada heta de.","ja":"ごめん、英語話せる？日本語まだ下手で。","english":"Sorry, do you speak English? My Japanese is still bad."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, eigo hanasemasu ka? nihongo ga mada heta de.","ja":"すみません、英語話せますか？日本語がまだ下手で。","english":"Excuse me, do you speak English? My Japanese is still bad."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hanaseru is the 'can' form of hanasu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":10,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":28}],"stage":1,"range":"26-28","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-7","label":"Compliments on your Japanese","rationale":"Handle the inevitable 'your Japanese is good' and the questions that follow.","interference":"dokugaku (self-taught) sounds close to daigaku (university).","items":[{"id":"p-nihongo-jouzu-desu-ne","romaji":"nihongo jouzu desu ne","polite":null,"english":"your Japanese is good","use":"Said to learners, often after only a few words; answer iie, mada mada desu (no, I've a long way to go).","ja":"日本語上手ですね","kana":"にほんごじょうずですね","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, nihongo jouzu desu ne! doko de benkyou shita n desu ka?","ja":"え、日本語上手ですね！どこで勉強したんですか？","english":"Oh, your Japanese is good! Where did you learn?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Usually politeness, not a real assessment. Friends say nihongo umai ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":1,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":29},{"id":"p-mada-mada-desu","romaji":"mada mada desu","polite":null,"english":"I've still got a long way to go","use":"Modest reply to praise, especially of your Japanese; start with iie.","ja":"まだまだです","kana":"まだまだです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iie, nihongo wa mada mada desu.","ja":"いいえ、日本語はまだまだです。","english":"Oh no, my Japanese has a long way to go."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casual: mada mada da yo.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":7,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":30},{"id":"p-nihongo-doko-de-benkyou-shita-no","romaji":"nihongo doko de benkyou shita no?","polite":"nihongo wa doko de benkyou shita n desu ka?","english":"where did you learn your Japanese?","use":"Said to you by Japanese people, usually as a compliment; answer with a place, or dokugaku (self-taught).","ja":"日本語どこで勉強したの？","kana":"にほんごどこでべんきょうしたの？","politeJa":"日本語はどこで勉強したんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sugoi ne! nihongo doko de benkyou shita no?","ja":"すごいね！日本語どこで勉強したの？","english":"Wow! Where did you learn your Japanese?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sugoi desu ne! nihongo wa doko de benkyou shita n desu ka?","ja":"すごいですね！日本語はどこで勉強したんですか？","english":"That's impressive! Where did you learn your Japanese?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":31},{"id":"p-dokugaku-da-yo","romaji":"dokugaku da yo","polite":"dokugaku desu","english":"I taught myself; self-taught","use":"Answer to where or how you learned something, Japanese or a hobby like guitar.","ja":"独学だよ","kana":"どくがくだよ","politeJa":"独学です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gakkou toka wa kayotte nai. zenbu dokugaku da yo.","ja":"学校とかは通ってない。全部独学だよ。","english":"I don't go to classes or anything. I've taught myself all of it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gakkou ni wa kayotte imasen. zenbu dokugaku desu.","ja":"学校には通っていません。全部独学です。","english":"I don't take classes. I've taught myself everything."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Dokugaku de benkyou shita = I studied it on my own.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":9,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":32}],"stage":1,"range":"29-32","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-8","label":"Meeting a friend's friend","rationale":"Greet someone new through a mutual friend and swap contacts.","interference":"rain here is the LINE app, not the weather.","items":[{"id":"p-aete-ureshii","romaji":"aete ureshii","polite":"oai dekite ureshii desu","english":"so glad to meet you; great to see you","use":"Said warmly on meeting someone you've been looking forward to meeting, or on seeing someone again.","ja":"会えてうれしい","kana":"あえてうれしい","politeJa":"お会いできてうれしいです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yatto aete ureshii! zutto hanashi kiiteta yo.","ja":"やっと会えてうれしい！ずっと話聞いてたよ。","english":"So glad to finally meet you! I've heard so much about you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yatto oai dekite ureshii desu.","ja":"やっとお会いできてうれしいです。","english":"I'm so glad to finally meet you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"For a plain first meeting, hajimemashite comes first; aete ureshii adds warmth.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":859,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":33},{"id":"p-no-tomodachi-na-n-da","romaji":"... no tomodachi na n da","polite":"... no tomodachi desu","english":"I'm a friend of ...'s","use":"Explains how you know the host or the person who brought you, at a party or gathering.","ja":"〜の友達なんだ","kana":"〜のともだちなんだ","politeJa":"〜の友達です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuki no tomodachi na n da. daigaku no toki no.","ja":"ユキの友達なんだ。大学の時の。","english":"I'm a friend of Yuki's. From uni."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuki no tomodachi desu. daigaku no toki no.","ja":"ユキの友達です。大学の時の。","english":"I'm a friend of Yuki's, from university."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shiriai is 'an acquaintance', for someone you're not close to.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":20,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":34},{"id":"p-rain-koukan-shiyou","romaji":"rain koukan shiyou","polite":"rain koukan shimasen ka","english":"let's swap LINE contacts","use":"Said to someone new you want to keep in touch with; you then scan each other's QR code.","ja":"LINE交換しよう","kana":"ラインこうかんしよう","politeJa":"LINE交換しませんか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou tanoshikatta! rain koukan shiyou yo.","ja":"今日楽しかった！LINE交換しようよ。","english":"Today was fun! Let's swap LINE."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokattara, rain koukan shimasen ka?","ja":"よかったら、LINE交換しませんか？","english":"If you like, shall we exchange LINE contacts?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Renrakusaki koukan is the general version: swapping contact details.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":35},{"id":"p-insuta-yatteru","romaji":"insuta yatteru?","polite":"insuta yatte imasu ka?","english":"are you on Instagram?","use":"The usual way to keep in touch after hitting it off; rain yatteru? asks the same about LINE.","ja":"インスタやってる？","kana":"インスタやってる？","politeJa":"インスタやっていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"insuta yatteru? foroo shite ii?","ja":"インスタやってる？フォローしていい？","english":"Are you on Instagram? Can I follow you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"insuta yatte imasu ka? foroo shite mo ii desu ka?","ja":"インスタやっていますか？フォローしてもいいですか？","english":"Are you on Instagram? Is it OK if I follow you?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yaru here means using an app or account.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":36},{"id":"p-kara-hanashi-wa-kiiteru","romaji":"... kara hanashi wa kiiteru","polite":"... kara ohanashi wa kiite imasu","english":"I've heard about you from ...; ... has told me about you","use":"Said on meeting a friend's friend, partner or new colleague, to show you were expecting them; follow with yoroshiku.","ja":"〜から話は聞いてる","kana":"〜からはなしはきいてる","politeJa":"〜からお話は聞いています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, kenta kara hanashi wa kiiteru yo. yoroshiku.","ja":"ああ、健太から話は聞いてるよ。よろしく。","english":"Oh, Kenta's told me about you. Nice to meet you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"buchou kara ohanashi wa kiite imasu. yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"部長からお話は聞いています。よろしくお願いします。","english":"My manager's told me about you. Nice to meet you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"At work you'll also hear ohanashi wa ukagatte imasu, the humble version.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":56,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":37}],"stage":1,"range":"33-37","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-9","label":"Describing your hometown","rationale":"Pin down where their hometown is and say what yours is like.","interference":"dono hen (whereabouts) vs donna (what kind of).","items":[{"id":"p-donna-tokoro","romaji":"donna tokoro?","polite":"donna tokoro desu ka?","english":"what's it like there?; what kind of place is it?","use":"Follow-up after someone names their hometown or a place they've been.","ja":"どんなところ？","kana":"どんなところ？","politeJa":"どんなところですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sendai shusshin na n da. donna tokoro?","ja":"仙台出身なんだ。どんなところ？","english":"You're from Sendai? What's it like there?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sendai no goshusshin na n desu ne. donna tokoro desu ka?","ja":"仙台のご出身なんですね。どんなところですか？","english":"So you're from Sendai. What's it like there?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Donna + noun asks 'what kind of': donna hito? (what's he like?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":36,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":38},{"id":"p-no-dono-hen","romaji":"... no dono hen?","polite":"... no dono hen desu ka?","english":"whereabouts in ...?","use":"The follow-up after someone names a country or city; answer with a nearby big city or ... no chikaku (near ...).","ja":"〜のどの辺？","kana":"〜のどのへん？","politeJa":"〜のどの辺ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"igirisu no dono hen? rondon?","ja":"イギリスのどの辺？ロンドン？","english":"Whereabouts in England? London?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"igirisu no dono hen desu ka? rondon desu ka?","ja":"イギリスのどの辺ですか？ロンドンですか？","english":"Whereabouts in England? London?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hen also works for vague places on its own: kono hen (around here).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":39},{"id":"p-nanimo-nai-tokoro-da-yo","romaji":"nanimo nai tokoro da yo","polite":"nanimo nai tokoro desu yo","english":"there's not much there; it's the middle of nowhere","use":"The modest stock answer about your hometown, even when it's nice; the other person will often push back.","ja":"何もないところだよ","kana":"なにもないところだよ","politeJa":"何もないところですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"inaka da kara, nanimo nai tokoro da yo.","ja":"田舎だから、何もないところだよ。","english":"It's the countryside, so there's not much there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"inaka na node, nanimo nai tokoro desu yo.","ja":"田舎なので、何もないところですよ。","english":"It's out in the countryside, so there isn't much there."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nanimo + negative = nothing; inaka is the countryside, or 'back home'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":12,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":40},{"id":"p-motomoto-wa","romaji":"motomoto wa ...","polite":null,"english":"originally ...; at first ...","use":"Contrasts how things were with how they are now, often followed by ima wa.","ja":"もともとは〜","kana":"もともとは〜","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"motomoto wa kyouto da kedo, ima wa toukyou ni sunderu.","ja":"もともとは京都だけど、今は東京に住んでる。","english":"I'm originally from Kyoto, but I live in Tokyo now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"motomoto wa kyouto desu kedo, ima wa toukyou ni sunde imasu.","ja":"もともとは京都ですけど、今は東京に住んでいます。","english":"I'm originally from Kyoto, but now I live in Tokyo."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'to begin with': motomoto suki ja nakatta (I never liked it in the first place).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":39,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":41}],"stage":1,"range":"38-41","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-10","label":"Life in Japan","rationale":"Answer how you're finding Japan and what you like about it.","interference":"None.","items":[{"id":"p-nihon-no-seikatsu-wa-dou","romaji":"nihon no seikatsu wa dou?","polite":"nihon no seikatsu wa dou desu ka?","english":"how are you finding life in Japan?; how's life in Japan?","use":"Asked once you've been here a while; answer with tanoshii, daibu nareta, or one thing you like or find hard.","ja":"日本の生活はどう？","kana":"にほんのせいかつはどう？","politeJa":"日本の生活はどうですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon no seikatsu wa dou? mou nareta?","ja":"日本の生活はどう？もう慣れた？","english":"How's life in Japan? Settled in yet?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon no seikatsu wa dou desu ka? mou naremashita ka?","ja":"日本の生活はどうですか？もう慣れましたか？","english":"How are you finding life in Japan? Have you settled in?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"X wa dou? works for anything: shigoto wa dou? (how's work?).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":42},{"id":"p-nihon-no-doko-ga-suki","romaji":"nihon no doko ga suki?","polite":"nihon no doko ga suki desu ka?","english":"what do you like about Japan?","use":"Doko here means 'what part', not just places; answer with a thing plus ga suki (tabemono ga suki).","ja":"日本のどこが好き？","kana":"にほんのどこがすき？","politeJa":"日本のどこが好きですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon no doko ga suki? yappari tabemono?","ja":"日本のどこが好き？やっぱり食べ物？","english":"What do you like about Japan? The food, I bet?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon no doko ga suki desu ka? yappari tabemono desu ka?","ja":"日本のどこが好きですか？やっぱり食べ物ですか？","english":"What do you like about Japan? The food, I suppose?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Works for people too: kare no doko ga suki? (what do you like about him?).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":43},{"id":"p-daibu-nareta","romaji":"daibu nareta","polite":"daibu naremashita","english":"I've pretty much settled in; I'm much more used to it now","use":"Answer to mou nareta? or how's life here; add a 'but' to keep the conversation going.","ja":"だいぶ慣れた","kana":"だいぶなれた","politeJa":"だいぶ慣れました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"daibu nareta kedo, man'in densha wa mada muri.","ja":"だいぶ慣れたけど、満員電車はまだ無理。","english":"I've mostly settled in, but packed trains are still too much."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daibu naremashita kedo, man'in densha wa mada muri desu.","ja":"だいぶ慣れましたけど、満員電車はまだ無理です。","english":"I've mostly got used to things, but I still can't handle packed trains."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nareru = get used to; the thing takes ni: shigoto ni nareta.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":44}],"stage":1,"range":"42-44","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-11","label":"Brothers sisters and family","rationale":"Ask about siblings and family size and describe your own.","interference":"ani is your own older brother; theirs is oniisan.","items":[{"id":"p-kyoudai-iru","romaji":"kyoudai iru?","polite":"gokyoudai wa imasu ka?","english":"do you have any brothers or sisters?","use":"Kyoudai covers sisters too; answer with who and how many (ani ga hitori), or hitorikko.","ja":"兄弟いる？","kana":"きょうだいいる？","politeJa":"ご兄弟はいますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyoudai iru? nanka suekko tte kanji suru.","ja":"兄弟いる？なんか末っ子って感じする。","english":"Got any brothers or sisters? You seem like the youngest."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gokyoudai wa imasu ka? suekko tte kanji ga shimasu ne.","ja":"ご兄弟はいますか？末っ子って感じがしますね。","english":"Do you have any brothers or sisters? You seem like the youngest."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Go- makes it polite for someone else's family; your own is just kyoudai.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":240,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":45},{"id":"p-nannin-kazoku","romaji":"nannin kazoku?","polite":"nannin kazoku desu ka?","english":"how many are there in your family?","use":"Counts everyone in the family you grew up in, you included; answer with a number + -nin kazoku.","ja":"何人家族？","kana":"なんにんかぞく？","politeJa":"何人家族ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nannin kazoku? kyoudai ooi?","ja":"何人家族？兄弟多い？","english":"How many in your family? Lots of brothers and sisters?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nannin kazoku desu ka? gokyoudai wa ooi desu ka?","ja":"何人家族ですか？ご兄弟は多いですか？","english":"How many are there in your family? Do you have many siblings?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":46},{"id":"p-hitorikko-na-n-da","romaji":"hitorikko na n da","polite":"hitorikko na n desu","english":"I'm an only child","use":"Answer to kyoudai iru?; na n da gives it an explaining tone.","ja":"一人っ子なんだ","kana":"ひとりっこなんだ","politeJa":"一人っ子なんです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyoudai inai. hitorikko na n da.","ja":"兄弟いない。一人っ子なんだ。","english":"No brothers or sisters. I'm an only child."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyoudai wa imasen. hitorikko na n desu.","ja":"兄弟はいません。一人っ子なんです。","english":"I don't have any brothers or sisters. I'm an only child."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":36,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":47},{"id":"p-ani-ga-hitori-iru","romaji":"ani ga hitori iru","polite":"ani ga hitori imasu","english":"I've got one older brother","use":"The pattern for your siblings: family word + ga + number of people + iru (imouto ga futari iru).","ja":"兄が一人いる","kana":"あにがひとりいる","politeJa":"兄が一人います","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ani ga hitori iru yo. ima amerika ni sunderu.","ja":"兄が一人いるよ。今アメリカに住んでる。","english":"I've got one older brother. He lives in America now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ani ga hitori imasu. ima amerika ni sunde imasu.","ja":"兄が一人います。今アメリカに住んでいます。","english":"I have one older brother. He lives in America now."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Your own: ani, ane, otouto, imouto; someone else's: oniisan, oneesan.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":48},{"id":"p-yonin-kazoku-da-yo","romaji":"yonin kazoku da yo","polite":"yonin kazoku desu","english":"there are four of us in my family","use":"Answer to nannin kazoku?; count yourself in, then list who.","ja":"4人家族だよ","kana":"よにんかぞくだよ","politeJa":"4人家族です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yonin kazoku da yo. ryoushin to ani to watashi.","ja":"4人家族だよ。両親と兄と私。","english":"There are four of us. My parents, my brother and me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yonin kazoku desu. ryoushin to ani to watashi desu.","ja":"4人家族です。両親と兄と私です。","english":"There are four of us: my parents, my older brother and me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Counting people: hitori, futari, sannin, yonin (not yon-nin or shinin).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":49}],"stage":1,"range":"45-49","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-likes-1","label":"Hobbies and what you like","rationale":"Ask about hobbies and say what you're into.","interference":"no ga suki follows a verb (taberu no ga suki); a noun takes ga suki directly.","items":[{"id":"p-shumi-wa","romaji":"shumi wa?","polite":"goshumi wa nan desu ka?","english":"what are your hobbies?; what do you do for fun?","use":"A standard getting-to-know-you question; answer with ... ga shumi or ... ga suki.","ja":"趣味は？","kana":"しゅみは？","politeJa":"ご趣味は何ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shumi wa? nanka hamatteru mono aru?","ja":"趣味は？なんかハマってるものある？","english":"What are your hobbies? Anything you're into?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goshumi wa nan desu ka? nanika suki na koto wa arimasu ka?","ja":"ご趣味は何ですか？何か好きなことはありますか？","english":"What are your hobbies? Is there anything you enjoy?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Shumi wa? can sound like an interview question, so friends often ask yasumi no hi nani shiteru? instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":68,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":50},{"id":"p-ga-shumi-na-n-da","romaji":"... ga shumi na n da","polite":"shumi wa ... desu","english":"... is my hobby; I'm into ...","use":"Put the hobby first; for an activity use a verb plus koto (ryouri suru koto ga shumi).","ja":"〜が趣味なんだ","kana":"〜がしゅみなんだ","politeJa":"趣味は〜です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shashin ga shumi na n da. kamera mo motteru yo.","ja":"写真が趣味なんだ。カメラも持ってるよ。","english":"Photography's my hobby. I've got a proper camera too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shumi wa shashin desu. kamera mo motte imasu.","ja":"趣味は写真です。カメラも持っています。","english":"My hobby is photography. I have a camera too."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":31,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":51},{"id":"p-tte-suki","romaji":"... tte suki?","polite":"... wa suki desu ka?","english":"do you like ...?","use":"The casual way to ask about a food, band or activity; tte marks the topic, like wa.","ja":"〜って好き？","kana":"〜ってすき？","politeJa":"〜は好きですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nattou tte suki? nihonjin demo kirai na hito ooi yo.","ja":"納豆って好き？日本人でも嫌いな人多いよ。","english":"Do you like natto? Lots of Japanese people hate it too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nattou wa suki desu ka? nihonjin demo kirai na hito ga ooi desu yo.","ja":"納豆は好きですか？日本人でも嫌いな人が多いですよ。","english":"Do you like natto? Plenty of Japanese people don't."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Answer suki, daisuki, or amari suki ja nai (not really).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":52},{"id":"p-no-ga-suki","romaji":"... no ga suki","polite":"... no ga suki desu","english":"I like (doing) ...","use":"Turns a verb into a like: plain verb + no ga suki (oyogu no ga suki).","ja":"〜のが好き","kana":"〜のがすき","politeJa":"〜のが好きです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yasumi no hi wa eiga miru no ga suki.","ja":"休みの日は映画見るのが好き。","english":"On days off I like watching films."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yasumi no hi wa eiga o miru no ga suki desu.","ja":"休みの日は映画を見るのが好きです。","english":"On my days off I like watching films."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With a noun, drop the no (neko ga suki); suki takes ga, not o.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":424,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":53},{"id":"p-shumi-tte-iu-hodo-ja-nai-kedo","romaji":"shumi tte iu hodo ja nai kedo","polite":"shumi to iu hodo ja nai n desu kedo","english":"it's not really a hobby, but ...","use":"A modest lead-in before naming something you do; Japanese speakers often play their hobbies down like this.","ja":"趣味っていうほどじゃないけど","kana":"しゅみっていうほどじゃないけど","politeJa":"趣味というほどじゃないんですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shumi tte iu hodo ja nai kedo, tama ni e o kaku.","ja":"趣味っていうほどじゃないけど、たまに絵を描く。","english":"It's not really a hobby, but I draw sometimes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shumi to iu hodo ja nai n desu kedo, tama ni e o kakimasu.","ja":"趣味というほどじゃないんですけど、たまに絵を描きます。","english":"It's not really a hobby, but I draw now and then."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"... tte iu hodo ja nai works for anything: 'not enough to call it ...'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":54}],"stage":1,"range":"50-54","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-2","label":"Weekends and free time","rationale":"Say what you usually do when you're off.","interference":"daitai (usually) vs zettai (definitely).","items":[{"id":"p-shuumatsu-wa-daitai","romaji":"shuumatsu wa daitai ...","polite":null,"english":"on weekends I usually ...","use":"Answers shumi wa? or yasumi no hi nani shiteru?; finish with what you do, often in the -te iru form.","ja":"週末はだいたい〜","kana":"しゅうまつはだいたい〜","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shuumatsu wa daitai ie de hiru made neteru.","ja":"週末はだいたい家で昼まで寝てる。","english":"On weekends I mostly sleep in till noon."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shuumatsu wa daitai jimu ni itte imasu.","ja":"週末はだいたいジムに行っています。","english":"On weekends I usually go to the gym."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Daitai means 'mostly, roughly'; with numbers it's 'about': daitai sanzen en (about 3,000 yen).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":55},{"id":"p-jikan-ga-aru-toki-wa","romaji":"jikan ga aru toki wa ...","polite":null,"english":"when I've got time, I ...","use":"Lead-in for what you do in your free time; finish with a plain or -masu verb.","ja":"時間がある時は〜","kana":"じかんがあるときは〜","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jikan ga aru toki wa, yoku eiga miru yo.","ja":"時間がある時は、よく映画見るよ。","english":"When I've got time, I watch a lot of films."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jikan ga aru toki wa, yoku eiga o mimasu.","ja":"時間がある時は、よく映画を見ます。","english":"When I have time, I often watch films."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hima na toki wa ... says the same with hima (free).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":56},{"id":"p-ie-de-gorogoro-shiteru","romaji":"ie de gorogoro shiteru","polite":"ie de gorogoro shite imasu","english":"I just laze around at home","use":"A self-mocking answer to what you do on days off; everyone says it and nobody judges.","ja":"家でゴロゴロしてる","kana":"いえでごろごろしてる","politeJa":"家でゴロゴロしています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yasumi no hi wa daitai ie de gorogoro shiteru.","ja":"休みの日はだいたい家でゴロゴロしてる。","english":"On days off I mostly just laze around at home."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yasumi no hi wa daitai ie de gorogoro shite imasu.","ja":"休みの日はだいたい家でゴロゴロしています。","english":"On my days off I mostly just relax at home."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Uchi de is just as common as ie de.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":57}],"stage":1,"range":"55-57","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-3","label":"Do you do this","rationale":"Ask about everyday pastimes with a simple yes-no question.","interference":"jimu ni kayotteru (go regularly) vs jimu ni itta (went once).","items":[{"id":"p-eiga-toka-miru","romaji":"eiga toka miru?","polite":"eiga toka mimasu ka?","english":"do you watch films much?; do you watch movies and stuff?","use":"Toka softens it to 'films or that kind of thing', keeping the question light.","ja":"映画とか見る？","kana":"えいがとかみる？","politeJa":"映画とか見ますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eiga toka miru? saikin nanka yokatta?","ja":"映画とか見る？最近なんかよかった？","english":"Do you watch films? Seen anything good lately?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eiga toka mimasu ka? saikin yokatta no wa arimasu ka?","ja":"映画とか見ますか？最近よかったのはありますか？","english":"Do you watch films? Have you seen anything good lately?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Eiga o miru is watching at home or anywhere; eiga ni iku is going to the cinema.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":7,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":58},{"id":"p-ryouri-suru","romaji":"ryouri suru?","polite":"ryouri shimasu ka?","english":"do you cook?","use":"A common follow-up to living alone; answer suru yo, tama ni (sometimes) or zenzen shinai.","ja":"料理する？","kana":"りょうりする？","politeJa":"料理しますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hitorigurashi da yo ne? ryouri suru?","ja":"一人暮らしだよね？料理する？","english":"You live on your own, right? Do you cook?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitorigurashi desu yo ne? ryouri shimasu ka?","ja":"一人暮らしですよね？料理しますか？","english":"You live on your own, don't you? Do you cook?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Jisui suru is cooking for yourself instead of eating out.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":59,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":59},{"id":"p-nanika-supootsu-yatteru","romaji":"nanika supootsu yatteru?","polite":"nanika supootsu o yatte imasu ka?","english":"do you play any sport?","use":"Yaru covers playing any sport; answer with the sport + yatteru (sakkaa yatteru).","ja":"何かスポーツやってる？","kana":"なにかスポーツやってる？","politeJa":"何かスポーツをやっていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanika supootsu yatteru? se takai ne.","ja":"何かスポーツやってる？背高いね。","english":"Do you play any sport? You're tall."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanika supootsu o yatte imasu ka? se ga takai desu ne.","ja":"何かスポーツをやっていますか？背が高いですね。","english":"Do you play any sport? You're very tall."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often asked about school days too: bukatsu wa nani yatteta? (what club were you in?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":60},{"id":"p-geemu-suru","romaji":"geemu suru?","polite":"geemu shimasu ka?","english":"do you play video games?","use":"Geemu means video games by default; board games are boodo geemu.","ja":"ゲームする？","kana":"ゲームする？","politeJa":"ゲームしますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"geemu suru? kondo issho ni yarou yo.","ja":"ゲームする？今度一緒にやろうよ。","english":"Do you play games? Let's play together sometime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"geemu shimasu ka? kondo issho ni yarimasen ka?","ja":"ゲームしますか？今度一緒にやりませんか？","english":"Do you play video games? Want to play together sometime?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yaru works too: geemu yaru?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":17,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":61},{"id":"p-jimu-ni-kayotteru","romaji":"jimu ni kayotteru","polite":"jimu ni kayotte imasu","english":"I go to the gym (regularly)","use":"Kayou means going somewhere regularly; use it for gyms, schools and classes.","ja":"ジムに通ってる","kana":"ジムにかよってる","politeJa":"ジムに通っています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shuu ni sankai, jimu ni kayotteru yo.","ja":"週に3回、ジムに通ってるよ。","english":"I go to the gym three times a week."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shuu ni sankai, jimu ni kayotte imasu.","ja":"週に3回、ジムに通っています。","english":"I go to the gym three times a week."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Iku is a single trip; kayou is a habit (eikaiwa ni kayou).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":62}],"stage":1,"range":"58-62","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-4","label":"Food you like","rationale":"Trade favourite foods and say how adventurous you are.","interference":"tabeta koto aru? (ever eaten it) vs tabeta? (did you eat).","items":[{"id":"p-suki-na-tabemono-wa","romaji":"suki na tabemono wa?","polite":"suki na tabemono wa nan desu ka?","english":"what's your favourite food?","use":"A small-talk staple; answer with the food plus ka na (raamen ka na) to sound relaxed.","ja":"好きな食べ物は？","kana":"すきなたべものは？","politeJa":"好きな食べ物は何ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suki na tabemono wa? nihon ryouri da to?","ja":"好きな食べ物は？日本料理だと？","english":"What's your favourite food? Out of Japanese food?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"suki na tabemono wa nan desu ka? nihon ryouri de wa?","ja":"好きな食べ物は何ですか？日本料理では？","english":"What's your favourite food? Among Japanese dishes?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Suki na + noun works for any favourite: suki na eiga wa? (favourite film?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":10,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":63},{"id":"p-tabeta-koto-aru","romaji":"tabeta koto aru?","polite":"tabeta koto arimasu ka?","english":"have you ever tried it?; have you ever eaten ...?","use":"Asked when offering or talking about a food; answer aru, or mada nai (not yet).","ja":"食べたことある？","kana":"たべたことある？","politeJa":"食べたことありますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"monjayaki tabeta koto aru? oishii yo.","ja":"もんじゃ焼き食べたことある？おいしいよ。","english":"Have you ever had monjayaki? It's good."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"monjayaki, tabeta koto arimasu ka? oishii desu yo.","ja":"もんじゃ焼き、食べたことありますか？おいしいですよ。","english":"Have you ever had monjayaki? It's delicious."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Past verb + koto aru = have ever done; works with any verb (itta koto aru).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":64},{"id":"p-nandemo-taberu-yo","romaji":"nandemo taberu yo","polite":"nandemo tabemasu yo","english":"I'll eat anything; I'm not fussy","use":"Answer when asked what you'd like or whether you can eat something; add ... igai wa for the exception.","ja":"なんでも食べるよ","kana":"なんでもたべるよ","politeJa":"なんでも食べますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nandemo taberu yo. nattou igai wa.","ja":"なんでも食べるよ。納豆以外は。","english":"I'll eat anything. Except natto."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nandemo tabemasu yo. nattou igai wa.","ja":"なんでも食べますよ。納豆以外は。","english":"I eat anything. Except natto."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nandemo = anything at all; nanimo with a negative means nothing.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":65},{"id":"p-suki-kirai-aru","romaji":"suki kirai aru?","polite":"suki kirai wa arimasu ka","english":"anything you don't eat?; are you picky?","use":"A host or friend asks before cooking or ordering; answer tokuni nai (nothing really) or name the food.","ja":"好き嫌いある？","kana":"すききらいある","politeJa":"好き嫌いはありますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa uchi de tsukuru kedo, suki kirai aru?","ja":"今日はうちで作るけど、好き嫌いある？","english":"I'm cooking tonight. Anything you don't eat?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanika suki kirai wa arimasu ka?","ja":"何か好き嫌いはありますか？","english":"Is there anything you don't eat?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"For allergies say arerugii ga arimasu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":6,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":66}],"stage":1,"range":"63-66","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-5","label":"Places you've been","rationale":"Ask where someone has travelled and say where you want to go.","interference":"itta koto aru? (ever been) vs itta? (did you go).","items":[{"id":"p-itta-koto-aru","romaji":"... itta koto aru?","polite":"... ni itta koto arimasu ka?","english":"have you been to ...?; have you ever been to ...?","use":"Asks about experience, not one trip; answer aru, or mada nai (not yet).","ja":"〜行ったことある？","kana":"〜いったことある？","politeJa":"〜に行ったことありますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okinawa itta koto aru? umi ga kirei da yo.","ja":"沖縄行ったことある？海がきれいだよ。","english":"Have you ever been to Okinawa? The sea's beautiful."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okinawa ni itta koto arimasu ka? umi ga kirei desu yo.","ja":"沖縄に行ったことありますか？海がきれいですよ。","english":"Have you ever been to Okinawa? The sea is beautiful."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Itta? alone asks about one trip; itta koto aru? asks 'ever'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":45,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":67},{"id":"p-mada-itta-koto-nai","romaji":"mada itta koto nai","polite":"mada itta koto ga arimasen","english":"I haven't been there yet; I've never been","use":"Answer to ... itta koto aru?; mada makes it sound like you'd like to go.","ja":"まだ行ったことない","kana":"まだいったことない","politeJa":"まだ行ったことがありません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hokkaidou wa mada itta koto nai n da.","ja":"北海道はまだ行ったことないんだ。","english":"I haven't been to Hokkaido yet."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hokkaidou wa mada itta koto ga arimasen.","ja":"北海道はまだ行ったことがありません。","english":"I haven't been to Hokkaido yet."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Without mada, itta koto nai is a flat 'never been'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":53,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":68},{"id":"p-itsuka-itte-mitai","romaji":"itsuka itte mitai","polite":"itsuka itte mitai desu","english":"I'd love to go someday; I want to go one day","use":"Natural follow-up to mada itta koto nai, or when someone mentions a place they love.","ja":"いつか行ってみたい","kana":"いつかいってみたい","politeJa":"いつか行ってみたいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyuushuu, itsuka itte mitai na.","ja":"九州、いつか行ってみたいな。","english":"I'd love to go to Kyushu someday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyuushuu ni wa itsuka itte mitai desu.","ja":"九州にはいつか行ってみたいです。","english":"I'd like to go to Kyushu someday."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-te mitai = want to try doing; itsuka = someday.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":22,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":69},{"id":"p-nihon-de-doko-itta","romaji":"nihon de doko itta?","polite":"nihon de wa doko ni ikimashita ka?","english":"where have you been in Japan?","use":"Asked of visitors and newcomers; answer with a few places joined by toka (kyouto toka nara toka).","ja":"日本でどこ行った？","kana":"にほんでどこいった？","politeJa":"日本ではどこに行きましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon de doko itta? kyouto wa?","ja":"日本でどこ行った？京都は？","english":"Where have you been in Japan? Kyoto?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon de wa doko ni ikimashita ka? kyouto wa ikimashita ka?","ja":"日本ではどこに行きましたか？京都は行きましたか？","english":"Where have you been in Japan? Have you been to Kyoto?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual speech drops the ni: doko (ni) itta?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":474,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":70},{"id":"p-yoku-ryokou-suru","romaji":"yoku ryokou suru?","polite":"yoku ryokou shimasu ka?","english":"do you travel much?; do you travel a lot?","use":"General small talk about travel; answer with how often (nen ni nikai gurai) or where you last went.","ja":"よく旅行する？","kana":"よくりょこうする？","politeJa":"よく旅行しますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoku ryokou suru? kaigai mo?","ja":"よく旅行する？海外も？","english":"Do you travel much? Abroad too?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoku ryokou shimasu ka? kaigai ni mo ikimasu ka?","ja":"よく旅行しますか？海外にも行きますか？","english":"Do you travel much? Do you go abroad too?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yoku here means 'often', not 'well'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":71}],"stage":1,"range":"67-71","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-6","label":"Shows and favourites","rationale":"Swap what you've been watching and who you're a fan of.","interference":"oshi is the person you're a fan of, not a crush.","items":[{"id":"p-saikin-nanika-omoshiroi-no-mita","romaji":"saikin nanika omoshiroi no mita?","polite":"saikin nanika omoshiroi no mimashita ka?","english":"seen anything good lately?","use":"An easy conversation starter about films, shows or videos; answer with a title and a quick verdict.","ja":"最近何か面白いの見た？","kana":"さいきんなにかおもしろいのみた？","politeJa":"最近何か面白いの見ましたか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, saikin nanika omoshiroi no mita? osusume aru?","ja":"ねえ、最近何か面白いの見た？おすすめある？","english":"Hey, seen anything good lately? Any recommendations?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin nanika omoshiroi no mimashita ka? osusume wa arimasu ka?","ja":"最近何か面白いの見ましたか？おすすめはありますか？","english":"Seen anything good lately? Any recommendations?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Omoshiroi covers both 'funny' and 'interesting'; the no stands in for 'thing'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":72},{"id":"p-ima-nanika-dorama-miteru","romaji":"ima nanika dorama miteru?","polite":"ima nanika dorama mite imasu ka?","english":"are you watching any shows at the moment?","use":"Small-talk opener; dorama covers any TV series, Japanese or foreign.","ja":"今何かドラマ見てる？","kana":"いまなにかドラマみてる？","politeJa":"今何かドラマ見ていますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima nanika dorama miteru? omoshiroi no oshiete.","ja":"今何かドラマ見てる？面白いの教えて。","english":"Watching any shows right now? Tell me a good one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin, nanika dorama o mite imasu ka?","ja":"最近、何かドラマを見ていますか？","english":"Are you watching any shows lately?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Miteru is the spoken form of mite iru; the same works for reading: ima nanika yonderu?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":73},{"id":"p-oshi-wa-dare","romaji":"oshi wa dare?","polite":"oshi wa dare desu ka?","english":"who's your fave? (idol, band member, character)","use":"Asked among fans of a group, show or anime; answer with a name plus ga oshi.","ja":"推しは誰？","kana":"おしはだれ？","politeJa":"推しは誰ですか？","pos":"expression","flags":["slang"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono guruupu, oshi wa dare? watashi wa kono hito.","ja":"このグループ、推しは誰？私はこの人。","english":"Who's your fave in this group? Mine's this one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono guruupu de, oshi wa dare desu ka?","ja":"このグループで、推しは誰ですか？","english":"Who's your favourite in this group?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"From osu (to push, back); oshikatsu is fan activity like buying merch and going to shows.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":74}],"stage":1,"range":"72-74","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-7","label":"Music and gigs","rationale":"Ask about someone's music taste, gigs and karaoke songs.","interference":"raibu is a live gig or concert, not 'live' as in living.","items":[{"id":"p-donna-ongaku-kiku-no","romaji":"donna ongaku kiku no?","polite":"donna ongaku o kikimasu ka?","english":"what kind of music do you listen to?","use":"Answer with a genre or artist, often with toka (rokku toka).","ja":"どんな音楽聴くの？","kana":"どんなおんがくきくの？","politeJa":"どんな音楽を聴きますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"donna ongaku kiku no? rokku toka?","ja":"どんな音楽聴くの？ロックとか？","english":"What kind of music do you listen to? Rock?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"donna ongaku o kikimasu ka? rokku toka desu ka?","ja":"どんな音楽を聴きますか？ロックとかですか？","english":"What kind of music do you listen to? Rock?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Kiku means both 'listen' and 'ask'; context tells them apart.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":14,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":75},{"id":"p-suki-na-aatisuto-iru","romaji":"suki na aatisuto iru?","polite":"suki na aatisuto wa imasu ka?","english":"any artists you like?; got a favourite artist?","use":"Aatisuto mostly means a singer or band, not a painter.","ja":"好きなアーティストいる？","kana":"すきなアーティストいる？","politeJa":"好きなアーティストはいますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suki na aatisuto iru? saikin nani kiiteru?","ja":"好きなアーティストいる？最近何聴いてる？","english":"Any artists you like? What are you listening to lately?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"suki na aatisuto wa imasu ka? saikin nani o kiite imasu ka?","ja":"好きなアーティストはいますか？最近何を聴いていますか？","english":"Do you have a favourite artist? What are you listening to these days?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Iru, not aru, because artists are people.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":76},{"id":"p-raibu-toka-iku","romaji":"raibu toka iku?","polite":"raibu toka ikimasu ka?","english":"do you go to gigs?; do you go to concerts?","use":"Raibu is any live music show, from a small bar gig to a stadium concert.","ja":"ライブとか行く？","kana":"ライブとかいく？","politeJa":"ライブとか行きますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"raibu toka iku? raigetsu issho ni ikanai?","ja":"ライブとか行く？来月一緒に行かない？","english":"Do you go to gigs? Want to come with me next month?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"raibu toka ikimasu ka? raigetsu issho ni ikimasen ka?","ja":"ライブとか行きますか？来月一緒に行きませんか？","english":"Do you go to concerts? Would you like to go together next month?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Konsaato sounds more formal or classical; raibu is the everyday word.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":77},{"id":"p-karaoke-de-nani-utau","romaji":"karaoke de nani utau?","polite":"karaoke de wa nani o utaimasu ka?","english":"what do you sing at karaoke?","use":"Asked when planning a karaoke night or getting to know someone's music taste.","ja":"カラオケで何歌う？","kana":"カラオケでなにうたう？","politeJa":"カラオケでは何を歌いますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"karaoke de itsumo nani utau? kondo issho ni ikou yo.","ja":"カラオケでいつも何歌う？今度一緒に行こうよ。","english":"What do you usually sing at karaoke? Let's go together sometime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"karaoke de wa itsumo nani o utaimasu ka?","ja":"カラオケではいつも何を歌いますか？","english":"What do you usually sing at karaoke?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Your go-to song is your juuhachiban.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":78}],"stage":1,"range":"75-78","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-8","label":"How long and how good","rationale":"Follow up on a hobby by asking how long, and say how new or rusty you are.","interference":"mukashi yatteta (used to do) vs yatteru (do now).","items":[{"id":"p-dono-gurai-yatteru-no","romaji":"dono gurai yatteru no?","polite":"dono gurai yatte iru n desu ka?","english":"how long have you been doing it?","use":"Follow-up when someone mentions a hobby or sport; answer with a length of time (sannen gurai).","ja":"どのぐらいやってるの？","kana":"どのぐらいやってるの？","politeJa":"どのぐらいやっているんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sugoi umai ne. dono gurai yatteru no?","ja":"すごいうまいね。どのぐらいやってるの？","english":"You're really good. How long have you been doing it?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sugoku jouzu desu ne. dono gurai yatte iru n desu ka?","ja":"すごく上手ですね。どのぐらいやっているんですか？","english":"You're really good. How long have you been doing it?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Japanese uses the present -te iru where English says 'have been doing'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":79},{"id":"p-saikin-hajimeta-n-da","romaji":"saikin hajimeta n da","polite":"saikin hajimeta n desu","english":"I only took it up recently; I just started","use":"Said about a new hobby, often to excuse being bad at it.","ja":"最近始めたんだ","kana":"さいきんはじめたんだ","politeJa":"最近始めたんです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gitaa wa saikin hajimeta n da. mada heta da yo.","ja":"ギターは最近始めたんだ。まだ下手だよ。","english":"I only took up guitar recently. I'm still bad."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gitaa wa saikin hajimeta n desu. mada heta desu.","ja":"ギターは最近始めたんです。まだ下手です。","english":"I only took up guitar recently. I'm still bad."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Put the hobby first with wa: yoga wa saikin hajimeta n da.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":80},{"id":"p-mukashi-yatteta","romaji":"mukashi ... yatteta","polite":"mukashi ... o yatte imashita","english":"I used to do ...; I used to play ...","use":"For past hobbies, sports or instruments; the activity goes in the middle (mukashi tenisu yatteta).","ja":"昔〜やってた","kana":"むかし〜やってた","politeJa":"昔〜をやっていました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mukashi piano yatteta kedo, mou zenzen hikenai.","ja":"昔ピアノやってたけど、もう全然弾けない。","english":"I used to play piano, but I can't play at all now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mukashi piano o yatte imashita kedo, mou zenzen hikemasen.","ja":"昔ピアノをやっていましたけど、もう全然弾けません。","english":"I used to play the piano, but I can't play at all any more."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-te ita (yatteta) is the usual way to say 'used to'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":81},{"id":"p-zenzen-heta-da-kedo","romaji":"zenzen heta da kedo","polite":"zenzen heta desu kedo","english":"I'm not any good at it, though","use":"A modest add-on after saying you do something; expected even when you're decent.","ja":"全然下手だけど","kana":"ぜんぜんへただけど","politeJa":"全然下手ですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gitaa hiku yo. zenzen heta da kedo.","ja":"ギター弾くよ。全然下手だけど。","english":"I play guitar. I'm not any good, though."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gitaa o hikimasu. zenzen heta desu kedo.","ja":"ギターを弾きます。全然下手ですけど。","english":"I play the guitar. Not very well, though."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Heta = bad at; jouzu = good at, said of others, not yourself.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":82}],"stage":1,"range":"79-82","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-opine-1","label":"Asking their view","rationale":"Invite someone's opinion or reaction on a topic.","interference":"sou omowanai? fishes for agreement; dou omou? is open.","items":[{"id":"p-dou-omou","romaji":"dou omou?","polite":"dou omoimasu ka","english":"what do you think?","use":"Ask someone's opinion; answer X to omou (I think X) or sou omou.","ja":"どう思う？","kana":"どうおもう","politeJa":"どう思いますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono fuku, dou omou? chotto hade kana.","ja":"この服、どう思う？ちょっと派手かな。","english":"What do you think of this outfit? Too loud?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono fuku, dou omoimasu ka? chotto hade deshou ka.","ja":"この服、どう思いますか？ちょっと派手でしょうか。","english":"What do you think of this outfit? Is it a bit loud?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Use dou (how), not nani (what): nani o omou? sounds wrong.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1421,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":83},{"id":"p-sou-omowanai","romaji":"sou omowanai?","polite":"sou omoimasen ka?","english":"don't you think?; don't you agree?","use":"Tags your opinion and invites agreement; answer sou da ne to agree or uun, dou kana to hedge.","ja":"そう思わない？","kana":"そうおもわない？","politeJa":"そう思いませんか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano eiga, nagasugita yo. sou omowanai?","ja":"あの映画、長すぎたよ。そう思わない？","english":"That film was way too long. Don't you think?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano eiga, chotto nagakatta desu yo ne. sou omoimasen ka?","ja":"あの映画、ちょっと長かったですよね。そう思いませんか？","english":"That film was a bit long. Don't you think?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Asked in the negative but means 'you agree, right?', so un means you agree.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":76,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":84},{"id":"p-jissai-dou-na-no","romaji":"jissai dou na no?","polite":"jissai dou na n desu ka?","english":"what's it really like?; how is it, honestly?","use":"Asks for the real story behind a reputation: a job, a city, a relationship.","ja":"実際どうなの？","kana":"じっさいどうなの？","politeJa":"実際どうなんですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"toukyou no seikatsu tte, jissai dou na no?","ja":"東京の生活って、実際どうなの？","english":"So what's life in Tokyo really like?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"toukyou no seikatsu tte, jissai dou na n desu ka?","ja":"東京の生活って、実際どうなんですか？","english":"So what's life in Tokyo really like?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Jissai means 'in reality'; jissai wa ... (actually, ...) introduces the truth.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":85},{"id":"p-kansou-wa","romaji":"kansou wa?","polite":"kansou wa dou deshita ka?","english":"so what did you think?; your thoughts?","use":"Asked right after someone has seen, read, tried or done something; answer with a one-line verdict.","ja":"感想は？","kana":"かんそうは？","politeJa":"感想はどうでしたか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano hon, yomiowatta? de, kansou wa?","ja":"あの本、読み終わった？で、感想は？","english":"Did you finish that book? So, what did you think?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano hon, yomiowarimashita ka? kansou wa dou deshita ka?","ja":"あの本、読み終わりましたか？感想はどうでしたか？","english":"Did you finish that book? What did you think?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kansou means 'impressions' of an experience; a view on an issue is iken.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":67,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":86},{"id":"p-ano-nyuusu-mita","romaji":"ano nyuusu mita?","polite":"ano nyuusu mimashita ka?","english":"did you see that news?; did you hear about that?","use":"Opens a chat about a current story you both probably know about.","ja":"あのニュース見た？","kana":"あのニュースみた？","politeJa":"あのニュース見ましたか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ne, kesa no ano nyuusu mita? bikkuri shita.","ja":"ね、今朝のあのニュース見た？びっくりした。","english":"Hey, did you see that news this morning? I was shocked."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kesa no ano nyuusu, mimashita ka?","ja":"今朝のあのニュース、見ましたか？","english":"Did you see that news this morning?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ano points to something you both know; use kono nyuusu when showing it on your phone.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":7,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":87}],"stage":1,"range":"83-87","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-2","label":"Saying it's good","rationale":"Give a quick positive verdict on something.","interference":"omoshirokatta means fun or interesting, not only funny.","items":[{"id":"p-ii-n-ja-nai","romaji":"ii n ja nai?","polite":"ii n ja nai desu ka?","english":"sounds good to me; why not?; I think it's fine","use":"Approves a friend's plan, outfit or choice; a flat tone can sound like 'whatever'.","ja":"いいんじゃない？","kana":"いいんじゃない？","politeJa":"いいんじゃないですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sono fuku, ii n ja nai? niau yo.","ja":"その服、いいんじゃない？似合うよ。","english":"That outfit's nice, I think. It suits you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono an, ii n ja nai desu ka?","ja":"その案、いいんじゃないですか？","english":"That idea sounds good to me."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Not a negative: ja nai? here means 'isn't it?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":345,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":88},{"id":"p-omoshirokatta","romaji":"omoshirokatta","polite":"omoshirokatta desu","english":"that was interesting; that was fun; that was funny","use":"For films, books, talks or anything that held your interest or made you laugh.","ja":"面白かった","kana":"おもしろかった","politeJa":"面白かったです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano eiga, sugoku omoshirokatta yo.","ja":"あの映画、すごく面白かったよ。","english":"That movie was really good."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano eiga, sugoku omoshirokatta desu.","ja":"あの映画、すごく面白かったです。","english":"That movie was really good."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"omoshiroi is 'interesting' as much as 'funny'; for a fun event, tanoshikatta fits better.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":145,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":89},{"id":"p-ii-kanji","romaji":"ii kanji","polite":"ii kanji desu","english":"nice; going well; looks good","use":"Approves of how something looks, feels, or is coming along.","ja":"いい感じ","kana":"いいかんじ","politeJa":"いい感じです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, ii kanji! sono mama tsuzukete.","ja":"うん、いい感じ！そのまま続けて。","english":"Yeah, looks good! Keep going like that."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ii kanji desu ne. sono mama tsuzukete kudasai.","ja":"いい感じですね。そのまま続けてください。","english":"That's looking good. Please keep going."},"freqRank":1668,"score":4,"notes":"About a person it means likable: ii kanji no hito (a nice person).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":338,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":90},{"id":"p-ari-da-ne","romaji":"ari da ne","polite":"ari desu ne","english":"that works; that's an option; I'm into that","use":"Says an idea or combination is acceptable or even good; the opposite is nashi (no way).","ja":"アリだね","kana":"ありだね","politeJa":"アリですね","pos":"expression","flags":["slang"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"piza ni painappuru? un, ari da ne.","ja":"ピザにパイナップル？うん、アリだね。","english":"Pineapple on pizza? Yeah, that works."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono kangae, ari desu ne.","ja":"その考え、アリですね。","english":"That idea could work."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ari ka nashi ka? (yes or no?) asks whether something's acceptable.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":91},{"id":"p-mite-son-wa-nai","romaji":"mite son wa nai","polite":"mite son wa nai desu yo","english":"it's worth a watch; you won't regret seeing it","use":"Recommends a film, show or sight to a friend.","ja":"見て損はない","kana":"みてそんはない","politeJa":"見て損はないですよ","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano eiga, ichido mite son wa nai yo.","ja":"あの映画、一度見て損はないよ。","english":"That film's worth seeing at least once."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano eiga, ichido mite son wa nai desu yo.","ja":"あの映画、一度見て損はないですよ。","english":"That film's worth seeing at least once."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Works with other verbs: itte son wa nai (worth going), yonde son wa nai (worth reading).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":21,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":92}],"stage":1,"range":"88-92","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-3","label":"Saying it's not great","rationale":"Give a mild negative verdict without sounding harsh.","interference":"awanakatta (didn't suit me) vs aenakatta (couldn't meet).","items":[{"id":"p-imaichi","romaji":"imaichi","polite":null,"english":"not quite there; a bit lacking; so-so","use":"Says food, a film or an idea falls a bit short; softer than mazui or tsumaranai.","ja":"いまいち","kana":"いまいち","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono raamen, aji ga imaichi da na.","ja":"このラーメン、味がいまいちだな。","english":"This ramen's a bit meh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono raamen, aji ga imaichi desu ne.","ja":"このラーメン、味がいまいちですね。","english":"The flavour of this ramen is a bit lacking."},"freqRank":8222,"score":4,"notes":"Before a verb it means 'not quite': imaichi wakaranai (I don't quite get it).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":76,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":93},{"id":"p-anmari-suki-ja-nai","romaji":"anmari suki ja nai","polite":"amari suki ja nai desu","english":"I'm not that keen on it; I don't really like it","use":"The everyday soft way to say you dislike something; kirai is much stronger.","ja":"あんまり好きじゃない","kana":"あんまりすきじゃない","politeJa":"あまり好きじゃないです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"horaa eiga wa anmari suki ja nai n da.","ja":"ホラー映画はあんまり好きじゃないんだ。","english":"I'm not really into horror films."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"horaa eiga wa amari suki ja nai n desu.","ja":"ホラー映画はあまり好きじゃないんです。","english":"I'm not really into horror films."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Anmari is the spoken form of amari; it needs a negative after it.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":26,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":94},{"id":"p-nanka-chigau","romaji":"nanka chigau","polite":"nanka chigaimasu ne","english":"something's off; not quite it","use":"Said when something isn't what you wanted but you can't say why: a haircut, a recipe, a word.","ja":"なんか違う","kana":"なんかちがう","politeJa":"なんか違いますね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono iro, nanka chigau na. betsu no ni shiyou.","ja":"この色、なんか違うな。別のにしよう。","english":"This colour's not quite right. Let's go with another."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono iro, nanka chigaimasu ne.","ja":"この色、なんか違いますね。","english":"This colour isn't quite right."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nanka means 'somehow, kind of'; chigau alone means 'that's wrong' or 'that's different'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":10,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":95},{"id":"p-kitai-shiteta-hodo-ja-nakatta","romaji":"kitai shiteta hodo ja nakatta","polite":"kitai shite ita hodo ja nakatta desu","english":"it wasn't as good as I'd hoped","use":"Mild disappointment about a film, restaurant or trip that had been hyped.","ja":"期待してたほどじゃなかった","kana":"きたいしてたほどじゃなかった","politeJa":"期待していたほどじゃなかったです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hyouban ii kedo, kitai shiteta hodo ja nakatta.","ja":"評判いいけど、期待してたほどじゃなかった。","english":"It's got great reviews, but it wasn't as good as I'd hoped."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hyouban wa ii desu kedo, kitai shite ita hodo ja nakatta desu.","ja":"評判はいいですけど、期待していたほどじゃなかったです。","english":"It's got great reviews, but it wasn't as good as I'd hoped."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hodo ja nai means 'not as much as'; omotta hodo ja nakatta (not as ... as I thought) is the same idea.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":96},{"id":"p-watashi-ni-wa-awanakatta","romaji":"watashi ni wa awanakatta","polite":"watashi ni wa awanakatta desu","english":"it wasn't for me; it didn't suit me","use":"A polite way to dislike something without calling it bad; it puts the problem on your taste.","ja":"私には合わなかった","kana":"わたしにはあわなかった","politeJa":"私には合わなかったです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano manga, watashi ni wa awanakatta na.","ja":"あの漫画、私には合わなかったな。","english":"That manga wasn't really for me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano manga wa, watashi ni wa awanakatta desu.","ja":"あの漫画は、私には合わなかったです。","english":"That manga wasn't for me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also for food or medicine that disagrees with you. Present tense: watashi ni wa awanai.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":133,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":97}],"stage":1,"range":"93-97","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-4","label":"Liking it your way","rationale":"Say you like something in a low-key way and say what you like about it.","interference":"warukunai and kirai ja nai sound negative but mean you like it.","items":[{"id":"p-warukunai","romaji":"warukunai","polite":"warukunai desu ne","english":"not bad; pretty good","use":"Mild praise that often means 'actually quite good'; tone decides how warm it is.","ja":"悪くない","kana":"わるくない","politeJa":"悪くないですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono mise, warukunai ne. mata koyou.","ja":"この店、悪くないね。また来よう。","english":"This place isn't bad. Let's come again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono mise, warukunai desu ne.","ja":"この店、悪くないですね。","english":"This place isn't bad."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'it's not your fault': kimi wa warukunai yo.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":835,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":98},{"id":"p-kirai-ja-nai","romaji":"kirai ja nai","polite":"kirai ja nai desu","english":"I don't mind it; I kind of like it","use":"A shy or understated way to say you like something; it usually means more than it says.","ja":"嫌いじゃない","kana":"きらいじゃない","politeJa":"嫌いじゃないです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kou iu ongaku, kirai ja nai yo.","ja":"こういう音楽、嫌いじゃないよ。","english":"I kind of like this kind of music."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kou iu ongaku, kirai ja nai desu.","ja":"こういう音楽、嫌いじゃないです。","english":"I kind of like this kind of music."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Said about a person it can be a coy confession of liking them.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":49,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":99},{"id":"p-tokoro-ga-suki","romaji":"... tokoro ga suki","polite":"... tokoro ga suki desu","english":"I like how ...; what I like is ...","use":"Names the specific thing you like about a person, place or work.","ja":"〜ところが好き","kana":"〜ところがすき","politeJa":"〜ところが好きです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare no yasashii tokoro ga suki.","ja":"彼の優しいところが好き。","english":"I love how kind he is."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono machi no shizuka na tokoro ga suki desu.","ja":"この町の静かなところが好きです。","english":"What I like about this town is how quiet it is."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tokoro here means 'side, aspect', not 'place'; it also works for dislikes: ... tokoro ga iya.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":18,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":100},{"id":"p-watashi-wa-suki-da-kedo","romaji":"watashi wa suki da kedo","polite":"watashi wa suki desu kedo","english":"well, I like it (even if others don't)","use":"Defends your taste after someone criticises something, without starting an argument.","ja":"私は好きだけど","kana":"わたしはすきだけど","politeJa":"私は好きですけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, sonna ni dame? watashi wa suki da kedo.","ja":"え、そんなにダメ？私は好きだけど。","english":"Huh, is it that bad? I like it, though."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou desu ka? watashi wa suki desu kedo.","ja":"そうですか？私は好きですけど。","english":"Really? I like it, though."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Wa sets you against the others; the trailing kedo leaves the rest unsaid.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":101}],"stage":1,"range":"98-101","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-5","label":"Framing your own view","rationale":"Open your opinion so it lands as personal, not as fact.","interference":"watashi dattara (if it were me) vs watashi datta (it was me).","items":[{"id":"p-yoku-wakannai-kedo","romaji":"yoku wakannai kedo","polite":"yoku wakaranai desu kedo","english":"I'm not really sure, but ...; I don't know much, but ...","use":"Hedges an opinion or guess on a topic you don't know well.","ja":"よくわかんないけど","kana":"よくわかんないけど","politeJa":"よくわからないですけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoku wakannai kedo, sore tabun daijoubu da yo.","ja":"よくわかんないけど、それたぶん大丈夫だよ。","english":"I'm not totally sure, but that's probably fine."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoku wakaranai desu kedo, tabun daijoubu da to omoimasu.","ja":"よくわからないですけど、たぶん大丈夫だと思います。","english":"I'm not really sure, but I think it's probably fine."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Wakannai is the spoken form of wakaranai.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":7,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":102},{"id":"p-watashi-dattara","romaji":"watashi dattara ...","polite":null,"english":"if it were me, I'd ...; if I were you, ...","use":"Gives advice by saying what you'd do, which is softer than telling someone what to do.","ja":"私だったら〜","kana":"わたしだったら〜","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashi dattara, sugu yamechau kana.","ja":"私だったら、すぐ辞めちゃうかな。","english":"If it were me, I'd quit right away."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi dattara, mou ichido hanashite mimasu ne.","ja":"私だったら、もう一度話してみますね。","english":"If it were me, I'd try talking to them once more."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Men often say ore dattara or boku dattara; the line usually ends in kana or to omou.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":129,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":103},{"id":"p-kojinteki-ni-wa","romaji":"kojinteki ni wa","polite":null,"english":"personally; for me","use":"Opens your own view and marks it as just your opinion; safe in any register.","ja":"個人的には","kana":"こじんてきには","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kojinteki ni wa, mae no hou ga suki datta.","ja":"個人的には、前の方が好きだった。","english":"Personally, I liked the old one better."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kojinteki ni wa, kono an ni sansei desu.","ja":"個人的には、この案に賛成です。","english":"Personally, I'm in favour of this plan."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":83,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":104},{"id":"p-watashi-teki-ni-wa","romaji":"watashiteki ni wa","polite":null,"english":"for me; as far as I'm concerned","use":"A casual, youthful way to give your own view.","ja":"私的には","kana":"わたしてきには","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashiteki ni wa, kore de zenzen ii yo.","ja":"私的には、これで全然いいよ。","english":"As far as I'm concerned, this is totally fine."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Don't confuse it with shiteki (private), written the same; in polite talk use kojinteki ni wa.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":105},{"id":"p-butchake","romaji":"butchake","polite":null,"english":"honestly; to be blunt; let's be real","use":"Opens a frank admission among friends, often something people don't usually say out loud.","ja":"ぶっちゃけ","kana":"ぶっちゃけ","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":["slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"butchake, ano eiga tsumaranakatta yo ne.","ja":"ぶっちゃけ、あの映画つまらなかったよね。","english":"Honestly, that film was boring, wasn't it?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":118129,"score":4,"notes":"Avoid with bosses or customers; shoujiki (honestly) is the neutral word.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":56,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":106}],"stage":1,"range":"102-106","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-6","label":"Comparing here and there","rationale":"Compare Japan with home, or one thing with another.","interference":"sumiyasui is easy (yasui) to live in, not cheap.","items":[{"id":"p-to-kurabete-dou","romaji":"... to kurabete dou?","polite":"... to kurabete dou desu ka?","english":"how does it compare with ...?","use":"Asks someone who knows both things, such as two cities, jobs or versions, to compare them.","ja":"〜と比べてどう？","kana":"〜とくらべてどう？","politeJa":"〜と比べてどうですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon no seikatsu, kuni to kurabete dou?","ja":"日本の生活、国と比べてどう？","english":"How does life in Japan compare with back home?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mae no shigoto to kurabete dou desu ka?","ja":"前の仕事と比べてどうですか？","english":"How does it compare with your last job?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The answer usually uses yori (than): nihon yori takai (pricier than Japan).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":38,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":107},{"id":"p-sonna-ni-kawaranai","romaji":"sonna ni kawaranai","polite":"sonna ni kawaranai desu","english":"it's not that different; about the same","use":"Plays down a difference in price, taste or quality when someone asks which is better.","ja":"そんなに変わらない","kana":"そんなにかわらない","politeJa":"そんなに変わらないです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dotchi mo nedan wa sonna ni kawaranai yo.","ja":"どっちも値段はそんなに変わらないよ。","english":"They're not that different in price."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nedan wa sonna ni kawaranai desu yo.","ja":"値段はそんなに変わらないですよ。","english":"The price isn't that different."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kawaranai also means 'you haven't changed': zenzen kawaranai ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":108},{"id":"p-nani-ga-ichiban-chigau","romaji":"nani ga ichiban chigau?","polite":"nani ga ichiban chigaimasu ka?","english":"what's the biggest difference?","use":"Asks someone who has lived or worked in two places to name the main difference.","ja":"何が一番違う？","kana":"なにがいちばんちがう？","politeJa":"何が一番違いますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon to igirisu de, nani ga ichiban chigau?","ja":"日本とイギリスで、何が一番違う？","english":"What's the biggest difference between Japan and the UK?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon to oosutoraria de, nani ga ichiban chigaimasu ka?","ja":"日本とオーストラリアで、何が一番違いますか？","english":"What's the biggest difference between Japan and Australia?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Set up the pair with ... to ... de (between ... and ...).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":109},{"id":"p-yappari-ga-ichiban","romaji":"yappari ... ga ichiban","polite":"yappari ... ga ichiban desu ne","english":"you can't beat ...; ... is the best after all","use":"Said after comparing, or on coming back to something familiar like home, mum's cooking or a hot bath.","ja":"やっぱり〜が一番","kana":"やっぱり〜がいちばん","politeJa":"やっぱり〜が一番ですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ryokou mo ii kedo, yappari ie ga ichiban da ne.","ja":"旅行もいいけど、やっぱり家が一番だね。","english":"Travel's nice, but there's no place like home."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"natsu wa yappari tsumetai biiru ga ichiban desu ne.","ja":"夏はやっぱり冷たいビールが一番ですね。","english":"In summer, you can't beat a cold beer."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yappari (yappa in fast speech) means 'as expected, after all'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":110},{"id":"p-sumiyasui","romaji":"sumiyasui?","polite":"sumiyasui desu ka?","english":"is it a nice place to live?; is it easy to live there?","use":"Asked of someone who lives in a city, area or country you're curious about.","ja":"住みやすい？","kana":"すみやすい？","politeJa":"住みやすいですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oosaka tte sumiyasui? bukka wa dou?","ja":"大阪って住みやすい？物価はどう？","english":"Is Osaka a nice place to live? What are prices like?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oosaka wa sumiyasui desu ka?","ja":"大阪は住みやすいですか？","english":"Is Osaka a nice place to live?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-yasui after a verb stem means 'easy to': tsukaiyasui (easy to use), wakariyasui (easy to understand).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":111}],"stage":1,"range":"107-111","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-7","label":"It depends","rationale":"Avoid a flat answer when the honest view is 'it depends'.","interference":"ichigai ni wa ienai (can't generalise) vs nantomo ienai (can't say).","items":[{"id":"p-toki-to-baai-ni-yoru","romaji":"toki to baai ni yoru","polite":"toki to baai ni yorimasu","english":"it depends on the situation; it depends","use":"A non-committal answer to a yes-or-no question about habits or rules.","ja":"時と場合による","kana":"ときとばあいによる","politeJa":"時と場合によります","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zangyou? maa, toki to baai ni yoru kana.","ja":"残業？まあ、時と場合によるかな。","english":"Overtime? Well, it depends."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa toki to baai ni yorimasu ne.","ja":"それは時と場合によりますね。","english":"That depends on the situation."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shorter: ... ni yoru (it depends on ...): hito ni yoru (depends on the person).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":41,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":112},{"id":"p-nantomo-ienai","romaji":"nantomo ienai","polite":"nantomo iemasen","english":"hard to say; I can't really say","use":"When you can't judge yet or won't commit; also for a feeling that's hard to put into words.","ja":"なんとも言えない","kana":"なんともいえない","politeJa":"なんとも言えません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mada hajimatta bakari da kara, nantomo ienai na.","ja":"まだ始まったばかりだから、なんとも言えないな。","english":"It's only just started, so it's hard to say."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mada hajimatta bakari na node, nantomo iemasen.","ja":"まだ始まったばかりなので、なんとも言えません。","english":"It's only just started, so I can't really say."},"freqRank":32349,"score":3,"notes":"nantomo ienai aji, 'a taste you can't describe', is praise.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":57,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":113},{"id":"p-muzukashii-tokoro-da-ne","romaji":"muzukashii tokoro da ne","polite":"muzukashii tokoro desu ne","english":"that's a tough one; it's a tricky question","use":"Buys time or avoids taking sides on a hard choice; also a soft no to a request.","ja":"難しいところだね","kana":"むずかしいところだね","politeJa":"難しいところですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dotchi mo ii kara, muzukashii tokoro da ne.","ja":"どっちもいいから、難しいところだね。","english":"They're both good, so that's a tough one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa muzukashii tokoro desu ne.","ja":"それは難しいところですね。","english":"That's a tough one."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"At work, muzukashii (it's difficult) often means no.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":13,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":114},{"id":"p-ichigai-ni-wa-ienai","romaji":"ichigai ni wa ienai","polite":"ichigai ni wa iemasen","english":"you can't really generalise; it's hard to say","use":"Gently pushes back on a sweeping claim about a group or place.","ja":"一概には言えない","kana":"いちがいにはいえない","politeJa":"一概には言えません","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihonjin wa tsumetai? sore wa ichigai ni wa ienai yo.","ja":"日本人は冷たい？それは一概には言えないよ。","english":"Japanese people are cold? You can't really generalise like that."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa ichigai ni wa iemasen ne.","ja":"それは一概には言えませんね。","english":"You can't really generalise about that."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often after ... to wa: warui to wa ichigai ni wa ienai (you can't just call it bad).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":6,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":115},{"id":"p-kuni-ni-yotte-chigau-yo-ne","romaji":"kuni ni yotte chigau yo ne","polite":"kuni ni yotte chigaimasu yo ne","english":"it differs from country to country, doesn't it","use":"Common in cross-cultural chat when comparing customs like tipping or table manners.","ja":"国によって違うよね","kana":"くにによってちがうよね","politeJa":"国によって違いますよね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chippu no shuukan tte, kuni ni yotte chigau yo ne.","ja":"チップの習慣って、国によって違うよね。","english":"Tipping customs differ from country to country, don't they?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"aisatsu no shikata mo, kuni ni yotte chigaimasu yo ne.","ja":"挨拶の仕方も、国によって違いますよね。","english":"Even greetings differ from country to country, don't they?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap the noun: hito ni yotte (depending on the person), mise ni yotte (depending on the shop).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":116}],"stage":1,"range":"112-116","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-catchup-1","label":"How have you been","rationale":"Open a catch-up by asking how someone's doing.","interference":"genki datta? (been well since we last met) vs genki? (are you well).","items":[{"id":"p-saikin-dou","romaji":"saikin dou?","polite":"saikin dou desu ka","english":"how's it going lately?","use":"Opens a catch-up with a friend or coworker; answer with a bit of news, or maa maa (so-so).","ja":"最近どう？","kana":"さいきんどう","politeJa":"最近どうですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin dou? shigoto isogashii?","ja":"最近どう？仕事忙しい？","english":"How's it going? Busy with work?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin dou desu ka? oshigoto wa isogashii desu ka?","ja":"最近どうですか？お仕事は忙しいですか？","english":"How have things been? Is work busy?"},"freqRank":16264,"score":4,"notes":"The closest thing to English 'how are you?' for people you see often.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":35,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":117},{"id":"p-choushi-dou","romaji":"choushi dou?","polite":"choushi wa dou desu ka?","english":"how are you doing?; how's it going?","use":"A casual greeting between friends or coworkers; answer with bochibochi, aikawarazu da yo or genki da yo.","ja":"調子どう？","kana":"ちょうしどう？","politeJa":"調子はどうですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oo, saikin choushi dou? isogashii?","ja":"おー、最近調子どう？忙しい？","english":"Hey, how's it going lately? Busy?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. saikin choushi wa dou desu ka?","ja":"お久しぶりです。最近調子はどうですか？","english":"It's been a while. How have you been lately?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also asks about one specific thing: ashi no choushi dou? (how's your leg?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":523,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":118},{"id":"p-saikin-isogashii","romaji":"saikin isogashii?","polite":"saikin isogashii desu ka?","english":"been busy lately?","use":"An easy opener when you run into someone; a vague answer is fine.","ja":"最近忙しい？","kana":"さいきんいそがしい？","politeJa":"最近忙しいですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin isogashii? zenzen aenai ne.","ja":"最近忙しい？全然会えないね。","english":"Been busy lately? We never get to see each other."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin isogashii desu ka? shibaraku aemasen deshita ne.","ja":"最近忙しいですか？しばらく会えませんでしたね。","english":"Have you been busy? We haven't seen each other in a while."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Typical answers: maa ne ('yeah, kind of') or sou demo nai ('not really').","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":119},{"id":"p-genki-datta","romaji":"genki datta?","polite":"ogenki deshita ka","english":"how have you been?","use":"To someone you haven't seen for a while; answer un, genki datta yo, or with your news.","ja":"元気だった？","kana":"げんきだった","politeJa":"お元気でしたか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uwa, hisashiburi! genki datta?","ja":"うわ、久しぶり！元気だった？","english":"Wow, long time no see! How've you been?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. ogenki deshita ka?","ja":"お久しぶりです。お元気でしたか？","english":"It's been a long time. How have you been?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Only after a gap; for someone you saw last week, use saikin dou?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":165,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":120},{"id":"p-nanika-kawatta-koto-atta","romaji":"nanika kawatta koto atta?","polite":"nanika kawatta koto arimashita ka?","english":"anything new with you?","use":"Asked when you catch up after time apart; if nothing's new, answer toku ni nai yo or aikawarazu da yo.","ja":"何か変わったことあった？","kana":"なにかかわったことあった？","politeJa":"何か変わったことありましたか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hisashiburi da ne. nanika kawatta koto atta?","ja":"久しぶりだね。何か変わったことあった？","english":"It's been a while. Anything new with you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin, nanika kawatta koto arimashita ka?","ja":"最近、何か変わったことありましたか？","english":"Has anything new happened lately?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kawatta koto means 'anything different'; kawatta hito means 'an odd person'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":40,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":121}],"stage":1,"range":"117-121","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-2","label":"Nothing much new","rationale":"Answer 'how are you' when life is just ticking along.","interference":"kawari nai (nothing's changed) vs kawaranai (won't change).","items":[{"id":"p-toku-ni-nanimo-nai-yo","romaji":"toku ni nanimo nai yo","polite":"toku ni nanimo nai desu","english":"nothing much, really; nothing in particular","use":"The usual answer to 'anything new?' or 'any plans?' when nothing is going on.","ja":"特に何もないよ","kana":"とくになにもないよ","politeJa":"特に何もないです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin? toku ni nanimo nai yo. itsumo doori.","ja":"最近？特に何もないよ。いつも通り。","english":"Lately? Nothing much. Same as usual."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin desu ka? toku ni nanimo nai desu. itsumo doori desu.","ja":"最近ですか？特に何もないです。いつも通りです。","english":"Lately? Nothing much. Same as always."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Can be cut to toku ni; betsu ni on its own can sound curt.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":6,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":122},{"id":"p-aikawarazu-da-yo","romaji":"aikawarazu da yo","polite":"aikawarazu desu","english":"same as ever; nothing much new","use":"Answer to choushi dou? or saikin dou? when nothing has changed.","ja":"相変わらずだよ","kana":"あいかわらずだよ","politeJa":"相変わらずです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, aikawarazu da yo. shigoto bakkari.","ja":"うん、相変わらずだよ。仕事ばっかり。","english":"Yeah, same as ever. All work."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hai, aikawarazu desu. shigoto bakari de.","ja":"はい、相変わらずです。仕事ばかりで。","english":"Yes, same as ever. Just work."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also says someone hasn't changed, often teasing: aikawarazu da ne (you haven't changed a bit).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":219,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":123},{"id":"p-bochibochi","romaji":"bochibochi","polite":"bochibochi desu","english":"so-so; getting by; not bad","use":"Modest answer to how's it going or how's business; strongly Kansai but understood everywhere.","ja":"ぼちぼち","kana":"ぼちぼち","politeJa":"ぼちぼちです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigoto? maa, bochibochi da ne.","ja":"仕事？まあ、ぼちぼちだね。","english":"Work? Oh, getting by."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigoto desu ka? maa, bochibochi desu.","ja":"仕事ですか？まあ、ぼちぼちです。","english":"Work? Oh, getting by."},"freqRank":9966,"score":4,"notes":"Also means 'about time, little by little': bochibochi kaerou ka (shall we head home soon?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":18,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":124},{"id":"p-kawari-nai","romaji":"kawari nai","polite":"okawari arimasen ka","english":"no change; all well, same as ever","use":"As a question it asks if all is well since you last met; as an answer it means nothing new, all fine.","ja":"変わりない","kana":"かわりない","politeJa":"お変わりありませんか","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hisashiburi da ne. kawari nai?","ja":"久しぶりだね。変わりない？","english":"Long time no see. All good?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. okawari arimasen ka?","ja":"お久しぶりです。お変わりありませんか？","english":"It's been a while. Is everything well with you?"},"freqRank":4978,"score":3,"notes":"A common answer is un, aikawarazu (yeah, same as ever).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":64,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":125},{"id":"p-nantoka-yatteru","romaji":"nantoka yatteru","polite":"nantoka yatte imasu","english":"getting by; hanging in there","use":"Answer to how's it going when things are tough but okay; sounds modest and a bit tired.","ja":"なんとかやってる","kana":"なんとかやってる","politeJa":"なんとかやっています","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigoto wa taihen da kedo, nantoka yatteru yo.","ja":"仕事は大変だけど、なんとかやってるよ。","english":"Work's tough, but I'm getting by."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigoto wa taihen desu kedo, nantoka yatte imasu.","ja":"仕事は大変ですけど、なんとかやっています。","english":"Work's tough, but I'm getting by."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nantoka means 'somehow'; nantoka naru (it'll work out somehow) is a common pair.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":126}],"stage":1,"range":"122-126","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-3","label":"Busy tired or rested","rationale":"Say how busy or worn out you've been.","interference":"nebusoku (short on sleep) vs nemui (sleepy right now).","items":[{"id":"p-batabata-shiteta","romaji":"batabata shiteta","polite":"batabata shite imashita","english":"things have been hectic; I've been rushed off my feet","use":"Explains why you've been out of touch or slow to reply, often after gomen.","ja":"バタバタしてた","kana":"ばたばたしてた","politeJa":"バタバタしていました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kongetsu zutto batabata shiteta.","ja":"ごめん、今月ずっとバタバタしてた。","english":"Sorry, it's been hectic all month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kongetsu zutto batabata shite imashita.","ja":"すみません、今月ずっとバタバタしていました。","english":"Sorry, it's been hectic all month."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Batabata is the sound of rushing around; for right now say ima batabata shiteru (I'm swamped).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":25,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":127},{"id":"p-saikin-chotto-tsukaregimi","romaji":"saikin chotto tsukaregimi","polite":"saikin chotto tsukaregimi desu","english":"I've been a bit worn out lately","use":"An honest answer to 'how are you?' that admits you're tired without complaining.","ja":"最近ちょっと疲れ気味","kana":"さいきんちょっとつかれぎみ","politeJa":"最近ちょっと疲れ気味です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin chotto tsukaregimi. shigoto ga isogashikute.","ja":"最近ちょっと疲れ気味。仕事が忙しくて。","english":"I've been a bit worn out lately. Work's been busy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin chotto tsukaregimi desu. shigoto ga isogashikute.","ja":"最近ちょっと疲れ気味です。仕事が忙しくて。","english":"I've been a little tired lately. Work has been busy."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-gimi means 'a touch of': kazegimi is 'a bit of a cold'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":128},{"id":"p-chotto-nebusoku","romaji":"chotto nebusoku","polite":"chotto nebusoku desu","english":"I haven't been sleeping enough; a bit short on sleep","use":"Said when someone asks if you're okay or says you look tired.","ja":"ちょっと寝不足","kana":"ちょっとねぶそく","politeJa":"ちょっと寝不足です","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, daijoubu. chotto nebusoku na n da.","ja":"うん、大丈夫。ちょっと寝不足なんだ。","english":"Yeah, I'm fine. Just a bit short on sleep."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daijoubu desu. chotto nebusoku na n desu.","ja":"大丈夫です。ちょっと寝不足なんです。","english":"I'm fine. Just a bit short on sleep."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nebusoku is a noun: nebusoku de atama ga itai (my head hurts from lack of sleep).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":15,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":129},{"id":"p-yatto-ochitsuita","romaji":"yatto ochitsuita","polite":"yatto ochitsukimashita","english":"things have finally settled down","use":"Said after a busy stretch such as a move, a project or a new baby, to say you're free again.","ja":"やっと落ち着いた","kana":"やっとおちついた","politeJa":"やっと落ち着きました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hikkoshi mo owatte, yatto ochitsuita yo.","ja":"引っ越しも終わって、やっと落ち着いたよ。","english":"The move's done, so things have finally settled down."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hikkoshi mo owatte, yatto ochitsukimashita.","ja":"引っ越しも終わって、やっと落ち着きました。","english":"The move's done, so things have finally settled down."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ochitsuku also means 'to calm down': ochitsuite! (calm down!).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":160,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":130},{"id":"p-yoku-neta","romaji":"yoku neta","polite":"yoku nemashita","english":"I slept well","use":"Said on waking with a stretch, or as the answer to yoku neta? (did you sleep well?).","ja":"よく寝た","kana":"よくねた","politeJa":"よく寝ました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, yuube wa yoku neta yo. arigatou.","ja":"うん、ゆうべはよく寝たよ。ありがとう。","english":"Yeah, I slept well last night, thanks."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hai, okagesama de yuube wa yoku nemashita.","ja":"はい、おかげさまでゆうべはよく寝ました。","english":"Yes, thanks, I slept well last night."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Politely, people also ask and answer with yoku nemuremashita (were able to sleep well).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":8,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":131}],"stage":1,"range":"127-131","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-4","label":"Last weekend","rationale":"Ask about and sum up a weekend or holiday.","interference":"yukkuri dekita (got to relax) vs yukkuri (slowly).","items":[{"id":"p-shuumatsu-nani-shita","romaji":"shuumatsu nani shita?","polite":"shuumatsu wa nani o shimashita ka?","english":"what did you do on the weekend?","use":"A Monday catch-up question for friends or coworkers; a short answer is fine.","ja":"週末何した？","kana":"しゅうまつなにした？","politeJa":"週末は何をしましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shuumatsu nani shita? dokka itta?","ja":"週末何した？どっか行った？","english":"What'd you do on the weekend? Go anywhere?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shuumatsu wa nani o shimashita ka? dokoka ikimashita ka?","ja":"週末は何をしましたか？どこか行きましたか？","english":"What did you do on the weekend? Did you go anywhere?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"A common answer is ie de gorogoro shiteta, 'I lazed around at home'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":132},{"id":"p-tanoshikatta","romaji":"tanoshikatta","polite":"tanoshikatta desu","english":"that was fun; I had a great time","use":"Say after a trip, party or day out; the usual answer to dou datta?","ja":"楽しかった","kana":"たのしかった","politeJa":"楽しかったです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa honto ni tanoshikatta! mata ikou ne.","ja":"今日はほんとに楽しかった！また行こうね。","english":"Today was so much fun! Let's go again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa hontou ni tanoshikatta desu. mata ikimashou.","ja":"今日は本当に楽しかったです。また行きましょう。","english":"I really enjoyed today. Let's go again."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"For a funny or interesting film or book, omoshirokatta fits better.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":621,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":133},{"id":"p-shuumatsu-yukkuri-dekita","romaji":"shuumatsu yukkuri dekita?","polite":"shuumatsu wa yukkuri dekimashita ka?","english":"did you get to relax on the weekend?","use":"A kind Monday question, often to a coworker after a busy week.","ja":"週末ゆっくりできた？","kana":"しゅうまつゆっくりできた？","politeJa":"週末はゆっくりできましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ohayou. shuumatsu yukkuri dekita?","ja":"おはよう。週末ゆっくりできた？","english":"Morning. Did you get to relax on the weekend?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohayou gozaimasu. shuumatsu wa yukkuri dekimashita ka?","ja":"おはようございます。週末はゆっくりできましたか？","english":"Good morning. Did you get some rest on the weekend?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yukkuri suru is to take it easy; yukkuri shite ne means 'take your time' or 'rest up'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":134},{"id":"p-renkyuu-dokoka-itta","romaji":"renkyuu dokoka itta?","polite":"renkyuu wa dokoka ikimashita ka?","english":"go anywhere over the long weekend?","use":"Asked after a holiday break such as Golden Week or Obon.","ja":"連休どこか行った？","kana":"れんきゅうどこかいった？","politeJa":"連休はどこか行きましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"renkyuu dokoka itta? zutto ie ni ita?","ja":"連休どこか行った？ずっと家にいた？","english":"Go anywhere over the long weekend? Or stay home the whole time?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"renkyuu wa dokoka ikimashita ka?","ja":"連休はどこか行きましたか？","english":"Did you go anywhere over the long weekend?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual speech often shortens dokoka to dokka.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":135}],"stage":1,"range":"132-135","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-5","label":"How work is going","rationale":"Check in on someone's job, the default catch-up topic.","interference":"shigoto nani shiteru no asks what job; shigoto dou asks how it's going.","items":[{"id":"p-shigoto-dou","romaji":"shigoto dou?","polite":"oshigoto wa dou desu ka?","english":"how's work?","use":"A standard catch-up question for a friend or colleague you haven't seen in a while.","ja":"仕事どう？","kana":"しごとどう？","politeJa":"お仕事はどうですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hisashiburi! shigoto dou? isogashii?","ja":"久しぶり！仕事どう？忙しい？","english":"Long time no see! How's work? Busy?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. oshigoto wa dou desu ka?","ja":"お久しぶりです。お仕事はどうですか？","english":"It's been a while. How's work?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Typical answers are maa maa ('so-so') or bochibochi ('getting by').","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":7,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":136},{"id":"p-shigoto-nani-shiteru-no","romaji":"shigoto nani shiteru no?","polite":"oshigoto wa nani o sarete imasu ka?","english":"what do you do for work?","use":"Asked when getting to know someone; people often answer by field, like kyouiku kankei (something in education).","ja":"仕事何してるの？","kana":"しごとなにしてるの？","politeJa":"お仕事は何をされていますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hee, toukyou ni sunderu n da. shigoto nani shiteru no?","ja":"へえ、東京に住んでるんだ。仕事何してるの？","english":"Oh, you live in Tokyo? What do you do for work?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shitsurei desu kedo, oshigoto wa nani o sarete imasu ka?","ja":"失礼ですけど、お仕事は何をされていますか？","english":"If you don't mind me asking, what do you do for work?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":38,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":137},{"id":"p-zangyou-ooi","romaji":"zangyou ooi?","polite":"zangyou wa ooi desu ka?","english":"do you do a lot of overtime?","use":"Common work small talk; long hours are a normal thing to grumble about.","ja":"残業多い？","kana":"ざんぎょうおおい？","politeJa":"残業は多いですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima no kaisha, zangyou ooi?","ja":"今の会社、残業多い？","english":"Do you do a lot of overtime at your company?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima no kaisha wa zangyou ga ooi desu ka?","ja":"今の会社は残業が多いですか？","english":"Is there a lot of overtime at your company?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Zangyou suru is to work overtime; kyou mo zangyou is 'overtime again today'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":138}],"stage":1,"range":"136-138","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-6","label":"Your news","rationale":"Share what's new with you and follow up on their news.","interference":"hamatteru (hooked on) vs haitteru (is inside).","items":[{"id":"p-ni-hamatteru","romaji":"... ni hamatteru","polite":"... ni hamatte imasu","english":"I'm really into ...; I'm hooked on ...","use":"Says what you're obsessed with right now; ask back with saikin nani ni hamatteru?","ja":"〜にハマってる","kana":"〜にはまってる","politeJa":"〜にハマっています","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin, kankoku dorama ni hamatteru n da.","ja":"最近、韓国ドラマにハマってるんだ。","english":"I'm really into Korean dramas lately."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin, kankoku dorama ni hamatte iru n desu.","ja":"最近、韓国ドラマにハマっているんです。","english":"I'm really into Korean dramas lately."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Hamaru literally means 'to get stuck in'; it implies a recent, strong craze rather than a lasting like (suki).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":34,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":139},{"id":"p-mae-ni-itteta-dou-natta","romaji":"mae ni itteta ..., dou natta?","polite":"mae ni itte ita ..., dou narimashita ka?","english":"how did that ... you mentioned turn out?","use":"Follows up on something a friend told you last time: an interview, a date, a trip.","ja":"前に言ってた〜、どうなった？","kana":"まえにいってた〜、どうなった？","politeJa":"前に言っていた〜、どうなりましたか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mae ni itteta mensetsu, dou natta? ukatta?","ja":"前に言ってた面接、どうなった？受かった？","english":"How did that interview you mentioned go? Did you get it?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mae ni itte ita mensetsu, dou narimashita ka?","ja":"前に言っていた面接、どうなりましたか？","english":"How did that interview you mentioned go?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Itteta is short for itte ita (was saying); ano ken (that thing) can fill the gap.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":12,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":140},{"id":"p-hikkoshita-n-da","romaji":"hikkoshita n da","polite":"hikkoshita n desu","english":"I moved house; I've moved","use":"Shares news when catching up; say where with ni: yokohama ni hikkoshita n da.","ja":"引っ越したんだ","kana":"ひっこしたんだ","politeJa":"引っ越したんです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jitsu wa, sengetsu yokohama ni hikkoshita n da.","ja":"実は、先月横浜に引っ越したんだ。","english":"Actually, I moved to Yokohama last month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jitsu wa, sengetsu yokohama ni hikkoshita n desu.","ja":"実は、先月横浜に引っ越したんです。","english":"Actually, I moved to Yokohama last month."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hikkosu is the verb; hikkoshi is the move itself.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":101,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":141},{"id":"p-tenshoku-shita-n-da","romaji":"tenshoku shita n da","polite":"tenshoku shita n desu","english":"I changed jobs","use":"Shares job news when catching up; expect the follow-up doko ni? (where to?).","ja":"転職したんだ","kana":"てんしょくしたんだ","politeJa":"転職したんです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou sou, haru ni tenshoku shita n da yo.","ja":"そうそう、春に転職したんだよ。","english":"Oh yeah, I changed jobs in the spring."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jitsu wa, haru ni tenshoku shita n desu.","ja":"実は、春に転職したんです。","english":"Actually, I changed jobs in the spring."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tenshoku means moving to a new employer; a transfer inside your company is idou or tenkin.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":12,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":142},{"id":"p-hisashiburi-ni-shita","romaji":"hisashiburi ni ... shita","polite":"hisashiburi ni ... shimashita","english":"I ... for the first time in ages","use":"Tells someone about doing something you hadn't done for a long time; any past verb fits the gap.","ja":"久しぶりに〜した","kana":"ひさしぶりに〜した","politeJa":"久しぶりに〜しました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou, hisashiburi ni eigakan de eiga mita.","ja":"昨日、久しぶりに映画館で映画見た。","english":"Yesterday I saw a film at the cinema for the first time in ages."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou, hisashiburi ni eigakan ni ikimashita.","ja":"昨日、久しぶりに映画館に行きました。","english":"Yesterday I went to the cinema for the first time in ages."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hisashiburi alone is 'long time no see'; with ni it goes before the verb.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":80,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":143}],"stage":1,"range":"139-143","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-7","label":"Weather and seasons","rationale":"Make the easy seasonal small talk Japanese conversations open with.","interference":"mushiatsui (humid) vs atsui (hot).","items":[{"id":"p-suzushiku-natte-kita-ne","romaji":"suzushiku natte kita ne","polite":"suzushiku natte kimashita ne","english":"it's getting cooler, isn't it","use":"Seasonal small talk in early autumn with neighbours, coworkers, anyone; just agree with sou da ne.","ja":"涼しくなってきたね","kana":"すずしくなってきたね","politeJa":"涼しくなってきましたね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"asaban, daibu suzushiku natte kita ne.","ja":"朝晩、だいぶ涼しくなってきたね。","english":"It's really getting cooler in the mornings and evenings."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"asaban, daibu suzushiku natte kimashita ne.","ja":"朝晩、だいぶ涼しくなってきましたね。","english":"It's really getting cooler in the mornings and evenings."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap the adjective for other seasons: atsuku natte kita ne (getting hot), samuku natte kita ne (getting cold).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":144},{"id":"p-ame-bakkari-da-ne","romaji":"ame bakkari da ne","polite":"ame bakari desu ne","english":"it's been nothing but rain, huh","use":"Weather small talk in the June rainy season or any wet week; answer hontou ni ne.","ja":"雨ばっかりだね","kana":"あめばっかりだね","politeJa":"雨ばかりですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin ame bakkari da ne. sentakumono ga kawakanai.","ja":"最近雨ばっかりだね。洗濯物が乾かない。","english":"It's been nothing but rain lately. The laundry won't dry."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin ame bakari desu ne.","ja":"最近雨ばかりですね。","english":"It's been raining a lot lately, hasn't it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Bakkari works with any noun: shigoto bakkari, 'nothing but work'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":145},{"id":"p-mushiatsui-ne","romaji":"mushiatsui ne","polite":"mushiatsui desu ne","english":"so humid, huh; it's muggy","use":"A go-to summer opener with neighbours, coworkers or anyone; just agree with it.","ja":"蒸し暑いね","kana":"むしあついね","politeJa":"蒸し暑いですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou mo mushiatsui ne. ase ga tomaranai.","ja":"今日も蒸し暑いね。汗が止まらない。","english":"Muggy again today, huh. I can't stop sweating."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou mo mushiatsui desu ne.","ja":"今日も蒸し暑いですね。","english":"It's humid again today, isn't it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Plain atsui is just hot; mushiatsui is hot and sticky, the normal Japanese summer.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":146},{"id":"p-kandansa-sugoi-ne","romaji":"kandansa sugoi ne","polite":"kandansa ga sugoi desu ne","english":"the temperature's all over the place, huh","use":"Small talk in spring or autumn, when days are warm and mornings cold.","ja":"寒暖差すごいね","kana":"かんだんさすごいね","politeJa":"寒暖差がすごいですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kandansa sugoi ne. asa samukute hiru atsui.","ja":"寒暖差すごいね。朝寒くて昼暑い。","english":"The temperature's all over the place. Cold mornings, hot afternoons."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kandansa ga sugoi desu ne. kaze ni ki o tsukete kudasai.","ja":"寒暖差がすごいですね。風邪に気をつけてください。","english":"The temperature's swinging a lot. Take care not to catch a cold."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often followed by kaze hikanai you ni ne, 'don't catch a cold'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":147},{"id":"p-kafunshou-aru","romaji":"kafunshou aru?","polite":"kafunshou wa arimasu ka?","english":"do you get hay fever?","use":"Common spring small talk, since many people in Japan suffer from cedar pollen.","ja":"花粉症ある？","kana":"かふんしょうある？","politeJa":"花粉症はありますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kafunshou aru? kotoshi hidoi rashii yo.","ja":"花粉症ある？今年ひどいらしいよ。","english":"Do you get hay fever? They say it's bad this year."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kafunshou wa arimasu ka? kotoshi wa hidoi rashii desu yo.","ja":"花粉症はありますか？今年はひどいらしいですよ。","english":"Do you get hay fever? Apparently it's bad this year."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To say you have it: kafunshou nan da, or politely kafunshou desu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":148}],"stage":1,"range":"144-148","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-react-1","label":"Uh-huh I'm listening","rationale":"Shows you're following while your friend talks.","interference":"fuun can sound bored if overused, and hai-hai can sound dismissive.","items":[{"id":"p-un-un","romaji":"un un","polite":null,"english":"uh-huh; yeah, yeah (I'm listening)","use":"Said softly and often while a friend talks, to show you're following.","ja":"うんうん","kana":"うんうん","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un un, sore de dou natta no?","ja":"うんうん、それでどうなったの？","english":"Uh-huh, and then what happened?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":13576,"score":5,"notes":"In polite talk use hai or ee; hai hai can sound impatient.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":71,"cv":5,"n":149},{"id":"p-fuun","romaji":"fuun","polite":null,"english":"hmm; I see; huh","use":"A listener's 'I see', but it can sound unimpressed or doubtful.","ja":"ふーん","kana":"ふーん","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"fuun, sou nan da.","ja":"ふーん、そうなんだ。","english":"Hmm, is that right."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":601,"score":4,"notes":"To elders say naruhodo or sou nan desu ne; fuun can sound rude.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":242,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":150},{"id":"p-hai-hai","romaji":"hai hai","polite":null,"english":"yeah, yeah; okay, okay","use":"A quick double yes; drawn out, it brushes someone off.","ja":"はいはい","kana":"はいはい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hai hai, wakatta yo.","ja":"はいはい、わかったよ。","english":"Yeah, yeah, I get it."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":21197,"score":4,"notes":"Said quick and bright it's a friendly 'yes, yes', even on the phone; never drawn out to a superior.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":246,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":151}],"stage":1,"range":"149-151","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-2","label":"Really seriously","rationale":"Reacts with surprise to news so the teller keeps going.","interference":"ee needs a rising pitch or it sounds like a polite 'yes'; uso desho isn't calling them a liar.","items":[{"id":"p-ee","romaji":"ee!","polite":null,"english":"what?!; no way!","use":"A drawn-out reaction to surprising news, or a mild protest when asked to do something.","ja":"えー！","kana":"えー！","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ee! mou kaeru no?","ja":"えー！もう帰るの？","english":"What? You're leaving already?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ee! mou kaeru n desu ka?","ja":"えー！もう帰るんですか？","english":"What? You're leaving already?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"A short, flat ee means 'yes' in polite speech; surprise is long and rising.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":262,"cv":5,"n":152},{"id":"p-sou-na-no","romaji":"sou na no?","polite":"sou na n desu ka?","english":"oh, really?; is that so?","use":"Said with a rising tone while someone tells you news, to show interest and invite more.","ja":"そうなの？","kana":"そうなの？","politeJa":"そうなんですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, sou na no? zenzen shiranakatta.","ja":"え、そうなの？全然知らなかった。","english":"Oh, really? I had no idea."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, sou na n desu ka? zenzen shirimasen deshita.","ja":"え、そうなんですか？全然知りませんでした。","english":"Oh, really? I had no idea."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Said flat and falling, sou na n da means 'oh, I see' rather than asking.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":555,"cv":5,"n":153},{"id":"p-maji-ka","romaji":"maji ka","polite":null,"english":"seriously?; oh man","use":"Casual reaction to surprising news, often muttered to yourself.","ja":"マジか","kana":"まじか","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maji ka, mou urikire?","ja":"マジか、もう売り切れ？","english":"Seriously? Sold out already?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":25946,"score":4,"notes":"maji de? asks 'for real?'; politely say hontou desu ka.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":685,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":154},{"id":"p-uso-desho","romaji":"uso desho","polite":null,"english":"you're kidding, right?; no way","use":"Disbelief at news you don't want to be true.","ja":"うそでしょ","kana":"うそでしょ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uso desho? mou owari?","ja":"うそでしょ？もう終わり？","english":"You're kidding. It's over already?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"It doesn't call anyone a liar; politely, say hontou desu ka.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":316,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":155}],"stage":1,"range":"152-155","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-3","label":"Oh I didn't know","rationale":"Acknowledges new information or a sudden understanding.","interference":"sou datta n da takes in news; sou iu koto ka means it finally clicked.","items":[{"id":"p-sou-datta-n-da","romaji":"sou datta n da","polite":"sou datta n desu ne","english":"oh, so that's what it was; I had no idea","use":"Said when someone's explanation clears up something you'd wondered about.","ja":"そうだったんだ","kana":"そうだったんだ","politeJa":"そうだったんですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou datta n da. dakara kinou inakatta n da ne.","ja":"そうだったんだ。だから昨日いなかったんだね。","english":"Oh, I see. So that's why you weren't there yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou datta n desu ne. dakara kinou inakatta n desu ne.","ja":"そうだったんですね。だから昨日いなかったんですね。","english":"Oh, I see. So that's why you weren't there yesterday."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Sou na n da reacts to plain new info; datta adds 'that explains it'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":152,"cv":5,"n":156},{"id":"p-shiranakatta","romaji":"shiranakatta","polite":"shirimasen deshita","english":"I didn't know (that); I had no idea","use":"React to news or a fact that surprises you, often after e, honto?","ja":"知らなかった","kana":"しらなかった","politeJa":"知りませんでした","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, kekkon shita no? zenzen shiranakatta!","ja":"え、結婚したの？全然知らなかった！","english":"What, you got married? I had no idea!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, kekkon sareta n desu ka? zenzen shirimasen deshita.","ja":"え、結婚されたんですか？全然知りませんでした。","english":"Oh, you got married? I had no idea."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"shiranai (present) is 'I don't know'; use the past for news you've just heard.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1494,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":157},{"id":"p-sou-iu-koto-ka","romaji":"sou iu koto ka","polite":"sou iu koto desu ne","english":"oh, so that's it; now I get it","use":"Said when something finally makes sense, often half to yourself.","ja":"そういうことか","kana":"そういうことか","politeJa":"そういうことですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, sou iu koto ka! yatto wakatta.","ja":"ああ、そういうことか！やっと分かった。","english":"Oh, so that's it! I finally get it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"aa, sou iu koto desu ne. yatto wakarimashita.","ja":"ああ、そういうことですね。やっと分かりました。","english":"Ah, so that's what it is. Now I understand."},"freqRank":2783,"score":4,"notes":"Close to naruhodo; the ka falls, so it isn't a question.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":66,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":158},{"id":"p-honto-da","romaji":"honto da","polite":"hontou desu ne","english":"oh, it's true; you're right","use":"Said when you check and see that what someone told you is true.","ja":"ほんとだ","kana":"ほんとだ","politeJa":"本当ですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, honto da. ame futteru.","ja":"あ、ほんとだ。雨降ってる。","english":"Oh, you're right. It's raining."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, hontou desu ne. ame ga futte imasu.","ja":"あ、本当ですね。雨が降っています。","english":"Oh, so it is. It's raining."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"hontou? (really?) asks; honto da confirms.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1012,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":159},{"id":"p-kizukanakatta","romaji":"kizukanakatta","polite":"kizukimasen deshita","english":"I didn't notice; I didn't realize","use":"When you missed something right in front of you; also an apology for an oversight.","ja":"気づかなかった","kana":"きづかなかった","politeJa":"気づきませんでした","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kiteta no? zenzen kizukanakatta.","ja":"ごめん、来てたの？全然気づかなかった。","english":"Sorry, you were here? I didn't notice at all."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, irasshatta n desu ka. zenzen kizukimasen deshita.","ja":"すみません、いらっしゃったんですか。全然気づきませんでした。","english":"Sorry, you were here? I didn't notice at all."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"shiranakatta is for facts you didn't know; kizukanakatta is for things you failed to see.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":315,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":160}],"stage":1,"range":"156-160","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-4","label":"So true so relatable","rationale":"Signals you share the feeling or experience they describe.","interference":"aru aru means 'that happens', wakaru wakaru means 'I feel that'.","items":[{"id":"p-wakaru-wakaru","romaji":"wakaru wakaru","polite":null,"english":"I know, I know; I totally get it","use":"Sympathy when a friend describes a feeling or situation you've had too.","ja":"わかるわかる","kana":"わかるわかる","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"wakaru wakaru, getsuyoubi tte honto ni darui yo ne.","ja":"わかるわかる、月曜日ってほんとにだるいよね。","english":"I know, right? Mondays are such a drag."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"It means 'I feel the same', not 'I understand your words'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":6,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":161},{"id":"p-sore-na","romaji":"sore na","polite":null,"english":"right?!; so true","use":"Young people's reply when a friend says exactly what you were thinking.","ja":"それな","kana":"それな","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore na. ano eiga, maji de nagakatta.","ja":"それな。あの映画、マジで長かった。","english":"So true. That movie was seriously long."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":151338,"score":3,"notes":"Sounds young and online; sou da yo ne is the safe everyday version.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1512,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":162},{"id":"p-aru-aru","romaji":"aru aru","polite":null,"english":"so relatable; that always happens","use":"Said when someone describes a familiar everyday mishap that happens to everyone.","ja":"あるある","kana":"あるある","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eki norisugosu no, aru aru da yo ne.","ja":"駅乗り過ごすの、あるあるだよね。","english":"Missing your stop is such a classic."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":5604,"score":4,"notes":"Also a noun: X aru aru means typical X moments, like ryuugakusei aru aru.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":13,"cv":4,"n":163}],"stage":1,"range":"161-163","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-5","label":"Sounds fun looks good","rationale":"Comments on what someone describes, shows or serves you.","interference":"-sou guesses from outside; oishisou is before eating, oishikatta after.","items":[{"id":"p-tanoshisou","romaji":"tanoshisou","polite":"tanoshisou desu ne","english":"sounds fun; looks fun","use":"Reacting to someone's plans or photos.","ja":"楽しそう","kana":"たのしそう","politeJa":"楽しそうですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyanpu iku no? tanoshisou!","ja":"キャンプ行くの？楽しそう！","english":"You're going camping? Sounds fun!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyanpu ni iku n desu ka? tanoshisou desu ne.","ja":"キャンプに行くんですか？楽しそうですね。","english":"You're going camping? That sounds fun."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Don't confuse with tanoshii sou da, 'I hear it's fun'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":257,"cv":4,"n":164},{"id":"p-omoshirosou","romaji":"omoshirosou","polite":"omoshirosou desu ne","english":"sounds interesting; looks good","use":"Reacting to a film, book, idea or plan you'd like to try.","ja":"面白そう","kana":"おもしろそう","politeJa":"面白そうですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sono eiga, omoshirosou. kondo mite miyou.","ja":"その映画、面白そう。今度見てみよう。","english":"That movie looks good. I'll check it out sometime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono eiga, omoshirosou desu ne. kondo mite mimasu.","ja":"その映画、面白そうですね。今度見てみます。","english":"That movie looks good. I'll watch it sometime."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Omoshiroi covers both funny and interesting; context decides.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":125,"cv":4,"n":165},{"id":"p-taihensou","romaji":"taihensou","polite":"taihensou desu ne","english":"sounds rough; that must be hard","use":"Sympathizing when someone describes a busy or difficult situation.","ja":"大変そう","kana":"たいへんそう","politeJa":"大変そうですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maiban shuuden made? taihensou da ne.","ja":"毎晩終電まで？大変そうだね。","english":"Until the last train every night? That sounds rough."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maiban shuuden made desu ka? taihensou desu ne.","ja":"毎晩終電までですか？大変そうですね。","english":"Until the last train every night? That sounds hard."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"For something already over, taihen datta ne ('that must have been hard') fits better.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":31,"cv":4,"n":166},{"id":"p-oishisou","romaji":"oishisou","polite":"oishisou desu","english":"looks delicious","use":"Said when food arrives or you see it, before eating; after eating say oishii or oishikatta.","ja":"おいしそう","kana":"おいしそう","politeJa":"おいしそうです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uwa, oishisou! itadakimasu.","ja":"うわ、おいしそう！いただきます。","english":"Wow, that looks so good! Let's eat."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oishisou desu ne.","ja":"おいしそうですね。","english":"That looks delicious."},"freqRank":1321,"score":4,"notes":"-sou on an adjective means looks: takasou (looks expensive). Ii becomes yosasou (looks good).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":89,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":167},{"id":"p-yosasou","romaji":"yosasou","polite":"yosasou desu","english":"looks good; seems nice","use":"Judges by looks or description, before you've tried it.","ja":"よさそう","kana":"よさそう","politeJa":"よさそうです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono mise, yosasou da ne.","ja":"この店、よさそうだね。","english":"This place looks good."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono mise, yosasou desu ne.","ja":"この店、よさそうですね。","english":"This place looks nice."},"freqRank":3725,"score":4,"notes":"Not ii sou: the 'looks' form of ii is irregular.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":144,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":168},{"id":"p-oishikatta","romaji":"oishikatta","polite":"oishikatta desu","english":"that was delicious","use":"Said after finishing a meal; to a host or staff, follow with gochisousama deshita.","ja":"おいしかった","kana":"おいしかった","politeJa":"おいしかったです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, oishikatta. gochisousama!","ja":"あー、おいしかった。ごちそうさま！","english":"Mm, that was delicious. Thanks for the meal!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"totemo oishikatta desu. gochisousama deshita.","ja":"とてもおいしかったです。ごちそうさまでした。","english":"That was really delicious. Thank you for the meal."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":78,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":169}],"stage":1,"range":"164-169","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-6","label":"Good for you","rationale":"Responds warmly when a friend shares good news.","interference":"ii naa is envy for them, ii jan is approval; yokatta ne is for them, yokatta alone is your own relief.","items":[{"id":"p-ii-jan","romaji":"ii jan","polite":"ii ja nai desu ka","english":"nice!; that's good; why not?","use":"Approves of something; with a shrug it pushes 'why not, go for it'.","ja":"いいじゃん","kana":"いいじゃん","politeJa":"いいじゃないですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ii jan, sono fuku. niau yo.","ja":"いいじゃん、その服。似合うよ。","english":"Nice outfit. It suits you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ii ja nai desu ka, sono fuku. niaimasu yo.","ja":"いいじゃないですか、その服。似合いますよ。","english":"That outfit's nice. It suits you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The 'why not' use: ii jan, ikou yo (come on, let's go).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":274,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":170},{"id":"p-yokatta-ne","romaji":"yokatta ne","polite":"yokatta desu ne","english":"good for you; I'm glad for you","use":"Said when someone shares good news or a worry turns out fine.","ja":"よかったね","kana":"よかったね","politeJa":"よかったですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"goukaku shita no? yokatta ne!","ja":"合格したの？よかったね！","english":"You passed? I'm so happy for you!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goukaku shita n desu ka? yokatta desu ne!","ja":"合格したんですか？よかったですね！","english":"You passed? That's wonderful!"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Yokatta without ne is relief about your own situation: 'phew, thank goodness'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":143,"cv":5,"n":171},{"id":"p-ii-naa","romaji":"ii naa","polite":"ii desu ne","english":"lucky you; I'm jealous; that's nice","use":"Wistful reaction to someone's good news or to something you wish you had.","ja":"いいなあ","kana":"いいなあ","politeJa":"いいですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ii naa, hawai iku no?","ja":"いいなあ、ハワイ行くの？","english":"Lucky you, you're going to Hawaii?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ii desu ne, hawai ni iku n desu ka.","ja":"いいですね、ハワイに行くんですか。","english":"How nice, you're going to Hawaii?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The polite ii desu ne loses the hint of envy.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":51,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":172},{"id":"p-naisu","romaji":"naisu","polite":null,"english":"nice!; good one","use":"Quick praise for a good move, shot, or idea, often in sports and games.","ja":"ナイス","kana":"ナイス","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"naisu! ima no shuuto, sugoi yo.","ja":"ナイス！今のシュート、すごいよ。","english":"Nice! That shot was amazing."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"naisu desu! ima no shuuto, sugokatta desu.","ja":"ナイスです！今のシュート、すごかったです。","english":"Nice! That shot was great."},"freqRank":2564,"score":3,"notes":"Often joined to a noun: naisu aidia (nice idea), naisu shotto.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":228,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":173}],"stage":1,"range":"170-173","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-ask-1","label":"And then what","rationale":"Pushes a story forward to the next part.","interference":"A flat sore de? sounds impatient; nani nani is eager, not suspicious.","items":[{"id":"p-sore-de","romaji":"sore de?","polite":null,"english":"and then?; so?","use":"Prompts the speaker to go on; said flat and falling, it can sound like an impatient 'so what?'.","ja":"それで？","kana":"それで？","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore de? kanojo wa nante itta no?","ja":"それで？彼女は何て言ったの？","english":"And then? What did she say?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore de, kanojo wa nante itta n desu ka?","ja":"それで、彼女は何て言ったんですか？","english":"And then what did she say?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also starts your own next step in a story: sore de, kaetta, 'so I went home'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1029,"cv":5,"n":174},{"id":"p-nani-ga-atta-no","romaji":"nani ga atta no?","polite":"nani ga atta n desu ka?","english":"what happened?","use":"Asking with concern when someone looks upset or something is clearly wrong.","ja":"何があったの？","kana":"なにがあったの？","politeJa":"何があったんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaoiro warui yo. nani ga atta no?","ja":"顔色悪いよ。何があったの？","english":"You look pale. What happened?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaoiro ga warui desu yo. nani ga atta n desu ka?","ja":"顔色が悪いですよ。何があったんですか？","english":"You look pale. What happened?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Dou shita no? ('what's wrong?') is the softer near-twin.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":865,"cv":5,"n":175},{"id":"p-dou-natta-no","romaji":"dou natta no?","polite":"dou natta n desu ka?","english":"how did it turn out?; so what happened?","use":"Asking for the outcome of something you heard about earlier, like an interview or a fight.","ja":"どうなったの？","kana":"どうなったの？","politeJa":"どうなったんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou no mensetsu, dou natta no?","ja":"昨日の面接、どうなったの？","english":"How did yesterday's interview go?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou no mensetsu wa dou natta n desu ka?","ja":"昨日の面接はどうなったんですか？","english":"How did yesterday's interview go?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Nani ga atta no? asks what happened; dou natta no? asks how it ended.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":162,"cv":5,"n":176},{"id":"p-nani-nani","romaji":"nani nani","polite":null,"english":"what, what?; tell me!","use":"Eager reaction when you overhear something interesting and want in.","ja":"なになに","kana":"なになに","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nani nani? nan no hanashi?","ja":"なになに？何の話？","english":"What, what? What are you talking about?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":6998,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":177},{"id":"p-hoka-ni-wa","romaji":"hoka ni wa?","polite":null,"english":"what else?; anything else?","use":"Asking for more items or details after someone has listed a few.","ja":"他には？","kana":"ほかには？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"pan to gyuunyuu ne. hoka ni wa?","ja":"パンと牛乳ね。他には？","english":"Bread and milk, got it. What else?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"pan to gyuunyuu desu ne. hoka ni wa arimasu ka?","ja":"パンと牛乳ですね。他にはありますか？","english":"Bread and milk. Anything else?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Staff check you've finished ordering with ijou de yoroshii desu ka? ('will that be all?').","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":375,"cv":4,"n":178}],"stage":1,"range":"174-178","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-ask-2","label":"How was it","rationale":"Gets someone talking about an event, trip or weekend.","interference":"dou datta asks about the past; dou is about now.","items":[{"id":"p-dou-datta","romaji":"dou datta?","polite":"dou deshita ka","english":"how was it?","use":"Ask about a trip, test, date or meal that's over; answer tanoshikatta, yokatta, or maa maa (so-so).","ja":"どうだった？","kana":"どうだった","politeJa":"どうでしたか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ryokou dou datta? tanoshikatta?","ja":"旅行どうだった？楽しかった？","english":"How was the trip? Was it fun?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ryokou wa dou deshita ka? tanoshikatta desu ka?","ja":"旅行はどうでしたか？楽しかったですか？","english":"How was your trip? Did you enjoy it?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"dou desu ka asks about now; dou datta asks about something finished.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1113,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":179},{"id":"p-nani-ga-ichiban-yokatta","romaji":"nani ga ichiban yokatta?","polite":"nani ga ichiban yokatta desu ka?","english":"what was the best part?","use":"A follow-up after someone tells you about a trip, a concert or a meal.","ja":"何が一番よかった？","kana":"なにがいちばんよかった？","politeJa":"何が一番よかったですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyouto dou datta? nani ga ichiban yokatta?","ja":"京都どうだった？何が一番よかった？","english":"How was Kyoto? What was the best part?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyouto wa dou deshita ka? nani ga ichiban yokatta desu ka?","ja":"京都はどうでしたか？何が一番よかったですか？","english":"How was Kyoto? What did you like best?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Doko ga ichiban yokatta? asks for the best place rather than the best thing.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"n":180},{"id":"p-dare-to-itta-no","romaji":"dare to itta no?","polite":"dare to itta n desu ka?","english":"who'd you go with?","use":"Following up when someone says they went somewhere, often from curiosity about who they're seeing.","ja":"誰と行ったの？","kana":"だれといったの？","politeJa":"誰と行ったんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"umi itta no? dare to itta no?","ja":"海行ったの？誰と行ったの？","english":"You went to the beach? Who'd you go with?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"umi ni itta n desu ka? dare to itta n desu ka?","ja":"海に行ったんですか？誰と行ったんですか？","english":"You went to the beach? Who did you go with?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hitori de ('on my own') is a common, unremarkable answer.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"n":181},{"id":"p-daijoubu-datta","romaji":"daijoubu datta?","polite":"daijoubu deshita ka?","english":"were you okay?; did it go all right?","use":"Checking on someone after an event: a storm, an exam, a late train, a talk with the boss.","ja":"大丈夫だった？","kana":"だいじょうぶだった？","politeJa":"大丈夫でしたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou no jishin, daijoubu datta?","ja":"昨日の地震、大丈夫だった？","english":"Were you okay in yesterday's earthquake?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou no jishin, daijoubu deshita ka?","ja":"昨日の地震、大丈夫でしたか？","english":"Were you all right in yesterday's earthquake?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Daijoubu? asks about now; daijoubu datta? asks about something that's over.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":120,"cv":4,"n":182}],"stage":1,"range":"179-182","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-ask-3","label":"And you your take","rationale":"Turns the question back and draws out their preferences and views.","interference":"sotchi wa is the casual 'you'; anata wa sounds cold.","items":[{"id":"p-sotchi-wa","romaji":"sotchi wa?","polite":null,"english":"what about you?; and you?","use":"Turns the question back to a friend after you've answered.","ja":"そっちは？","kana":"そっちは？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, genki da yo. sotchi wa?","ja":"うん、元気だよ。そっちは？","english":"Yeah, I'm good. And you?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Politely, use the person's name: tanaka-san wa? Anata wa? sounds stiff.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":110,"cv":5,"n":183},{"id":"p-saikin-nani-ni-hamatteru","romaji":"saikin nani ni hamatteru?","polite":"saikin nani ni hamatte imasu ka?","english":"what are you into lately?","use":"A friendly way to ask about current hobbies, shows or foods.","ja":"最近何にハマってる？","kana":"さいきんなににはまってる？","politeJa":"最近何にハマっていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin nani ni hamatteru? nanka osusume aru?","ja":"最近何にハマってる？なんかおすすめある？","english":"What are you into lately? Any recommendations?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin nani ni hamatte imasu ka?","ja":"最近何にハマっていますか？","english":"What have you been into lately?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hamaru means to get hooked; answer with X ni hamatteru.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":34,"cv":4,"n":184},{"id":"p-dotchi-ga-suki","romaji":"dotchi ga suki?","polite":"dochira ga suki desu ka?","english":"which do you prefer?; which do you like better?","use":"Asking someone to pick between two things, like dogs or cats, or summer or winter.","ja":"どっちが好き？","kana":"どっちがすき？","politeJa":"どちらが好きですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"inu to neko, dotchi ga suki?","ja":"犬と猫、どっちが好き？","english":"Dogs or cats, which do you like better?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"inu to neko, dochira ga suki desu ka?","ja":"犬と猫、どちらが好きですか？","english":"Dogs or cats, which do you prefer?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Answer X no hou ga suki ('I prefer X'); for three or more choices, ask dore ga ichiban suki?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":7,"cv":4,"n":185},{"id":"p-nande-sou-omou-no","romaji":"nande sou omou no?","polite":"doushite sou omou n desu ka?","english":"why do you think so?","use":"Asking for someone's reasons, out of curiosity or to challenge them.","ja":"なんでそう思うの？","kana":"なんでそうおもうの？","politeJa":"どうしてそう思うんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, nande sou omou no? setsumei shite.","ja":"え、なんでそう思うの？説明して。","english":"Huh, why do you think so? Explain."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"doushite sou omou n desu ka? oshiete kudasai.","ja":"どうしてそう思うんですか？教えてください。","english":"Why do you think so? Please tell me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Doushite is softer than nande, so use it when politeness matters.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":11,"cv":4,"n":186}],"stage":1,"range":"183-186","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-ask-4","label":"What's it like","rationale":"Asks how a job, place or new situation is going.","interference":"tte dou attaches to a noun ('shigoto tte dou?'); donna kanji stands alone.","items":[{"id":"p-tte-dou","romaji":"... tte dou?","polite":"... wa dou desu ka?","english":"how's ...?; what's ... like?","use":"Put any topic before tte to ask someone's impression of it: a new job, a place, a person.","ja":"〜ってどう？","kana":"〜ってどう？","politeJa":"〜はどうですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii apaato tte dou? hiroi?","ja":"新しいアパートってどう？広い？","english":"How's the new apartment? Is it big?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"atarashii apaato wa dou desu ka?","ja":"新しいアパートはどうですか？","english":"How's the new apartment?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also used to suggest something: ashita tte dou? 'how about tomorrow?'","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":5,"n":187},{"id":"p-donna-kanji","romaji":"donna kanji?","polite":"donna kanji desu ka","english":"what's it like?; how's it going?","use":"Ask for a quick impression of a place or thing, or how something is going; answer ii kanji (going well).","ja":"どんな感じ？","kana":"どんなかんじ","politeJa":"どんな感じですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii shigoto, donna kanji?","ja":"新しい仕事、どんな感じ？","english":"How's the new job going?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"atarashii oshigoto, donna kanji desu ka?","ja":"新しいお仕事、どんな感じですか？","english":"How's your new job going?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"kanji here is 'feel', not the Chinese characters.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":312,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":188},{"id":"p-nareta","romaji":"nareta?","polite":"naremashita ka?","english":"getting used to it?; settled in?","use":"Asked of someone a few weeks into a new job, school, town or country; as a newcomer you'll hear it a lot.","ja":"慣れた？","kana":"なれた？","politeJa":"慣れましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii shokuba, mou nareta?","ja":"新しい職場、もう慣れた？","english":"Getting used to the new workplace?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon no seikatsu ni wa mou naremashita ka?","ja":"日本の生活にはもう慣れましたか？","english":"Have you got used to life in Japan yet?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Answer daibu naremashita ('pretty much') or mada desu ('not yet'). The thing goes before ni: shigoto ni nareta.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":4,"n":189}],"stage":1,"range":"187-189","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-ask-5","label":"Asking about people","rationale":"Finds out about the people in someone's life and story.","interference":"nante itteta asks what they said; nante iu asks what something is called.","items":[{"id":"p-donna-hito","romaji":"donna hito?","polite":"donna hito desu ka?","english":"what's he like?; what's she like?","use":"Asking about someone's personality or looks when they come up, like a new boss or a date.","ja":"どんな人？","kana":"どんなひと？","politeJa":"どんな人ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii joushi, donna hito?","ja":"新しい上司、どんな人？","english":"What's your new boss like?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"atarashii joushi wa donna hito desu ka?","ja":"新しい上司はどんな人ですか？","english":"What's your new boss like?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"When asking about someone's elder or superior, kata replaces hito: donna kata desu ka?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":47,"cv":5,"n":190},{"id":"p-dou-yatte-shiriatta-no","romaji":"dou yatte shiriatta no?","polite":"dou yatte shiriatta n desu ka?","english":"how did you two meet?","use":"Asking a couple or a pair of friends how they met; a staple at weddings and parties.","ja":"どうやって知り合ったの？","kana":"どうやってしりあったの？","politeJa":"どうやって知り合ったんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kareshi to dou yatte shiriatta no?","ja":"彼氏とどうやって知り合ったの？","english":"How did you meet your boyfriend?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goshujin to wa dou yatte shiriatta n desu ka?","ja":"ご主人とはどうやって知り合ったんですか？","english":"How did you meet your husband?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Common answers: shigoto de ('through work'), tomodachi no shoukai de ('through a friend'), apuri de ('on an app').","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":17,"cv":4,"n":191},{"id":"p-nante-itteta","romaji":"nante itteta?","polite":"nante itte imashita ka?","english":"what did they say?","use":"Asking what someone else said, like a boss, a doctor or a friend you're both waiting on.","ja":"何て言ってた？","kana":"なんていってた？","politeJa":"何て言っていましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kanojo, nante itteta? okotteta?","ja":"彼女、何て言ってた？怒ってた？","english":"What did she say? Was she mad?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"isha wa nante itte imashita ka?","ja":"医者は何て言っていましたか？","english":"What did the doctor say?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Nante is the casual form of nan to; nante itta? asks about one remark at one moment.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":62,"cv":5,"n":192}],"stage":1,"range":"190-192","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-agree-1","label":"Yes exactly","rationale":"Agrees warmly with what your friend just said.","interference":"sou sou confirms their point; da yo ne echoes a shared feeling.","items":[{"id":"p-sou-sou","romaji":"sou sou","polite":null,"english":"yes, exactly!; oh right","use":"Eager agreement when someone says what you were thinking; also opens something you just remembered.","ja":"そうそう","kana":"そうそう","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou sou, sore ga iitakatta no!","ja":"そうそう、それが言いたかったの！","english":"Yes, exactly, that's what I was trying to say!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou sou, sore ga iitakatta n desu.","ja":"そうそう、それが言いたかったんです。","english":"Yes, exactly, that's what I was trying to say."},"freqRank":627,"score":5,"notes":"A single sou desu ne is calmer agreement.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":448,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":193},{"id":"p-da-yo-ne","romaji":"da yo ne","polite":"desu yo ne","english":"right?!; I know, right","use":"Agreeing warmly, as if you'd been thinking the same thing.","ja":"だよね","kana":"だよね","politeJa":"ですよね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"da yo ne, watashi mo sou omotta.","ja":"だよね、私もそう思った。","english":"Right? I thought so too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"desu yo ne, watashi mo sou omoimashita.","ja":"ですよね、私もそう思いました。","english":"Right? I thought so too."},"freqRank":547,"score":5,"notes":"Often said as sou da yo ne; with a rising tone it asks for agreement.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1200,"cv":5,"n":194},{"id":"p-honto-sore","romaji":"honto sore","polite":null,"english":"so true; exactly","use":"A strong, slangy yes to an opinion, mostly among younger friends.","ja":"ほんとそれ","kana":"ほんとそれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"honto sore. watashi mo zutto sou omotteta.","ja":"ほんとそれ。私もずっとそう思ってた。","english":"So true. I've always thought that too."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often cut to just sore! with the same meaning.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"n":195},{"id":"p-sorya-sou-da","romaji":"sorya sou da","polite":null,"english":"well, of course; naturally","use":"Agree that something is obvious; sorya is a squeezed sore wa.","ja":"そりゃそうだ","kana":"そりゃそうだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sorya sou da yo, juu jikan mo aruita n da kara.","ja":"そりゃそうだよ、十時間も歩いたんだから。","english":"Well, of course, we walked for ten hours."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3620,"score":4,"notes":"Close to sore wa sou, but means 'obviously' more than 'fair point'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":71,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":196},{"id":"p-sou-itteru-jan","romaji":"sou itteru jan","polite":null,"english":"that's what I'm saying!","use":"Said in frustration when someone repeats your point as their own or hasn't been listening.","ja":"そう言ってるじゃん","kana":"そういってるじゃん","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dakara, sou itteru jan! kiite nakatta no?","ja":"だから、そう言ってるじゃん！聞いてなかったの？","english":"That's what I'm saying! Weren't you listening?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Jan is a casual 'isn't it'; here it sounds pushy, so keep it for friends.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"n":197}],"stage":1,"range":"193-197","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-agree-2","label":"Me too I agree","rationale":"Says you share their view or experience.","interference":"'me neither' is watashi mo + a negative verb, not watashi mo alone; sono toori is a bit formal.","items":[{"id":"p-watashi-mo","romaji":"watashi mo","polite":"watashi mo desu","english":"me too","use":"Saying the same goes for you; men often say boku mo or ore mo instead.","ja":"私も","kana":"わたしも","politeJa":"私もです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashi mo kinou sore mita yo.","ja":"私も昨日それ見たよ。","english":"I watched that yesterday too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi mo kinou sore o mimashita.","ja":"私も昨日それを見ました。","english":"I watched that yesterday too."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"It also covers 'me neither' after a negative statement.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":434,"cv":5,"n":198},{"id":"p-sou-omou","romaji":"sou omou","polite":"sou omoimasu","english":"I think so","use":"Agree with an opinion; sou omowanai is 'I don't think so'.","ja":"そう思う","kana":"そうおもう","politeJa":"そう思います","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, watashi mo sou omou.","ja":"うん、私もそう思う。","english":"Yeah, I think so too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hai, watashi mo sou omoimasu.","ja":"はい、私もそう思います。","english":"Yes, I think so too."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Usually with mo: watashi mo sou omou, 'I think so too'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1042,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":199},{"id":"p-doukan","romaji":"doukan","polite":"doukan desu","english":"same here; I agree","use":"A short, slightly firm way to back someone's opinion.","ja":"同感","kana":"どうかん","politeJa":"同感です","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"doukan. ano eiga wa nagasugita yo ne.","ja":"同感。あの映画は長すぎたよね。","english":"Agreed. That movie was way too long."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"doukan desu. ano eiga wa nagasugimashita ne.","ja":"同感です。あの映画は長すぎましたね。","english":"I agree. That movie was far too long."},"freqRank":5367,"score":4,"notes":"It agrees with an opinion; for a shared fact or experience, say watashi mo.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":134,"cv":4,"n":200},{"id":"p-sono-toori","romaji":"sono toori","polite":"sono toori desu","english":"exactly; that's right","use":"Confirms that someone's guess or statement is correct.","ja":"そのとおり","kana":"そのとおり","politeJa":"そのとおりです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou, sono toori. yoku wakatta ne.","ja":"そう、そのとおり。よくわかったね。","english":"Yes, exactly. Good, you got it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hai, sono toori desu.","ja":"はい、そのとおりです。","english":"Yes, that's exactly right."},"freqRank":1479,"score":3,"notes":"Sounds a bit firm, like a teacher; in chat sou sou or sou da yo is more common.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":598,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":201}],"stage":1,"range":"198-201","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-agree-3","label":"OK got it","rationale":"Accepts a suggestion or confirms you understood.","interference":"wakarimashita is polite; ryoukai can sound curt to elders.","items":[{"id":"p-okkee","romaji":"okkee","polite":null,"english":"OK; all right","use":"Casual yes to a plan or request; with a rising tone it asks 'okay?'.","ja":"オッケー","kana":"オッケー","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okkee, ja ashita kuji ne.","ja":"オッケー、じゃ明日九時ね。","english":"OK, nine tomorrow then."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okkee desu. ja, ashita kuji ni onegai shimasu.","ja":"オッケーです。じゃ、明日九時にお願いします。","english":"OK. Nine tomorrow, then."},"freqRank":2189,"score":5,"notes":"okkee desu is fine with coworkers; to a boss or client say wakarimashita.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":173,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":202},{"id":"p-ryoukai","romaji":"ryoukai","polite":"ryoukai shimashita","english":"got it; roger","use":"Quick okay to a plan or instruction, very common in texts between friends and coworkers.","ja":"了解","kana":"りょうかい","politeJa":"了解しました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ryoukai, ja eki de matteru ne.","ja":"了解、じゃ駅で待ってるね。","english":"Got it, I'll wait at the station then."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ryoukai shimashita. eki de matte imasu.","ja":"了解しました。駅で待っています。","english":"Understood. I'll wait at the station."},"freqRank":1204,"score":4,"notes":"Some people find ryoukai shimashita too blunt for a boss; shouchi shimashita is safer upward.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":null,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":203},{"id":"p-haai","romaji":"haai","polite":null,"english":"okay!; yes!; coming!","use":"A cheerful drawn-out yes, called back when someone calls your name or asks you to do something; shop staff use it too.","ja":"はーい","kana":"はーい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"haai, ima iku kara chotto matte!","ja":"はーい、今行くからちょっと待って！","english":"Coming! Just a sec!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"haai, ima sugu ikimasu!","ja":"はーい、今すぐ行きます！","english":"Coming, right away!"},"freqRank":527,"score":4,"notes":"A short hai is the plain yes; haai sounds friendly, or childish if overused.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":135,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":204},{"id":"p-mondai-nai","romaji":"mondai nai","polite":"mondai arimasen","english":"no problem; it's fine","use":"Reassures someone that something is fine or will work.","ja":"問題ない","kana":"もんだいない","politeJa":"問題ありません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mondai nai yo, ashita de ii.","ja":"問題ないよ、明日でいい。","english":"No problem, tomorrow's fine."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mondai arimasen. ashita de daijoubu desu.","ja":"問題ありません。明日で大丈夫です。","english":"No problem. Tomorrow is fine."},"freqRank":1710,"score":4,"notes":"Not used for 'you're welcome'; for that say iie or ii yo.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":981,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":205},{"id":"p-wakarimashita","romaji":"wakarimashita","polite":null,"english":"okay, understood; I see","use":"Polite reply when someone explains something or asks you to do something; with friends, say wakatta.","ja":"わかりました","kana":"わかりました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hai, wakarimashita. ashita made ni yarimasu.","ja":"はい、わかりました。明日までにやります。","english":"Okay, understood. I'll have it done by tomorrow."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"To a boss or customer, shouchi shimashita or kashikomarimashita sounds more formal.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2213,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":206}],"stage":1,"range":"202-206","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-agree-4","label":"Hmm I'm not sure","rationale":"Hedges instead of fully agreeing.","interference":"uun can mean 'no' or just 'hmm' depending on pitch; maa ne is half agreement, not a yes.","items":[{"id":"p-uun","romaji":"uun","polite":null,"english":"hmm; well...","use":"Fills the pause while you think, or softens a no; a long, falling uun often means the answer is no.","ja":"うーん","kana":"うーん","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uun, dou shiyou kana. mada kimete nai.","ja":"うーん、どうしようかな。まだ決めてない。","english":"Hmm, what should I do? I haven't decided yet."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"uun, dou shimashou ka ne. mada kimete imasen.","ja":"うーん、どうしましょうかね。まだ決めていません。","english":"Hmm, what to do. I haven't decided yet."},"freqRank":298,"score":5,"notes":"Said short with a drop (ううん, also uun), it means no; un alone is yeah.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1276,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":207},{"id":"p-maa-ne","romaji":"maa ne","polite":null,"english":"well, yeah; I guess so","use":"A low-key yes to a compliment or a question like 'busy?', without boasting or making a fuss.","ja":"まあね","kana":"まあね","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maa ne. chotto isogashii kedo, daijoubu.","ja":"まあね。ちょっと忙しいけど、大丈夫。","english":"Yeah, sort of. A bit busy, but I'm fine."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1789,"score":5,"notes":"With a smug smile it means 'of course'; politely, say maa, sou desu ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":286,"cv":5,"n":208},{"id":"p-dou-darou","romaji":"dou darou","polite":"dou deshou ne","english":"hmm, I'm not sure; I wonder","use":"A gentle way to doubt something or avoid a firm answer.","ja":"どうだろう","kana":"どうだろう","politeJa":"どうでしょうね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dou darou. kare, saikin isogashii mitai da yo.","ja":"どうだろう。彼、最近忙しいみたいだよ。","english":"Hmm, not sure. He seems busy lately."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dou deshou ne. kare wa saikin isogashii mitai desu yo.","ja":"どうでしょうね。彼は最近忙しいみたいですよ。","english":"Hard to say. He seems to be busy lately."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Often said as dou darou ne with a tilt of the head; it usually leans toward 'probably not'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":165,"cv":5,"n":209},{"id":"p-hito-ni-yoru","romaji":"hito ni yoru","polite":"hito ni yorimasu ne","english":"depends on the person","use":"Answering a sweeping question, like 'are Japanese people shy?', without a yes or no.","ja":"人による","kana":"ひとによる","politeJa":"人によりますね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore wa hito ni yoru yo. suki na hito mo iru shi.","ja":"それは人によるよ。好きな人もいるし。","english":"That depends on the person. Some people love it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa hito ni yorimasu ne. suki na hito mo imasu shi.","ja":"それは人によりますね。好きな人もいますし。","english":"That depends on the person. Some people like it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap in any noun: basho ni yoru, 'depends on the place'; toki ni yoru, 'depends on the time'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":37,"cv":4,"n":210}],"stage":1,"range":"207-210","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-agree-5","label":"Not really","rationale":"Disagrees gently by playing the claim down.","interference":"sou demo nai means 'not really'; sou ja nai means 'that's wrong'.","items":[{"id":"p-sou-demo-nai","romaji":"sou demo nai","polite":"sou demo nai desu","english":"not really; not so much","use":"A soft no to a question or a compliment, like 'is it hard?' or 'you must be busy'.","ja":"そうでもない","kana":"そうでもない","politeJa":"そうでもないです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"muzukashii? iya, sou demo nai yo.","ja":"難しい？いや、そうでもないよ。","english":"Is it hard? Nah, not really."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"muzukashii desu ka? iie, sou demo nai desu yo.","ja":"難しいですか？いいえ、そうでもないですよ。","english":"Is it difficult? No, not really."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Much softer than chigau; also a modest way to brush off praise.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":245,"cv":5,"n":211},{"id":"p-soko-made-ja-nai","romaji":"soko made ja nai","polite":"soko made ja nai desu","english":"it's not that bad; not that much","use":"Toning down what someone said, whether it was too gloomy or too glowing.","ja":"そこまでじゃない","kana":"そこまでじゃない","politeJa":"そこまでじゃないです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"taihen? iya, soko made ja nai yo.","ja":"大変？いや、そこまでじゃないよ。","english":"Rough? Nah, it's not that bad."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"taihen desu ka? iie, soko made ja nai desu yo.","ja":"大変ですか？いいえ、そこまでじゃないですよ。","english":"Is it hard? No, it's not that bad."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Close to sou demo nai, but it disputes how much, not whether.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":4,"n":212},{"id":"p-sou-to-mo-kagiranai","romaji":"sou to mo kagiranai","polite":"sou to mo kagirimasen","english":"not necessarily","use":"Pushing back on a general claim without flatly calling it wrong.","ja":"そうとも限らない","kana":"そうともかぎらない","politeJa":"そうとも限りません","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"takai kara oishii? sou to mo kagiranai yo.","ja":"高いからおいしい？そうとも限らないよ。","english":"Pricey means tasty? Not necessarily."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou to mo kagirimasen yo. yasukute oishii mise mo arimasu kara.","ja":"そうとも限りませんよ。安くておいしい店もありますから。","english":"Not necessarily. There are cheap places that are good too."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The wider pattern X to wa kagiranai means 'X isn't always so'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":225,"cv":4,"n":213}],"stage":1,"range":"211-213","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-agree-6","label":"True but","rationale":"Grants their point before pushing back.","interference":"The trailing kedo does the disagreeing; there's no need to add demo.","items":[{"id":"p-sore-wa-sou-da-kedo","romaji":"sore wa sou da kedo","polite":"sore wa sou desu kedo","english":"that's true, but...","use":"Granting someone's point before giving your own view.","ja":"それはそうだけど","kana":"それはそうだけど","politeJa":"それはそうですけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore wa sou da kedo, ima wa okane nai yo.","ja":"それはそうだけど、今はお金ないよ。","english":"That's true, but I don't have the money right now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa sou desu kedo, ima wa okane ga nai n desu.","ja":"それはそうですけど、今はお金がないんです。","english":"That's true, but I don't have the money at the moment."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Often trails off after kedo, letting the tone carry the 'but'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":5,"n":214},{"id":"p-kimochi-wa-wakaru-kedo","romaji":"kimochi wa wakaru kedo","polite":"kimochi wa wakarimasu kedo","english":"I get how you feel, but...","use":"Showing sympathy before disagreeing or giving advice.","ja":"気持ちはわかるけど","kana":"きもちはわかるけど","politeJa":"気持ちはわかりますけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kimochi wa wakaru kedo, ima yameru no wa mottainai yo.","ja":"気持ちはわかるけど、今辞めるのはもったいないよ。","english":"I get how you feel, but quitting now would be a waste."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kimochi wa wakarimasu kedo, ima yameru no wa mottainai desu yo.","ja":"気持ちはわかりますけど、今辞めるのはもったいないですよ。","english":"I understand how you feel, but it'd be a shame to quit now."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The wa matters: you understand the feeling, not that you agree with the plan.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":167,"cv":4,"n":215},{"id":"p-sou-wa-ikanai","romaji":"sou wa ikanai","polite":"sou wa ikimasen","english":"it's not that simple; not so fast","use":"Push back when someone suggests an easy way out or tries to get away with something.","ja":"そうはいかない","kana":"そうはいかない","politeJa":"そうはいきません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yasumitai kedo, sou wa ikanai n da yo.","ja":"休みたいけど、そうはいかないんだよ。","english":"I'd love a day off, but it's not that simple."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yasumitai n desu kedo, sou wa ikanai n desu yo.","ja":"休みたいんですけど、そうはいかないんですよ。","english":"I'd love a day off, but it's not that simple."},"freqRank":4524,"score":3,"notes":"iku here means 'go smoothly', as in umaku ikanai (it isn't going well).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":96,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":216}],"stage":1,"range":"214-216","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-tell-1","label":"Moving the story along","rationale":"Lets you carry a story forward and signal a twist is coming.","interference":"sore de sa just moves on, while sore ga sa warns that a twist is coming.","items":[{"id":"p-sore-de-sa","romaji":"sore de sa","polite":null,"english":"and so...; so then...","use":"Keeps your story rolling and holds the floor between events; also brings the talk back to your point.","ja":"それでさ","kana":"それでさ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore de sa, kare ga kyuu ni nakidashita n da yo.","ja":"それでさ、彼が急に泣き出したんだよ。","english":"And so, he suddenly burst into tears."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Sa is a casual filler like 'you know' and can follow almost any phrase; 'de sa' is the short version.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":5,"n":217},{"id":"p-soshitara-sa","romaji":"soshitara sa","polite":null,"english":"and then, guess what...","use":"Used mid-story to lead into the surprising next event; the sa holds the listener's attention.","ja":"そしたらさ","kana":"そしたらさ","politeJa":null,"pos":"connector","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"soshitara sa, kyuu ni ame ga futte kita no.","ja":"そしたらさ、急に雨が降ってきたの。","english":"And then, out of nowhere, it started pouring."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Soshitara also means 'in that case': soshitara, ashita ni shiyou.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":635,"cv":4,"n":218},{"id":"p-sore-ga-sa","romaji":"sore ga sa","polite":"sore ga desu ne","english":"well, here's the thing... (a twist is coming)","use":"Signals that things didn't go as expected; often the answer to 'dou datta?' (how did it go?).","ja":"それがさ","kana":"それがさ","politeJa":"それがですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiken? sore ga sa, zenzen dame datta.","ja":"試験？それがさ、全然ダメだった。","english":"The exam? Well, here's the thing: it went terribly."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore ga desu ne, mada henji ga nai n desu.","ja":"それがですね、まだ返事がないんです。","english":"Well, the thing is, there's still no reply."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Don't confuse it with 'sore de sa', which just moves on; 'sore ga' warns of a surprise.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":14,"cv":4,"n":219},{"id":"p-ki-ga-tsuitara","romaji":"ki ga tsuitara","polite":null,"english":"before I knew it; next thing I knew","use":"In a story, jumps to a result you didn't notice happening, like falling asleep or time flying.","ja":"気がついたら","kana":"きがついたら","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ki ga tsuitara, mou asa datta.","ja":"気がついたら、もう朝だった。","english":"Next thing I knew, it was already morning."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ki ga tsuitara, sanjikan mo tatte imashita.","ja":"気がついたら、3時間も経っていました。","english":"Before I knew it, three hours had gone by."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also said as 'ki ga tsuku to'. 'Ki ga tsuku' on its own means 'to notice'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":65,"cv":4,"n":220}],"stage":1,"range":"217-220","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-feel-1","label":"Sympathy for a hard time","rationale":"Lets you show you understand when someone tells you something rough.","interference":"taihen datta ne is for something over, taihen da ne for something still going; kawaisou ni can sound condescending.","items":[{"id":"p-taihen-datta-ne","romaji":"taihen datta ne","polite":"taihen deshita ne","english":"that must have been hard; what an ordeal","use":"Sympathy after someone tells you about a rough time; often followed by daijoubu?","ja":"大変だったね","kana":"たいへんだったね","politeJa":"大変でしたね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore wa taihen datta ne. mou daijoubu?","ja":"それは大変だったね。もう大丈夫？","english":"That must have been rough. Are you okay now?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa taihen deshita ne. mou daijoubu desu ka?","ja":"それは大変でしたね。もう大丈夫ですか？","english":"That must have been hard. Are you all right now?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"For something still going on, say taihen da ne (that's tough).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":16,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":221},{"id":"p-kimochi-wakaru","romaji":"kimochi wakaru","polite":"kimochi wakarimasu","english":"I know how you feel","use":"Said to show you understand someone's frustration or sadness, often with yo.","ja":"気持ちわかる","kana":"きもちわかる","politeJa":"気持ちわかります","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore wa kuyashii yo ne. kimochi wakaru.","ja":"それは悔しいよね。気持ちわかる。","english":"That's so frustrating. I know how you feel."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono kimochi, yoku wakarimasu.","ja":"その気持ち、よくわかります。","english":"I really understand how you feel."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Wakaru wakaru is a quick, casual I get it.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":78,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":222},{"id":"p-sore-wa-tsurai-ne","romaji":"sore wa tsurai ne","polite":"sore wa tsurai desu ne","english":"that sounds really hard; that must hurt","use":"Sympathy for emotional pain: a breakup, a loss, a painful situation.","ja":"それはつらいね","kana":"それはつらいね","politeJa":"それはつらいですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"wakareta no? sore wa tsurai ne.","ja":"別れたの？それはつらいね。","english":"You broke up? That must really hurt."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"wakareta n desu ka. sore wa tsurai desu ne.","ja":"別れたんですか。それはつらいですね。","english":"You broke up? That must be hard."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"taihen is about hassle and effort; tsurai is about pain.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":223},{"id":"p-kawaisou-ni","romaji":"kawaisou ni","polite":null,"english":"poor thing; that's so sad","use":"Said about a person or animal in a sad situation; to someone's face it can sound pitying.","ja":"かわいそうに","kana":"かわいそうに","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sono neko, kega shiteru. kawaisou ni.","ja":"その猫、ケガしてる。かわいそうに。","english":"That cat's hurt. Poor thing."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4235,"score":3,"notes":"Kawaisou means pitiful; don't mix it up with kawaii (cute).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":197,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":224}],"stage":1,"range":"221-224","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-2","label":"Telling them not to worry","rationale":"Lets you wave off an apology or settle someone's worry.","interference":"ki ni shinaide (never mind it) and shinpai shinaide (don't worry) overlap, while zenzen daijoubu is about yourself.","items":[{"id":"p-ki-ni-shinaide","romaji":"ki ni shinaide","polite":"ki ni shinaide kudasai","english":"don't worry about it; never mind","use":"Said when someone apologizes or thanks you a lot, or feels bad about a mistake.","ja":"気にしないで","kana":"きにしないで","politeJa":"気にしないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ii yo, ki ni shinaide. dare demo machigaeru yo.","ja":"いいよ、気にしないで。誰でも間違えるよ。","english":"It's fine, don't worry about it. Everyone makes mistakes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iie, ki ni shinaide kudasai. daijoubu desu.","ja":"いいえ、気にしないでください。大丈夫です。","english":"No, please don't worry about it. It's fine."},"freqRank":2867,"score":5,"notes":"Ki ni suru means mind or be bothered by; shinpai shinaide is about being anxious, not about minding.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":520,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":225},{"id":"p-zenzen-daijoubu","romaji":"zenzen daijoubu","polite":"zenzen daijoubu desu","english":"totally fine; no problem at all","use":"Reassure someone who apologizes or asks if you're okay.","ja":"全然大丈夫","kana":"ぜんぜんだいじょうぶ","politeJa":"全然大丈夫です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, zenzen daijoubu da yo. ki ni shinaide.","ja":"うん、全然大丈夫だよ。気にしないで。","english":"Yeah, totally fine. Don't worry about it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hai, zenzen daijoubu desu. ki ni shinaide kudasai.","ja":"はい、全然大丈夫です。気にしないでください。","english":"Yes, totally fine. Please don't worry about it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Textbooks say zenzen needs a negative, but zenzen daijoubu is normal everyday speech.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":22,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":226},{"id":"p-shinpai-shinaide","romaji":"shinpai shinaide","polite":"shinpai shinaide kudasai","english":"don't worry","use":"Said to reassure someone about you or about a situation.","ja":"心配しないで","kana":"しんぱいしないで","politeJa":"心配しないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"daijoubu, shinpai shinaide. sugu kaeru kara.","ja":"大丈夫、心配しないで。すぐ帰るから。","english":"I'm fine, don't worry. I'll be home soon."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shinpai shinaide kudasai. mou genki desu.","ja":"心配しないでください。もう元気です。","english":"Please don't worry. I'm fine now."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shinpai kakete gomen means sorry I made you worry.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":986,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":227},{"id":"p-nantoka-naru-yo","romaji":"nantoka naru yo","polite":"nantoka narimasu yo","english":"it'll work out; it'll be fine somehow","use":"Said to calm someone stressed about a problem, or to yourself.","ja":"なんとかなるよ","kana":"なんとかなるよ","politeJa":"なんとかなりますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sonna ni shinpai shinakute mo, nantoka naru yo.","ja":"そんなに心配しなくても、なんとかなるよ。","english":"No need to worry so much. It'll work out."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daijoubu desu yo. kitto nantoka narimasu yo.","ja":"大丈夫ですよ。きっとなんとかなりますよ。","english":"It's okay. I'm sure it'll work out."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nantoka suru means manage somehow: nantoka shite! (do something!).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":237,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":228}],"stage":1,"range":"225-228","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-3","label":"Saying you are worn out","rationale":"Lets you say how tired you are when someone asks how you are.","interference":"nemurenakatta (couldn't sleep) is not nemui (sleepy).","items":[{"id":"p-tsukareta","romaji":"tsukareta","polite":"tsukaremashita","english":"I'm tired","use":"Past tense because it describes how you feel now; often a sigh at the end of the day.","ja":"疲れた","kana":"つかれた","politeJa":"疲れました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, tsukareta. kyou wa hayaku neyou.","ja":"ああ、疲れた。今日は早く寝よう。","english":"Ugh, I'm tired. I'm going to bed early tonight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa chotto tsukaremashita. hayaku nemasu.","ja":"今日はちょっと疲れました。早く寝ます。","english":"I'm a bit tired today. I'll go to bed early."},"freqRank":1640,"score":5,"notes":"Related: otsukare, the 'good work' greeting at the end of a job or day.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":528,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":229},{"id":"p-nemurenakatta","romaji":"nemurenakatta","polite":"nemuremasen deshita","english":"I couldn't sleep","use":"Explains why you're tired or out of it today.","ja":"眠れなかった","kana":"ねむれなかった","politeJa":"眠れませんでした","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou zenzen nemurenakatta. ima sugoku nemui.","ja":"昨日全然眠れなかった。今すごく眠い。","english":"I couldn't sleep at all last night. I'm so sleepy now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou wa amari nemuremasen deshita.","ja":"昨日はあまり眠れませんでした。","english":"I didn't sleep very well last night."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"nerarenakatta means the same and is just as common.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":81,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":230},{"id":"p-mou-genkai","romaji":"mou genkai","polite":"mou genkai desu","english":"I'm at my limit","use":"Said when tiredness, stress or patience has run out; heavier than mou muri.","ja":"もう限界","kana":"もうげんかい","politeJa":"もう限界です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nemukute mou genkai. saki ni neru ne.","ja":"眠くてもう限界。先に寝るね。","english":"I'm too sleepy to keep going. I'm heading to bed."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nemukute mou genkai desu. saki ni yasumimasu.","ja":"眠くてもう限界です。先に休みます。","english":"I'm too sleepy to go on. I'll turn in first."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"genkai is 'limit'; you'll hear it about overtime and deadlines too.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":70,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":231}],"stage":1,"range":"229-231","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-4","label":"Hungry and thirsty","rationale":"Lets you say you need food or a drink.","interference":"hara hetta is rough and masculine; onaka suita is the neutral one.","items":[{"id":"p-onaka-suita","romaji":"onaka suita","polite":"onaka ga sukimashita","english":"I'm hungry","use":"Everyday way to say you're hungry; Japanese says it in the past form.","ja":"お腹すいた","kana":"おなかすいた","politeJa":"お腹がすきました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, onaka suita. nanika tabeyou.","ja":"あー、お腹すいた。何か食べよう。","english":"Ugh, I'm hungry. Let's eat something."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"onaka sukimashita ne.","ja":"お腹すきましたね。","english":"I'm getting hungry, aren't you?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Ask others with onaka suiteru? (are you hungry?). Men may say hara hetta.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":149,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":232},{"id":"p-onaka-pekopeko","romaji":"onaka pekopeko","polite":"onaka pekopeko desu","english":"I'm starving","use":"Soft, cute way to say you're very hungry; fine for anyone, common with kids.","ja":"お腹ペコペコ","kana":"おなかぺこぺこ","politeJa":"お腹ペコペコです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou onaka pekopeko, hayaku tabeyou!","ja":"もうお腹ペコペコ、早く食べよう！","english":"I'm starving, let's eat already!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou onaka pekopeko desu. hayaku tabemashou.","ja":"もうお腹ペコペコです。早く食べましょう。","english":"I'm starving. Let's eat soon."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Gentler than hara hetta; pekopeko is the sound-word for an empty stomach.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":52,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":233},{"id":"p-nodo-kawaita","romaji":"nodo kawaita","polite":"nodo ga kawakimashita","english":"I'm thirsty","use":"Literally 'my throat has dried'; the everyday way to say you want a drink.","ja":"喉渇いた","kana":"のどかわいた","politeJa":"喉が渇きました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nodo kawaita, nanka nomou yo.","ja":"喉渇いた、なんか飲もうよ。","english":"I'm thirsty, let's get a drink."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nodo ga kawakimashita ne. nanika nomimasen ka?","ja":"喉が渇きましたね。何か飲みませんか？","english":"I'm thirsty. Shall we get something to drink?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Past tense because it describes the state now, like tsukareta.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":10,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":234},{"id":"p-hara-hetta","romaji":"hara hetta","polite":null,"english":"I'm starving; I'm hungry","use":"Blunt everyday way to say you're hungry, mostly among male friends and family.","ja":"腹減った","kana":"はらへった","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["rough","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, hara hetta. nanka tabe ni ikou.","ja":"ああ、腹減った。なんか食べに行こう。","english":"Man, I'm starving. Let's go grab something."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4970,"score":4,"notes":"Neutral: onaka suita. Polite: onaka ga sukimashita.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":58,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":235}],"stage":1,"range":"232-235","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-repair-1","label":"Didn't catch that","rationale":"Asks for a repeat or slower speech when you're lost.","interference":"The kudasai and onegai shimasu forms are polite; wakarimasen can mean 'I don't know'.","items":[{"id":"p-mou-ichido-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"mou ichido onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"once more, please; could you say that again?","use":"Ask someone to repeat what they said; staff and teachers hear it from learners all the time.","ja":"もう一度お願いします","kana":"もういちどおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, mou ichido onegai shimasu.","ja":"すみません、もう一度お願いします。","english":"Sorry, could you say that again?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual: mou ikkai itte. Add yukkuri (slowly) if speed is the problem.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":236},{"id":"p-kikoenakatta","romaji":"kikoenakatta","polite":"kikoemasen deshita","english":"I didn't catch that; I couldn't hear","use":"When noise or a quiet voice is the problem; usually followed by a request to repeat.","ja":"聞こえなかった","kana":"きこえなかった","politeJa":"聞こえませんでした","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kikoenakatta. mou ikkai itte?","ja":"ごめん、聞こえなかった。もう一回言って？","english":"Sorry, I didn't catch that. Say it again?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kikoemasen deshita. mou ichido onegai shimasu.","ja":"すみません、聞こえませんでした。もう一度お願いします。","english":"Sorry, I couldn't hear. Once more, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"kikoeru is 'can be heard'; kiku is 'listen' or 'ask'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":180,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":237},{"id":"p-yukkuri-hanashite-kudasai","romaji":"yukkuri hanashite kudasai","polite":null,"english":"please speak slowly","use":"Ask a fast speaker to slow down; mou sukoshi (a bit more) makes it softer.","ja":"ゆっくり話してください","kana":"ゆっくりはなしてください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, mou sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai.","ja":"すみません、もう少しゆっくり話してください。","english":"Sorry, could you speak a little more slowly?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"With friends, just yukkuri itte.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":238},{"id":"p-gomen-kiitenakatta","romaji":"gomen, kiitenakatta","polite":"sumimasen, kiite imasen deshita","english":"sorry, I wasn't listening","use":"Own up when you zoned out, then ask them to repeat with 'mou ikkai itte'.","ja":"ごめん、聞いてなかった","kana":"ごめん、きいてなかった","politeJa":"すみません、聞いていませんでした","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kiitenakatta. mou ikkai itte?","ja":"ごめん、聞いてなかった。もう一回言って？","english":"Sorry, I wasn't listening. Say that again?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kiite imasen deshita. mou ichido onegai shimasu.","ja":"すみません、聞いていませんでした。もう一度お願いします。","english":"Sorry, I wasn't listening. Could you say it once more?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kiitenakatta can also mean 'nobody told me': 'sonna no kiitenakatta' is 'I wasn't told that'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":127,"cv":4,"n":239},{"id":"p-wakarimasen","romaji":"wakarimasen","polite":null,"english":"I don't understand; I don't know","use":"Polite way to say you don't follow or can't answer; with friends, say wakannai.","ja":"わかりません","kana":"わかりません","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, nihongo ga yoku wakarimasen.","ja":"すみません、日本語がよくわかりません。","english":"Sorry, I don't really understand Japanese."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"For facts, shirimasen also means 'I don't know' but can sound cold; wakarimasen is softer.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1283,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":240}],"stage":1,"range":"236-240","category":"Clarifying"},{"id":"c-repair-2","label":"What do you mean","rationale":"Asks what or who they are referring to.","interference":"nan no hanashi? can sound like denial if said sharply.","items":[{"id":"p-dou-iu-koto","romaji":"dou iu koto?","polite":"dou iu koto desu ka","english":"what do you mean?; what's going on?","use":"Ask someone to explain something confusing or surprising; said sharply, it demands an explanation.","ja":"どういうこと？","kana":"どういうこと","politeJa":"どういうことですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, chuushi? dou iu koto?","ja":"え、中止？どういうこと？","english":"Wait, cancelled? What do you mean?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, chuushi desu ka? dou iu koto desu ka?","ja":"え、中止ですか？どういうことですか？","english":"Wait, it's cancelled? What do you mean?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"dou iu imi? asks only what a word or sentence means.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2052,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":241},{"id":"p-nan-no-koto","romaji":"nan no koto?","polite":"nan no koto desu ka","english":"what do you mean?; what are you talking about?","use":"Asks what someone is referring to; often feigned innocence when accused of something.","ja":"何のこと？","kana":"なんのこと","politeJa":"何のことですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nan no koto? watashi, nani mo shiranai yo.","ja":"何のこと？私、何も知らないよ。","english":"What are you talking about? I don't know anything."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nan no koto desu ka? watashi wa nani mo shirimasen.","ja":"何のことですか？私は何も知りません。","english":"What do you mean? I don't know anything."},"freqRank":2442,"score":3,"notes":"Close to nan no hanashi; nan no koto points at one thing someone mentioned.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":602,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":242},{"id":"p-dare-no-koto","romaji":"dare no koto?","polite":"dare no koto desu ka?","english":"who do you mean?","use":"Asked when someone mentions a person you can't place.","ja":"誰のこと？","kana":"だれのこと？","politeJa":"誰のことですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, 'senpai' tte dare no koto?","ja":"え、「先輩」って誰のこと？","english":"Wait, who do you mean by 'senpai'?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, sore wa dare no koto desu ka?","ja":"すみません、それは誰のことですか？","english":"Sorry, who do you mean?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'Nan no koto?' is the same question for things: 'what do you mean?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":159,"cv":4,"n":243},{"id":"p-nan-no-hanashi","romaji":"nan no hanashi?","polite":"nan no hanashi desu ka","english":"what are you talking about?","use":"Ask when you've lost the thread, or play dumb about something you'd rather not discuss.","ja":"何の話？","kana":"なんのはなし","politeJa":"何の話ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, nan no hanashi? zenzen shiranai kedo.","ja":"え、何の話？全然知らないけど。","english":"Huh, what are you talking about? I've no idea."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, nan no hanashi desu ka? zenzen shiranai n desu kedo.","ja":"え、何の話ですか？全然知らないんですけど。","english":"Huh, what are you talking about? I've no idea."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Joining a group, ask nan no hanashi shiteru no? (what are you all talking about?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1037,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":244}],"stage":1,"range":"241-244","category":"Clarifying"},{"id":"c-repair-3","label":"What's the word","rationale":"Buys time when a word escapes you.","interference":"nan dakke recalls a thing, nante iu n dakke recalls a word; both are half to yourself.","items":[{"id":"p-nan-dakke","romaji":"nan dakke","polite":"nan deshitakke","english":"what was it again?","use":"Muttered while you try to recall something you knew, or asked so the listener reminds you.","ja":"何だっけ","kana":"なんだっけ","politeJa":"何でしたっけ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano mise no namae, nan dakke?","ja":"あの店の名前、何だっけ？","english":"What was that shop called again?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, onamae wa nan deshitakke?","ja":"すみません、お名前は何でしたっけ？","english":"Sorry, what was your name again?"},"freqRank":3054,"score":5,"notes":"-kke turns a question into 'remind me': 'itsu dakke?' (when was it again?).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":178,"cv":5,"n":245},{"id":"p-nante-iu-n-dakke","romaji":"nante iu n dakke","polite":"nante iu n deshitakke","english":"what's the word for it again?","use":"Say it out loud while you hunt for a word; people will often jump in and supply it.","ja":"何て言うんだっけ","kana":"なんていうんだっけ","politeJa":"何て言うんでしたっけ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"are, nante iu n dakke? kasa no chiisai yatsu.","ja":"あれ、何て言うんだっけ？傘の小さいやつ。","english":"What's it called again? The little umbrella thing."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore, nihongo de nante iu n deshitakke?","ja":"これ、日本語で何て言うんでしたっけ？","english":"What's this called in Japanese again?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Without -kke, 'nihongo de nante iu?' simply asks how to say something in Japanese.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":12,"cv":4,"n":246},{"id":"p-hora-are","romaji":"hora, are","polite":null,"english":"you know, that thing","use":"Fills the gap while a word escapes you and invites the listener to guess; often repeated: 'hora, are, are!'.","ja":"ほら、あれ","kana":"ほら、あれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hora, are da yo, are! ano akai yatsu.","ja":"ほら、あれだよ、あれ！あの赤いやつ。","english":"You know, that thing! The red one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hora, are desu yo. ano yuumei na mise.","ja":"ほら、あれですよ。あの有名な店。","english":"You know, that one. That famous shop."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'Are da yo, are' is the same move. Hora alone also means 'look!' or 'see?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":4,"cv":4,"n":247},{"id":"p-eigo-de-iu-to","romaji":"eigo de iu to","polite":null,"english":"in English it's...; in English you'd say...","use":"Falls back on English when you can't find the Japanese; people will often teach you the word.","ja":"英語で言うと","kana":"えいごでいうと","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eigo de iu to 'deadline' na n da kedo...","ja":"英語で言うと「deadline」なんだけど…","english":"In English it's 'deadline', but..."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eigo de iu to 'deadline' desu ne.","ja":"英語で言うと「deadline」ですね。","english":"In English you'd say 'deadline'."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'Eigo de nante iu?' asks the reverse: 'what's that in English?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"n":248}],"stage":1,"range":"245-248","category":"Clarifying"},{"id":"c-flow-1","label":"Hey guess what","rationale":"Grabs attention to start a story or share news.","interference":"ano ne and ano sa open a topic; a drawn-out ano... is just hesitation.","items":[{"id":"p-ano-ne","romaji":"ano ne","polite":null,"english":"you know what; listen","use":"Soft opener before you tell someone something; common with kids and partners.","ja":"あのね","kana":"あのね","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano ne, kyou gakkou de omoshiroi koto atta no.","ja":"あのね、今日学校で面白いことあったの。","english":"You know what? Something funny happened at school today."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1032,"score":4,"notes":"ano alone is a hesitant 'um'; ano ne and ano sa announce you have something to say.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":346,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":249},{"id":"p-ano-sa","romaji":"ano sa","polite":null,"english":"hey, so...; listen","use":"Casual opener before a question or news among friends; more direct than ano ne.","ja":"あのさ","kana":"あのさ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano sa, ashita hima? eiga ikanai?","ja":"あのさ、明日暇？映画行かない？","english":"Hey, are you free tomorrow? Want to see a movie?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1106,"score":4,"notes":"With people you'd speak politely to, open with ano, sumimasen instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":207,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":250},{"id":"p-chotto-kiite","romaji":"chotto kiite","polite":"chotto kiite kudasai","english":"listen to this; hear me out","use":"Grab a friend's attention before news or a rant; chotto kiite yo is more insistent.","ja":"ちょっと聞いて","kana":"ちょっときいて","politeJa":"ちょっと聞いてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto kiite! kinou sugoi koto ga atta no.","ja":"ちょっと聞いて！昨日すごいことがあったの。","english":"Listen to this! Something crazy happened yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chotto kiite kudasai. kinou sugoi koto ga atta n desu.","ja":"ちょっと聞いてください。昨日すごいことがあったんです。","english":"Listen to this. Something amazing happened yesterday."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"kiku also means 'ask': chotto kiite ii? is 'can I ask you something?'","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":88,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":251},{"id":"p-kiita","romaji":"kiita?","polite":"kikimashita ka?","english":"did you hear? (about some news)","use":"Opens gossip or news, often as 'nee, kiita?'; say 'e, nani?' to get the rest.","ja":"聞いた？","kana":"きいた？","politeJa":"聞きましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, kiita? tanaka-san, kekkon suru n da tte.","ja":"ねえ、聞いた？田中さん、結婚するんだって。","english":"Hey, did you hear? Tanaka's getting married."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano nyuusu, mou kikimashita ka?","ja":"あのニュース、もう聞きましたか？","english":"Have you heard the news yet?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kiku also means 'to ask': 'sensei ni kiita?' is 'did you ask the teacher?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":287,"cv":4,"n":252},{"id":"p-shitteta","romaji":"shitteta?","polite":"shitte imashita ka?","english":"did you know?","use":"Shares a surprising fact or bit of trivia; the reply is 'shiranakatta!' (I had no idea) or 'shitteta' (I knew).","ja":"知ってた？","kana":"しってた？","politeJa":"知っていましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shitteta? ano mise, raigetsu shimaru n da yo.","ja":"知ってた？あの店、来月閉まるんだよ。","english":"Did you know? That shop's closing next month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore, shitte imashita ka? kekkou yuumei desu yo.","ja":"これ、知っていましたか？けっこう有名ですよ。","english":"Did you know about this? It's pretty well known."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Past shitteta is 'did you know (before I told you)'; 'shitteru?' asks 'do you know it?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":226,"cv":4,"n":253}],"stage":1,"range":"249-253","category":"Opening and changing the subject"},{"id":"c-flow-2","label":"By the way","rationale":"Shifts to a new topic or back to an old one.","interference":"hanashi kawaru changes the topic; hanashi modoru goes back.","items":[{"id":"p-hanashi-kawaru-kedo","romaji":"hanashi kawaru kedo","polite":"hanashi wa kawarimasu ga","english":"to change the subject; by the way","use":"Signals a new topic; tokorode is the textbook 'by the way'.","ja":"話変わるけど","kana":"はなしかわるけど","politeJa":"話は変わりますが","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hanashi kawaru kedo, raishuu no nomikai iku?","ja":"話変わるけど、来週の飲み会行く？","english":"Changing the subject, are you going to next week's drinks?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hanashi wa kawarimasu ga, raishuu no nomikai ni ikimasu ka?","ja":"話は変わりますが、来週の飲み会に行きますか？","english":"To change the subject, are you going to next week's drinks?"},"freqRank":100752,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":254},{"id":"p-a-sou-da","romaji":"a, sou da","polite":null,"english":"oh, right; oh, I just remembered","use":"Said when something suddenly comes to mind, just before you bring it up.","ja":"あ、そうだ","kana":"あ、そうだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, sou da. kore, omiyage.","ja":"あ、そうだ。これ、お土産。","english":"Oh, right. This is a souvenir for you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, sou da. kore, omiyage desu.","ja":"あ、そうだ。これ、お土産です。","english":"Oh, right. Here's a souvenir for you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Not agreement: for 'that's right' say sou da ne or sou desu.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":663,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":255},{"id":"p-sore-de-omoidashita-kedo","romaji":"sore de omoidashita kedo","polite":"sore de omoidashita n desu kedo","english":"that reminds me","use":"Switches to a related topic that something just said brought to mind.","ja":"それで思い出したけど","kana":"それでおもいだしたけど","politeJa":"それで思い出したんですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, sore de omoidashita kedo, kagi kaeshite.","ja":"あ、それで思い出したけど、鍵返して。","english":"Oh, that reminds me, give me back my key."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore de omoidashita n desu kedo, raishuu no kaigi wa nanji kara desu ka?","ja":"それで思い出したんですけど、来週の会議は何時からですか？","english":"That reminds me, what time does next week's meeting start?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Omoidasu = to recall; 'a, omoidashita!' is 'oh, now I remember!'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":10,"cv":4,"n":256},{"id":"p-hanashi-modoru-kedo","romaji":"hanashi modoru kedo","polite":"hanashi ga modorimasu kedo","english":"going back to what we were saying","use":"Steers the talk back to an earlier topic after a tangent.","ja":"話戻るけど","kana":"はなしもどるけど","politeJa":"話が戻りますけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hanashi modoru kedo, ryokou itsu ni suru?","ja":"話戻るけど、旅行いつにする？","english":"Going back to what we said, when shall we do the trip?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hanashi ga modorimasu kedo, sakki no ken wa dou narimashita ka?","ja":"話が戻りますけど、さっきの件はどうなりましたか？","english":"Going back a bit, what happened with that earlier matter?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The opposite move is 'hanashi kawaru kedo' (changing the subject).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5,"cv":4,"n":257}],"stage":1,"range":"254-257","category":"Opening and changing the subject"},{"id":"c-flow-3","label":"Wrapping up","rationale":"Ends a chat or call smoothly.","interference":"jaa sou iu koto de settles a plan rather than just saying goodbye.","items":[{"id":"p-jaa-sorosoro","romaji":"jaa sorosoro","polite":"sorosoro shitsurei shimasu","english":"well, I'd better get going","use":"Signals you're about to leave a visit, a cafe or a party; the 'go home' part is left unsaid.","ja":"じゃあそろそろ","kana":"じゃあそろそろ","politeJa":"そろそろ失礼します","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa sorosoro. ashita hayai shi.","ja":"じゃあそろそろ。明日早いし。","english":"Well, I should go. I've got an early start."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa sorosoro shitsurei shimasu. gochisousama deshita.","ja":"ではそろそろ失礼します。ごちそうさまでした。","english":"Well, I'll be going. Thank you for the meal."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sorosoro alone means 'about time' or 'soon'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":258},{"id":"p-mata-renraku-suru-ne","romaji":"mata renraku suru ne","polite":"mata renraku shimasu","english":"I'll be in touch; I'll get back to you","use":"Said when ending a chat or call without a fixed plan; it can also be a soft no to an invitation.","ja":"また連絡するね","kana":"またれんらくするね","politeJa":"また連絡します","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, yotei ga wakattara mata renraku suru ne.","ja":"じゃあ、予定がわかったらまた連絡するね。","english":"Okay, I'll get back to you once I know my plans."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kakunin shite, mata renraku shimasu.","ja":"確認して、また連絡します。","english":"I'll check and get back to you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Renraku means contact; renraku shite means get in touch with me.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":111,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":259},{"id":"p-jaa-sou-iu-koto-de","romaji":"jaa, sou iu koto de","polite":null,"english":"okay, so that's settled; right, let's go with that","use":"Wraps up a plan or a call once things are decided, right before saying bye.","ja":"じゃあ、そういうことで","kana":"じゃあ、そういうことで","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, sou iu koto de. mata ashita ne.","ja":"じゃあ、そういうことで。また明日ね。","english":"Okay, that's settled. See you tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa, sou iu koto de yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"では、そういうことでよろしくお願いします。","english":"Right, let's go with that, then. Thank you."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":44,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":260},{"id":"p-juuden-kiresou","romaji":"juuden kiresou","polite":"juuden ga kiresou desu","english":"my battery's about to die","use":"Said to warn that a call or chat may cut off soon.","ja":"充電切れそう","kana":"じゅうでんきれそう","politeJa":"充電が切れそうです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yabai, juuden kiresou. ato de kakenaosu ne.","ja":"やばい、充電切れそう。後でかけ直すね。","english":"Ugh, my battery's about to die. I'll call you back."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, juuden ga kiresou desu. ato de renraku shimasu.","ja":"すみません、充電が切れそうです。後で連絡します。","english":"Sorry, my battery's almost dead. I'll get in touch later."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Juuden kireta means it died; a charger is juudenki.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":261}],"stage":1,"range":"258-261","category":"Opening and changing the subject"},{"id":"c-social-1","label":"Bye for now","rationale":"Lets you say goodbye to a friend you will see again soon.","interference":"sayounara sounds final; mata ne is the friendly default.","items":[{"id":"p-mata-ne","romaji":"mata ne","polite":null,"english":"see you; bye","use":"The everyday goodbye between friends and family; answer with mata ne or jaa ne.","ja":"またね","kana":"またね","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, mata ne. kaettara renraku suru.","ja":"じゃあ、またね。帰ったら連絡する。","english":"Okay, see you. I'll message you when I get home."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":33862,"score":5,"notes":"Jaa ne is just as common. With people you speak desu/masu to, say shitsurei shimasu instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":435,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":262},{"id":"p-jaa-mata","romaji":"jaa mata","polite":"dewa mata","english":"see you then; bye for now","use":"Said as you split up, often right after making plans, to someone you'll see again.","ja":"じゃあまた","kana":"じゃあまた","politeJa":"ではまた","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa mata, raishuu no kin'youbi ni ne.","ja":"じゃあまた、来週の金曜日にね。","english":"See you then, next Friday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa mata, kin'youbi ni oai shimashou.","ja":"ではまた、金曜日にお会いしましょう。","english":"Until Friday, then."},"freqRank":11028,"score":4,"notes":"With a boss or client, shitsurei shimasu is safer than dewa mata.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":181,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":263},{"id":"p-mata-ashita","romaji":"mata ashita","polite":null,"english":"see you tomorrow","use":"Said when you'll meet again the next day: classmates, coworkers, friends.","ja":"また明日","kana":"またあした","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ja, mata ashita. chikoku shinaide ne.","ja":"じゃ、また明日。遅刻しないでね。","english":"See you tomorrow. Don't be late."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mata ashita mo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"また明日もよろしくお願いします。","english":"See you tomorrow, and thanks in advance."},"freqRank":3590,"score":5,"notes":"Swap in other times: mata raishuu (next week), mata ato de (later today).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":236,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":264},{"id":"p-mata-ato-de","romaji":"mata ato de","polite":"mata nochihodo","english":"see you later (today); talk later","use":"When you'll meet or talk again the same day.","ja":"また後で","kana":"またあとで","politeJa":"また後ほど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima isogashii kara, mata ato de ne.","ja":"今忙しいから、また後でね。","english":"I'm busy right now, so later, okay?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mata nochihodo renraku shimasu.","ja":"また後ほど連絡します。","english":"I'll get back to you later."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Not for 'see you someday'; that's mata kondo or mata ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":312,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":265},{"id":"p-baibai","romaji":"baibai","polite":null,"english":"bye-bye","use":"Light, cute goodbye among friends and to kids, usually with a wave.","ja":"バイバイ","kana":"ばいばい","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"baibai! mata asobou ne.","ja":"バイバイ！また遊ぼうね。","english":"Bye! Let's hang out again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1382,"score":4,"notes":"Adults say it too, women more than men; never to a boss or customer.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":327,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":266}],"stage":1,"range":"262-266","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-2","label":"Saying hi","rationale":"Lets you greet a friend or someone you run into.","interference":"doumo means both hi and thanks.","items":[{"id":"p-yahhoo","romaji":"yahhoo","polite":null,"english":"hiya!; hey!","use":"A bright, playful hello to a close friend, often with a wave across a room or at the start of a call or message.","ja":"やっほー","kana":"やっほー","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yahhoo! gomen ne, chotto okureta.","ja":"やっほー！ごめんね、ちょっと遅れた。","english":"Hiya! Sorry, I'm a bit late."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":13297,"score":4,"notes":"Sounds cheerful and a little cute; more common from women and young people. Also the shout people give from a mountaintop.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":61,"cv":4,"n":267},{"id":"p-aitakatta","romaji":"aitakatta","polite":"oai shitakatta desu","english":"I missed you; I wanted to see you","use":"Said on meeting a friend, partner or family member after time apart; the usual answer is 'watashi mo!' (me too).","ja":"会いたかった","kana":"あいたかった","politeJa":"お会いしたかったです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hisashiburi! zutto aitakatta yo.","ja":"久しぶり！ずっと会いたかったよ。","english":"Long time no see! I've really missed you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. zutto oai shitakatta desu.","ja":"お久しぶりです。ずっとお会いしたかったです。","english":"It's been a while. I've been wanting to see you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Japanese has no direct 'I miss you': past aitakatta covers the reunion, while 'aitai' (I want to see you) is for while you're still apart.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":403,"cv":4,"n":268},{"id":"p-doumo","romaji":"doumo","polite":null,"english":"thanks; hi","use":"A quick thanks to staff or someone holding a door; also a nod-like hi to someone you half know.","ja":"どうも","kana":"どうも","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"doumo, hontou ni tasukatta yo.","ja":"どうも、本当に助かったよ。","english":"Thanks, that really helped."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"doumo, hontou ni tasukarimashita.","ja":"どうも、本当に助かりました。","english":"Thank you, that really helped."},"freqRank":662,"score":5,"notes":"Alone it can sound curt; doumo arigatou or doumo sumimasen is fuller.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4146,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":269},{"id":"p-konbanwa","romaji":"konbanwa","polite":null,"english":"good evening; hi (after dark)","use":"Hello from about sunset on, to neighbours, shop staff or people you don't know well.","ja":"こんばんは","kana":"こんばんは","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"konbanwa! mada mise aiteru?","ja":"こんばんは！まだ店開いてる？","english":"Evening! Is the shop still open?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"konbanwa. mada aite imasu ka?","ja":"こんばんは。まだ開いていますか？","english":"Good evening. Are you still open?"},"freqRank":1334,"score":4,"notes":"Close friends and family don't say it to each other.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":566,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":270},{"id":"p-odekake-desu-ka","romaji":"odekake desu ka","polite":null,"english":"heading out?","use":"A neighbour's greeting when they see you leaving; it isn't really asking where, so answer vaguely.","ja":"お出かけですか","kana":"おでかけですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, ohayou gozaimasu. odekake desu ka?","ja":"あ、おはようございます。お出かけですか？","english":"Oh, good morning. Off out?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The stock answer is ee, chotto soko made (just up the road).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":7,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":271}],"stage":1,"range":"267-271","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-3","label":"Thanking a friend","rationale":"Lets you thank someone casually for a favour.","interference":"warui ne here means thanks, I owe you, not \"that's bad\".","items":[{"id":"p-sankyuu","romaji":"sankyuu","polite":null,"english":"thanks","use":"Jokey, light thanks among friends, from the English.","ja":"サンキュー","kana":"さんきゅー","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only","slang"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sankyuu! ato de okane kaesu ne.","ja":"サンキュー！後でお金返すね。","english":"Thanks! I'll pay you back later."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1874,"score":3,"notes":"Never to superiors or strangers.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":103,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":272},{"id":"p-doumo-arigatou","romaji":"doumo arigatou","polite":"doumo arigatou gozaimasu","english":"thanks a lot; thank you very much","use":"Warmer than plain arigatou, to friends, family or someone younger.","ja":"どうもありがとう","kana":"どうもありがとう","politeJa":"どうもありがとうございます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"purezento, doumo arigatou. sugoku ureshii.","ja":"プレゼント、どうもありがとう。すごく嬉しい。","english":"Thanks so much for the present. I love it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"purezento, doumo arigatou gozaimasu. taisetsu ni shimasu.","ja":"プレゼント、どうもありがとうございます。大切にします。","english":"Thank you so much for the present. I'll treasure it."},"freqRank":5005,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":329,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":273},{"id":"p-tasukatta","romaji":"tasukatta","polite":"tasukarimashita","english":"that really helped; you saved me","use":"Thanks that stresses the relief someone gave you, like lending you something or covering for you.","ja":"助かった","kana":"たすかった","politeJa":"助かりました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kasa kashite kurete, hontou ni tasukatta yo.","ja":"傘貸してくれて、本当に助かったよ。","english":"Thanks for lending me the umbrella, it really saved me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kasa o kashite kudasatte, hontou ni tasukarimashita.","ja":"傘を貸してくださって、本当に助かりました。","english":"Thank you for lending me the umbrella, it really helped."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'phew, saved' after a close call. Tasukaru (present) accepts an offer: sou shite kureru to tasukaru.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":661,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":274},{"id":"p-warui-ne","romaji":"warui ne","polite":"sumimasen","english":"sorry for the trouble; thanks, I owe you","use":"Said to a friend who does you a favour or goes out of their way, mixing thanks with apology; they answer 'ii yo, ii yo'.","ja":"悪いね","kana":"わるいね","politeJa":"すみません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ogotte moratte warui ne.","ja":"おごってもらって悪いね。","english":"Thanks for treating me. I owe you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iroiro tetsudatte moratte, sumimasen.","ja":"いろいろ手伝ってもらって、すみません。","english":"Thanks for all your help, and sorry for the trouble."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"More common from men and older speakers; 'gomen ne, arigatou' does the same job.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":560,"cv":4,"n":275},{"id":"p-arigatou-gozaimashita","romaji":"arigatou gozaimashita","polite":null,"english":"thank you (for what you did)","use":"Thanks for something now finished, like a meal, a lesson or a favour; shop staff say it as you leave.","ja":"ありがとうございました","kana":"ありがとうございました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa hontou ni arigatou gozaimashita.","ja":"今日は本当にありがとうございました。","english":"Thank you so much for today."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":308,"score":5,"notes":"Arigatou gozaimasu is for help now or still going on; with friends, just arigatou.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":573,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":276}],"stage":1,"range":"272-276","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-4","label":"Saying sorry","rationale":"Lets you apologise to a friend, lightly or properly.","interference":"gomen gomen is light, and suman is masculine.","items":[{"id":"p-gomen-gomen","romaji":"gomen gomen","polite":null,"english":"sorry, sorry (light)","use":"Quick, breezy apology to a friend for something small, like being a bit late.","ja":"ごめんごめん","kana":"ごめんごめん","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen gomen, densha okureta.","ja":"ごめんごめん、電車遅れた。","english":"Sorry, sorry, my train was late."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Too light for anything serious; it can sound like you don't care.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":15,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":277},{"id":"p-gomen-nasai","romaji":"gomen nasai","polite":null,"english":"I'm sorry","use":"A sincere personal apology to family, friends or a partner; children use it with anyone.","ja":"ごめんなさい","kana":"ごめんなさい","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen nasai, kinou no yakusoku wasureteta.","ja":"ごめんなさい、昨日の約束忘れてた。","english":"I'm sorry, I forgot our plans yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gomen nasai, kinou no yakusoku o wasurete imashita.","ja":"ごめんなさい、昨日の約束を忘れていました。","english":"I'm sorry, I forgot about yesterday's appointment."},"freqRank":254,"score":5,"notes":"Gomen alone is the casual short form. At work or with strangers, sumimasen fits better.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3435,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":278},{"id":"p-watashi-ga-warukatta","romaji":"watashi ga warukatta","polite":"watashi ga warukatta desu","english":"it was my fault; my bad","use":"A sincere apology that takes the blame, usually after an argument; often paired with 'gomen'.","ja":"私が悪かった","kana":"わたしがわるかった","politeJa":"私が悪かったです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, watashi ga warukatta. mou shinai.","ja":"ごめん、私が悪かった。もうしない。","english":"Sorry, it was my fault. I won't do it again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono ken wa watashi ga warukatta desu. sumimasen.","ja":"この件は私が悪かったです。すみません。","english":"This was my fault. I'm sorry."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Men often say 'ore ga warukatta'. Stronger than plain 'gomen' because it admits fault.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":81,"cv":4,"n":279},{"id":"p-suman","romaji":"suman","polite":null,"english":"sorry; my bad","use":"Quick apology from men to friends or juniors; also a gruff thanks.","ja":"すまん","kana":"すまん","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suman, okureta. densha ga tomatteta.","ja":"すまん、遅れた。電車が止まってた。","english":"Sorry I'm late. The train had stopped."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1819,"score":3,"notes":"Never to a superior. Sumanai is an older, stiffer version.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":833,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":280}],"stage":1,"range":"277-280","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-5","label":"Ending a hangout","rationale":"Lets you wrap up time together warmly and stay in touch.","interference":"tsuitara rain shite (text me when you get home) and rain shite (message me) differ only by the first word.","items":[{"id":"p-kyou-wa-arigatou","romaji":"kyou wa arigatou","polite":"kyou wa arigatou gozaimashita","english":"thanks for today","use":"Said when parting after time together, and often again by text that night; reply 'kochira koso' (likewise).","ja":"今日はありがとう","kana":"きょうはありがとう","politeJa":"今日はありがとうございました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa arigatou. sugoku tanoshikatta.","ja":"今日はありがとう。すごく楽しかった。","english":"Thanks for today. I had a great time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa hontou ni arigatou gozaimashita.","ja":"今日は本当にありがとうございました。","english":"Thank you so much for today."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"The polite form uses past gozaimashita because the event is over.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":17,"cv":5,"n":281},{"id":"p-mata-asobou-ne","romaji":"mata asobou ne","polite":"mata asobimashou ne","english":"let's hang out again","use":"A warm goodbye between friends after spending time together.","ja":"また遊ぼうね","kana":"またあそぼうね","politeJa":"また遊びましょうね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou tanoshikatta! mata asobou ne.","ja":"今日楽しかった！また遊ぼうね。","english":"Today was fun! Let's hang out again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa tanoshikatta desu. mata asobimashou ne.","ja":"今日は楽しかったです。また遊びましょうね。","english":"Today was fun. Let's get together again."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Asobu covers adults hanging out, not just kids playing.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":282},{"id":"p-ki-o-tsukete-kaette-ne","romaji":"ki o tsukete kaette ne","polite":"ki o tsukete okaeri kudasai","english":"get home safe","use":"Said to someone heading home, especially at night or in bad weather; answer un, arigatou.","ja":"気をつけて帰ってね","kana":"きをつけてかえってね","politeJa":"気をつけてお帰りください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou kurai kara, ki o tsukete kaette ne.","ja":"もう暗いから、気をつけて帰ってね。","english":"It's dark now, so get home safe."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ame ga tsuyoi node, ki o tsukete okaeri kudasai.","ja":"雨が強いので、気をつけてお帰りください。","english":"It's raining hard, so get home safely."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ki o tsukete alone means take care, or watch out.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":6,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":283},{"id":"p-tsuitara-rain-shite","romaji":"tsuitara rain shite","polite":"tsuitara rain shite kudasai","english":"text me when you get home","use":"Said when parting at night so you know they got home safe; answer 'un, suru ne'.","ja":"着いたらLINEして","kana":"ついたらラインして","politeJa":"着いたらLINEしてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ki o tsukete ne. tsuitara rain shite.","ja":"気をつけてね。着いたらLINEして。","english":"Get home safe. Text me when you're back."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"otsukaresama deshita. tsuitara rain shite kudasai ne.","ja":"お疲れさまでした。着いたらLINEしてくださいね。","english":"Thanks for today. Please message me when you get home."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"LINE is Japan's main messaging app, so 'rain suru' means 'to text'; 'renraku shite' (get in touch) works for any app.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":14,"cv":4,"n":284},{"id":"p-rain-shite","romaji":"rain shite","polite":"rain kudasai","english":"message me (on LINE); text me","use":"LINE is Japan's main messaging app; said at a goodbye or when you want an update.","ja":"LINEして","kana":"ラインして","politeJa":"LINEください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsuitara rain shite ne.","ja":"着いたらLINEしてね。","english":"Message me when you get there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanika attara rain kudasai.","ja":"何かあったらLINEください。","english":"Message me if anything comes up."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"LINE works as a suru verb: rain suru, rain shita. Meeru shite is the older email version.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":285}],"stage":1,"range":"281-285","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-6","label":"Replying to thanks","rationale":"Lets you brush off thanks or praise.","interference":"douitashimashite sounds stiff between friends; ie ie is the natural reply.","items":[{"id":"p-ie-ie","romaji":"ie ie","polite":null,"english":"no, no; not at all","use":"The everyday reply to thanks, an apology or praise; friendly and fits almost anyone.","ja":"いえいえ","kana":"いえいえ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ie ie, ki ni shinaide.","ja":"いえいえ、気にしないで。","english":"No, no, don't worry about it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ie ie, ki ni shinaide kudasai.","ja":"いえいえ、気にしないでください。","english":"Not at all, please don't worry about it."},"freqRank":1047,"score":4,"notes":"Far more common in real life than douitashimashite.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":137,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":286},{"id":"p-otagaisama-da-yo","romaji":"otagaisama da yo","polite":"otagaisama desu yo","english":"we're in the same boat; no need to thank me","use":"Your reply when someone thanks you or apologizes for a favour: we all help each other, so don't worry.","ja":"お互い様だよ","kana":"おたがいさまだよ","politeJa":"お互い様ですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ki ni shinaide. otagaisama da yo.","ja":"気にしないで。お互い様だよ。","english":"Don't worry about it. We all help each other out."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iie, komatta toki wa otagaisama desu yo.","ja":"いいえ、困った時はお互い様ですよ。","english":"Not at all, we all need help sometimes."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also said when both sides share the blame or the hardship: 'it's the same for both of us'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":74,"cv":4,"n":287},{"id":"p-tondemonai","romaji":"tondemonai","polite":"tondemonai desu","english":"not at all (reply to thanks or praise); outrageous","use":"A humble brush-off of thanks or praise, stronger than ie ie.","ja":"とんでもない","kana":"とんでもない","politeJa":"とんでもないです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tondemonai, tasukerareta no wa kotchi da yo.","ja":"とんでもない、助けられたのはこっちだよ。","english":"Not at all, you're the one who helped me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tondemonai desu. kochira koso tasukarimashita.","ja":"とんでもないです。こちらこそ助かりました。","english":"Not at all. You helped me more."},"freqRank":1081,"score":3,"notes":"Before a noun it means outrageous or terrible: tondemonai koto ni natta (things got crazy).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":661,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":288},{"id":"p-douitashimashite","romaji":"douitashimashite","polite":null,"english":"you're welcome","use":"The textbook reply to thanks; real speakers often prefer ie ie, which sounds less stiff.","ja":"どういたしまして","kana":"どういたしまして","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"douitashimashite. mata nanka attara itte ne.","ja":"どういたしまして。またなんかあったら言ってね。","english":"You're welcome. Let me know if you need anything else."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"douitashimashite. mata nanika attara itsu demo itte kudasai.","ja":"どういたしまして。また何かあったらいつでも言ってください。","english":"You're welcome. Just ask anytime you need something."},"freqRank":4414,"score":3,"notes":"Can sound as if you agree you did a big favour.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":499,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":289}],"stage":1,"range":"286-289","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-7","label":"What to call each other","rationale":"Lets you settle names and casual speech when you first meet.","interference":"... tte yonde (call me ...) is not yonde (read it).","items":[{"id":"p-nante-yobeba-ii","romaji":"nante yobeba ii?","polite":"nan to oyobi sureba ii desu ka?","english":"what should I call you?","use":"Asked on first meeting to settle a name or nickname; answer with '... tte yonde'.","ja":"なんて呼べばいい？","kana":"なんてよべばいい？","politeJa":"何とお呼びすればいいですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore kara yoroshiku. nante yobeba ii?","ja":"これからよろしく。なんて呼べばいい？","english":"Nice to meet you. What should I call you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hajimemashite. nan to oyobi sureba ii desu ka?","ja":"はじめまして。何とお呼びすればいいですか？","english":"Nice to meet you. How should I address you?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The polite version uses humble o-yobi suru, which suits anyone senior to you.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":25,"cv":4,"n":290},{"id":"p-tte-yonde","romaji":"... tte yonde","polite":"... tte yonde kudasai","english":"call me...","use":"Tells someone the name or nickname you want; the answer to 'nante yobeba ii?'.","ja":"〜って呼んで","kana":"〜ってよんで","politeJa":"〜って呼んでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tomo tte yonde. minna sou yonderu kara.","ja":"トモって呼んで。みんなそう呼んでるから。","english":"Call me Tomo. Everyone does."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi no koto wa mai tte yonde kudasai.","ja":"私のことはマイって呼んでください。","english":"Please call me Mai."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Whether to add -san, -chan or -kun is usually left to the other person.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":113,"cv":4,"n":291},{"id":"p-tameguchi-de-ii-yo","romaji":"tameguchi de ii yo","polite":"tameguchi de ii desu yo","english":"you can talk casually with me","use":"Invites someone to drop desu/masu; often said on finding out you're the same age.","ja":"タメ口でいいよ","kana":"ためぐちでいいよ","politeJa":"タメ口でいいですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"onaidoshi da shi, tameguchi de ii yo.","ja":"同い年だし、タメ口でいいよ。","english":"We're the same age, so you can talk casually."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"onaidoshi desu kara, tameguchi de ii desu yo.","ja":"同い年ですから、タメ口でいいですよ。","english":"We're the same age, so feel free to talk casually."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tameguchi = casual talk between equals. With someone older, wait for this cue before dropping desu/masu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"n":292}],"stage":1,"range":"290-292","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-intro-12","label":"Studies and job hunting","rationale":"Talk about what you study or that you're between jobs.","interference":"ryuugaku (study abroad) vs ryokou (travel).","items":[{"id":"p-senkou-wa","romaji":"senkou wa?","polite":"senkou wa nan desu ka?","english":"what's your major?; what are you studying?","use":"Asked of university students; answer with the subject (keizai, nihon bungaku).","ja":"専攻は？","kana":"せんこうは？","politeJa":"専攻は何ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"daigakusei na n da. senkou wa?","ja":"大学生なんだ。専攻は？","english":"Oh, you're at uni. What are you studying?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daigakusei na n desu ne. senkou wa nan desu ka?","ja":"大学生なんですね。専攻は何ですか？","english":"So you're a university student. What's your major?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nani benkyou shiteru no? asks the same more casually.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":28,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":293},{"id":"p-daigaku-de-o-benkyou-shiteru","romaji":"daigaku de ... o benkyou shiteru","polite":"daigaku de ... o benkyou shite imasu","english":"I study ... at uni","use":"Answer to senkou wa?; ... o senkou shiteru (I major in ...) is a bit more formal.","ja":"大学で〜を勉強してる","kana":"だいがくで〜をべんきょうしてる","politeJa":"大学で〜を勉強しています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"daigaku de keizai o benkyou shiteru yo.","ja":"大学で経済を勉強してるよ。","english":"I'm studying economics at uni."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daigaku de keizai o benkyou shite imasu.","ja":"大学で経済を勉強しています。","english":"I'm studying economics at university."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual speech often drops the o: keizai benkyou shiteru.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":14,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":294},{"id":"p-ryuugaku-shiteru","romaji":"ryuugaku shiteru","polite":"ryuugaku shite imasu","english":"I'm here studying abroad; I'm an exchange student","use":"Says you're in Japan to study; the school or country takes ni (... ni ryuugaku shiteru).","ja":"留学してる","kana":"りゅうがくしてる","politeJa":"留学しています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima toukyou no daigaku ni ryuugaku shiteru n da.","ja":"今東京の大学に留学してるんだ。","english":"I'm on exchange at a university in Tokyo."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima toukyou no daigaku ni ryuugaku shite iru n desu.","ja":"今東京の大学に留学しているんです。","english":"I'm studying abroad at a university in Tokyo."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ryuugakusei is the person: an international student.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":295},{"id":"p-ima-wa-shigoto-sagashichuu","romaji":"ima wa shigoto sagashichuu","polite":"ima wa shigoto sagashichuu desu","english":"I'm job hunting at the moment; I'm between jobs","use":"A light way to say you're not working right now; ima wa marks it as temporary.","ja":"今は仕事探し中","kana":"いまはしごとさがしちゅう","politeJa":"今は仕事探し中です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaisha yamete, ima wa shigoto sagashichuu.","ja":"会社辞めて、今は仕事探し中。","english":"I quit my job, and now I'm looking for work."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaisha o yamete, ima wa shigoto sagashichuu desu.","ja":"会社を辞めて、今は仕事探し中です。","english":"I left my company, and I'm looking for work now."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-chuu means 'in the middle of': kaigichuu (in a meeting).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":296}],"stage":2,"range":"293-296","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-13","label":"Age and birth year","rationale":"Work out ages, which Japanese friends often check early.","interference":"nannen umare (what year born) vs nannen (how many years).","items":[{"id":"p-toshi-ikutsu","romaji":"toshi ikutsu?","polite":"oikutsu desu ka?","english":"how old are you?","use":"Asked among people of about the same age to work out who's older; with an older adult use oikutsu desu ka?, or don't ask.","ja":"年いくつ？","kana":"としいくつ？","politeJa":"おいくつですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"toshi ikutsu? onaji gurai da yo ne?","ja":"年いくつ？同じぐらいだよね？","english":"How old are you? We're about the same, right?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shitsurei desu kedo, oikutsu desu ka?","ja":"失礼ですけど、おいくつですか？","english":"Sorry to ask, but how old are you?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nansai? asks the same and is just as common among friends; ikutsu? alone works too.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":35,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":297},{"id":"p-onaidoshi-da","romaji":"onaidoshi da!","polite":"onaidoshi desu ne","english":"we're the same age!","use":"Said happily on finding out you're the same age, which often means you can drop polite speech.","ja":"同い年だ！","kana":"おないどしだ！","politeJa":"同い年ですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, kyuujuuhachinen? onaidoshi da!","ja":"え、98年？同い年だ！","english":"Wait, '98? We're the same age!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, kyuujuuhachinen desu ka? onaidoshi desu ne.","ja":"え、98年ですか？同い年ですね。","english":"Oh, '98? We're the same age."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Next you'll often hear tamego de ii yo (let's drop the polite speech).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":47,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":298},{"id":"p-nannen-umare","romaji":"nannen umare?","polite":"nannen umare desu ka?","english":"what year were you born?","use":"A softer way to ask someone's age; answer with the year (kyuujuuhachinen umare).","ja":"何年生まれ？","kana":"なんねんうまれ？","politeJa":"何年生まれですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nannen umare? watashi kyuujuuhachinen.","ja":"何年生まれ？私98年。","english":"What year were you born? I'm '98."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nannen umare desu ka? watashi wa kyuujuuhachinen desu.","ja":"何年生まれですか？私は98年です。","english":"What year were you born? I was born in '98."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Japanese also count in era years (heisei juunen) and by zodiac animal.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":299},{"id":"p-ketsuekigata-wa","romaji":"ketsuekigata wa?","polite":"ketsuekigata wa nan desu ka?","english":"what's your blood type?","use":"A classic small-talk question; many Japanese link blood type to personality, so expect comments on your answer.","ja":"血液型は？","kana":"けつえきがたは？","politeJa":"血液型は何ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, ketsuekigata wa? ee gata desho?","ja":"ねえ、血液型は？A型でしょ？","english":"Hey, what's your blood type? You're type A, right?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ketsuekigata wa nan desu ka? watashi wa oo gata desu.","ja":"血液型は何ですか？私はO型です。","english":"What's your blood type? I'm type O."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Answer with the letter + gata (ee gata, bii gata, oo gata, eebii gata); not knowing is fine.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":44,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":300}],"stage":2,"range":"297-300","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-14","label":"Partner kids and pets","rationale":"Ask about someone's household beyond their parents and siblings.","interference":"katteru here means keeping a pet (飼う), not buying (買う).","items":[{"id":"p-kekkon-shiteru","romaji":"kekkon shiteru?","polite":"kekkon shite imasu ka?","english":"are you married?","use":"Asked fairly freely in Japan; answer shiteru, shitenai, or mada (not yet).","ja":"結婚してる？","kana":"けっこんしてる？","politeJa":"結婚していますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kekkon shiteru? yubiwa shiteru kara.","ja":"結婚してる？指輪してるから。","english":"Are you married? I noticed the ring."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kekkon shite imasu ka? yubiwa o shite iru node.","ja":"結婚していますか？指輪をしているので。","english":"Are you married? I noticed your ring."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Use -te iru for being married now; kekkon shita means 'got married'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":136,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":301},{"id":"p-kodomo-iru","romaji":"kodomo iru?","polite":"okosan wa imasu ka?","english":"do you have kids?","use":"Usually follows kekkon shiteru?; answer with the number (futari iru) or inai.","ja":"子供いる？","kana":"こどもいる？","politeJa":"お子さんはいますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kodomo iru? nansai gurai?","ja":"子供いる？何歳ぐらい？","english":"Do you have kids? How old are they?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okosan wa imasu ka? nansai gurai desu ka?","ja":"お子さんはいますか？何歳ぐらいですか？","english":"Do you have children? How old are they?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Okosan is someone else's child; for your own say kodomo.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":107,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":302},{"id":"p-petto-katteru","romaji":"petto katteru?","polite":"petto o katte imasu ka?","english":"do you have any pets?","use":"Small-talk question; answer with the animal + katteru (neko katteru).","ja":"ペット飼ってる？","kana":"ペットかってる？","politeJa":"ペットを飼っていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"petto katteru? inu toka neko toka.","ja":"ペット飼ってる？犬とか猫とか。","english":"Got any pets? A dog or a cat or something?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"petto o katte imasu ka? inu toka neko toka.","ja":"ペットを飼っていますか？犬とか猫とか。","english":"Do you have any pets? A dog or a cat?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kau here is 'keep' (an animal), which sounds the same as kau 'buy'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":303}],"stage":2,"range":"301-303","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-intro-15","label":"Polite first-meeting questions","rationale":"Recognise the formal versions people use with a stranger.","interference":"These are polite forms; among friends doko kara kita no replaces dochira kara desu ka.","items":[{"id":"p-onamae-wa","romaji":"onamae wa?","polite":"onamae wa nan desu ka","english":"what's your name?","use":"Short way to ask a name, e.g. at a reception or to a child; answer with your name plus desu.","ja":"お名前は？","kana":"おなまえは","politeJa":"お名前は何ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kawaii ne. onamae wa?","ja":"かわいいね。お名前は？","english":"So cute. What's your name?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shitsurei desu ga, onamae wa nan desu ka?","ja":"失礼ですが、お名前は何ですか？","english":"Excuse me, but may I ask your name?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The o- is only for other people's names; your own is just namae.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":193,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":304},{"id":"p-dochira-kara-desu-ka","romaji":"dochira kara desu ka","polite":null,"english":"where are you from?","use":"Polite question to someone new about their country or town; answer with the place plus kara desu.","ja":"どちらからですか","kana":"どちらからですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihongo ojouzu desu ne. dochira kara desu ka?","ja":"日本語お上手ですね。どちらからですか？","english":"Your Japanese is great. Where are you from?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casually: doko kara kita no? It can also mean where have you come from today.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":364,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":305},{"id":"p-shitsurei-desu-ga","romaji":"shitsurei desu ga","polite":null,"english":"excuse me, but (may I ask)","use":"Opens a personal or awkward question to someone you don't know well, like their name, age or company.","ja":"失礼ですが","kana":"しつれいですが","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shitsurei desu ga, otoshi wa oikutsu desu ka?","ja":"失礼ですが、お年はおいくつですか？","english":"Excuse me for asking, but how old are you?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3816,"score":3,"notes":"Not for getting someone's attention; use sumimasen for that.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":169,"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":306}],"stage":2,"range":"304-306","category":"Getting to know you"},{"id":"c-likes-9","label":"Getting into their hobby","rationale":"Show interest in trying their hobby or pull them into yours.","interference":"yatte mitai means want to try, not want to see.","items":[{"id":"p-watashi-mo-yatte-mitai","romaji":"watashi mo yatte mitai","polite":"watashi mo yatte mitai desu","english":"I'd like to give it a try too","use":"Shows interest when someone describes their hobby; often followed by kondo oshiete.","ja":"私もやってみたい","kana":"わたしもやってみたい","politeJa":"私もやってみたいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, tanoshisou! watashi mo yatte mitai.","ja":"え、楽しそう！私もやってみたい。","english":"Oh, that sounds fun! I'd like to try it too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tanoshisou desu ne! watashi mo yatte mitai desu.","ja":"楽しそうですね！私もやってみたいです。","english":"That sounds fun! I'd like to try it too."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap in the verb: watashi mo tabete mitai (I want to try it too).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":63,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":307},{"id":"p-kondo-oshiete","romaji":"kondo oshiete","polite":"kondo oshiete kudasai","english":"you'll have to show me sometime; tell me sometime","use":"A friendly reply when someone mentions a skill, a place or a recipe; a light request, not a firm plan.","ja":"今度教えて","kana":"こんどおしえて","politeJa":"今度教えてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sono omise ii ne! kondo oshiete.","ja":"そのお店いいね！今度教えて。","english":"That place sounds great! Tell me where it is sometime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono omise ii desu ne! kondo oshiete kudasai.","ja":"そのお店いいですね！今度教えてください。","english":"That place sounds lovely! Please tell me about it sometime."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kondo = next time or sometime soon; oshieru is both 'teach' and 'tell'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":308},{"id":"p-zettai-hamaru-yo","romaji":"zettai hamaru yo","polite":"zettai hamarimasu yo","english":"you'll love it, trust me; you'll get hooked","use":"Said when recommending a show, food or hobby; hamaru is to get hooked on something.","ja":"絶対ハマるよ","kana":"ぜったいはまるよ","politeJa":"絶対ハマりますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono anime mite mite! zettai hamaru yo.","ja":"このアニメ見て見て！絶対ハマるよ。","english":"Watch this anime! You'll be hooked, I promise."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono anime, zehi mite kudasai. zettai hamarimasu yo.","ja":"このアニメ、ぜひ見てください。絶対ハマりますよ。","english":"Do watch this anime. I'm sure you'll love it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"... ni hamatteru = I'm really into ... right now.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":309}],"stage":2,"range":"307-309","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-10","label":"Eating and drinking out","rationale":"Sort out food and drink limits when you go out together.","interference":"osake yowai means you get drunk easily, not that you dislike drinking.","items":[{"id":"p-osake-nomu","romaji":"osake nomu?","polite":"osake wa nomimasu ka?","english":"do you drink?","use":"Osake means alcohol in general; often asked before inviting you out. Answer nomu yo, or amari nomenai (I can't drink much).","ja":"お酒飲む？","kana":"おさけのむ？","politeJa":"お酒は飲みますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"osake nomu? kondo nomi ni ikou yo.","ja":"お酒飲む？今度飲みに行こうよ。","english":"Do you drink? Let's go for drinks sometime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"osake wa nomimasu ka? kondo nomi ni ikimasen ka?","ja":"お酒は飲みますか？今度飲みに行きませんか？","english":"Do you drink? Would you like to go for a drink sometime?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The rice wine English calls sake is nihonshu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":310},{"id":"p-karai-no-daijoubu","romaji":"karai no daijoubu?","polite":"karai no wa daijoubu desu ka?","english":"are you okay with spicy food?","use":"Asked before ordering or cooking; answer daijoubu (fine) or chotto nigate (not great with it).","ja":"辛いの大丈夫？","kana":"からいのだいじょうぶ？","politeJa":"辛いのは大丈夫ですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kimuchi nabe ni shiyou ka. karai no daijoubu?","ja":"キムチ鍋にしようか。辛いの大丈夫？","english":"Shall we get kimchi hotpot? Are you okay with spicy?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"karai no wa daijoubu desu ka? kekkou karai desu yo.","ja":"辛いのは大丈夫ですか？結構辛いですよ。","english":"Are you okay with spicy food? It's pretty hot."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap in any food: sakana daijoubu? (are you okay with fish?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":311},{"id":"p-osake-yowai-n-da","romaji":"osake yowai n da","polite":"osake yowai n desu","english":"I can't hold my drink; I'm a lightweight","use":"Explains why you're drinking slowly or turning down a refill; the opposite is osake tsuyoi.","ja":"お酒弱いんだ","kana":"おさけよわいんだ","politeJa":"お酒弱いんです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, osake yowai n da. uuroncha ni suru.","ja":"ごめん、お酒弱いんだ。ウーロン茶にする。","english":"Sorry, I'm a lightweight. I'll have oolong tea."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, osake yowai n desu. uuroncha de.","ja":"すみません、お酒弱いんです。ウーロン茶で。","english":"Sorry, I can't hold my drink. Oolong tea for me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Osake means any alcohol, not just sake; osake wa nigate (not good with alcohol) also works.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":312},{"id":"p-okiniiri-no-omise-aru","romaji":"okiniiri no omise aru?","polite":"okiniiri no omise wa arimasu ka?","english":"got a favourite place to eat or hang out?","use":"Asks for a local recommendation or about someone's regular spots.","ja":"お気に入りのお店ある？","kana":"おきにいりのおみせある？","politeJa":"お気に入りのお店はありますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono hen de okiniiri no omise aru? oshiete.","ja":"この辺でお気に入りのお店ある？教えて。","english":"Got a favourite place around here? Tell me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hen de okiniiri no omise wa arimasu ka?","ja":"この辺でお気に入りのお店はありますか？","english":"Do you have a favourite place around here?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Okiniiri means 'favourite'; ikitsuke no mise is 'my regular place'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":313},{"id":"p-nattou-taberareru","romaji":"nattou taberareru?","polite":"nattou taberaremasu ka?","english":"can you eat natto?","use":"A classic question to foreigners about the sticky fermented beans; a yes usually gets a surprised reaction.","ja":"納豆食べられる？","kana":"なっとうたべられる？","politeJa":"納豆食べられますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, nattou taberareru no? sugoi ne.","ja":"え、納豆食べられるの？すごいね。","english":"Wait, you can eat natto? Impressive."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nattou wa taberaremasu ka? nigate na hito mo ooi desu kedo.","ja":"納豆は食べられますか？苦手な人も多いですけど。","english":"Can you eat natto? Lots of people can't stand it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Taberareru means 'can eat'; it works for any food: sashimi taberareru?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":314}],"stage":2,"range":"310-314","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-likes-11","label":"Which type are you","rationale":"Play the 'this or that' game about what kind of person you are.","interference":"ha here means side or camp (派), not the topic particle wa.","items":[{"id":"p-inu-ha-neko-ha","romaji":"inu ha? neko ha?","polite":"inu ha desu ka, neko ha desu ka?","english":"dog person or cat person?","use":"A classic icebreaker; the same frame works for any pair: koohii ha? koucha ha?","ja":"犬派？猫派？","kana":"いぬは？ねこは？","politeJa":"犬派ですか、猫派ですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, inu ha? neko ha? watashi wa zettai neko.","ja":"ねえ、犬派？猫派？私は絶対猫。","english":"Hey, dog person or cat person? I'm totally cats."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tokoro de, inu ha desu ka, neko ha desu ka?","ja":"ところで、犬派ですか、猫派ですか？","english":"By the way, are you a dog person or a cat person?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Answer inu ha, neko ha, or ryouhou suki (I like both).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":315},{"id":"p-indoa-ha-da-yo","romaji":"indoa ha da yo","polite":"indoa ha desu","english":"I'm more of a homebody; I like staying in","use":"Describes how you spend free time; the opposite is autodoa ha (outdoorsy).","ja":"インドア派だよ","kana":"インドアはだよ","politeJa":"インドア派です","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashi, kanzen ni indoa ha da yo. yasumi wa ie.","ja":"私、完全にインドア派だよ。休みは家。","english":"I'm a total homebody. Days off, I'm at home."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa indoa ha desu. yasumi wa daitai ie ni imasu.","ja":"私はインドア派です。休みはだいたい家にいます。","english":"I'm a homebody. On days off I'm usually at home."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Light and friendly; hikikomori (shut-in) is a much stronger, negative word.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":316},{"id":"p-yougaku-to-hougaku-dotchi-kiku","romaji":"yougaku to hougaku dotchi kiku?","polite":"yougaku to hougaku, dochira o kikimasu ka?","english":"do you listen to Western or Japanese music?","use":"A common question in Japan, where music is split into yougaku (foreign) and hougaku (Japanese).","ja":"洋楽と邦楽どっち聴く？","kana":"ようがくとほうがくどっちきく？","politeJa":"洋楽と邦楽、どちらを聴きますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yougaku to hougaku dotchi kiku? watashi wa hougaku bakkari.","ja":"洋楽と邦楽どっち聴く？私は邦楽ばっかり。","english":"Western or Japanese music? I only listen to Japanese stuff."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yougaku to hougaku, dochira o kikimasu ka? watashi wa hougaku bakari desu.","ja":"洋楽と邦楽、どちらを聴きますか？私は邦楽ばかりです。","english":"Do you listen to Western or Japanese music? I mostly listen to Japanese."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Dotchi is the casual form of dochira (which of two).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":317}],"stage":2,"range":"315-317","category":"Likes and free time"},{"id":"c-opine-8","label":"Tastes differ","rationale":"Say that opinions split without saying anyone is wrong.","interference":"wakareru (split, divide) vs wakaru (understand).","items":[{"id":"p-hito-sorezore","romaji":"hito sorezore","polite":"hito sorezore desu yo ne","english":"everyone's different; to each their own","use":"Ends a debate politely or avoids judging someone's choice.","ja":"人それぞれ","kana":"ひとそれぞれ","politeJa":"人それぞれですよね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maa, konomi wa hito sorezore da kara ne.","ja":"まあ、好みは人それぞれだからね。","english":"Well, everyone has their own taste."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kangaekata wa hito sorezore desu yo ne.","ja":"考え方は人それぞれですよね。","english":"Everyone thinks differently, don't they?"},"freqRank":6524,"score":5,"notes":"Sorezore means 'each'; it also works alone: sorezore no iken (each person's view).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":318},{"id":"p-suki-na-hito-wa-suki-da-yo-ne","romaji":"suki na hito wa suki da yo ne","polite":"suki na hito wa suki desu yo ne","english":"it's not for everyone, but fans love it","use":"A tactful verdict on something niche or odd that you don't love yourself.","ja":"好きな人は好きだよね","kana":"すきなひとはすきだよね","politeJa":"好きな人は好きですよね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano bando, suki na hito wa suki da yo ne.","ja":"あのバンド、好きな人は好きだよね。","english":"That band's not for everyone, but their fans love them."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kou iu aji wa, suki na hito wa suki desu yo ne.","ja":"こういう味は、好きな人は好きですよね。","english":"This kind of flavour isn't for everyone, but some people love it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Usually hints that you're not one of those fans.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":319},{"id":"p-konomi-ga-wakareru","romaji":"konomi ga wakareru","polite":"konomi ga wakaremasu ne","english":"people either love it or hate it; it divides opinion","use":"Describes polarising food, films or styles without saying which side you're on.","ja":"好みが分かれる","kana":"このみがわかれる","politeJa":"好みが分かれますね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"pakuchii wa, kekkou konomi ga wakareru yo ne.","ja":"パクチーは、結構好みが分かれるよね。","english":"Coriander really divides people, doesn't it?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono eiga wa, konomi ga wakaremasu ne.","ja":"この映画は、好みが分かれますね。","english":"People are split on this film."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Konomi means 'taste, preference'; wakareru means 'to split'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":320},{"id":"p-atari-hazure-ga-aru","romaji":"atari hazure ga aru","polite":"atari hazure ga arimasu","english":"it's hit and miss; some are good, some aren't","use":"Describes things that vary in quality, like a chain's branches, a series or second-hand goods.","ja":"当たり外れがある","kana":"あたりはずれがある","politeJa":"当たり外れがあります","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono shiriizu, kekkou atari hazure ga aru yo.","ja":"このシリーズ、結構当たり外れがあるよ。","english":"This series is pretty hit and miss."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"furugi wa atari hazure ga arimasu ne.","ja":"古着は当たり外れがありますね。","english":"Second-hand clothes are hit and miss."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Atari is a hit or win, hazure a miss; atari! is what you say when you get a good one.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":321}],"stage":2,"range":"318-321","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-9","label":"Picking a side","rationale":"Ask which option someone prefers and lean one way yourself.","interference":"dotchi? (which one) vs dotchika (either one); ha is 'camp' (派), not the particle wa.","items":[{"id":"p-dotchi-ga-ii-to-omou","romaji":"dotchi ga ii to omou?","polite":"dochira ga ii to omoimasu ka?","english":"which do you think is better?","use":"Asks a friend to help you choose between two things: clothes, dates, plans.","ja":"どっちがいいと思う？","kana":"どっちがいいとおもう？","politeJa":"どちらがいいと思いますか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono futatsu, dotchi ga ii to omou?","ja":"この二つ、どっちがいいと思う？","english":"Which of these two do you think is better?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono futatsu, dochira ga ii to omoimasu ka?","ja":"この二つ、どちらがいいと思いますか？","english":"Which of these two do you think is better?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Dotchi is casual for dochira; for three or more options ask dore ga ii?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":322},{"id":"p-dotchika-tte-iu-to","romaji":"dotchi ka tte iu to","polite":"dochira ka to iu to","english":"if anything; I'd lean toward; if I had to choose","use":"Starts a mild preference when you're not strongly on either side.","ja":"どっちかっていうと","kana":"どっちかっていうと","politeJa":"どちらかと言うと","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dotchi ka tte iu to, natsu yori fuyu ga suki.","ja":"どっちかっていうと、夏より冬が好き。","english":"If anything, I prefer winter to summer."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dochira ka to iu to, natsu yori fuyu ga suki desu.","ja":"どちらかと言うと、夏より冬が好きです。","english":"If anything, I prefer winter to summer."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often ends with ... ha kana or ... no hou ga suki.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":12,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":323},{"id":"p-dotchi-ha","romaji":"dotchi ha?","polite":"dochira ha desu ka?","english":"which side are you on?; which do you go for?","use":"Comes after two options to ask which camp someone is in; answer with ... ha kana.","ja":"どっち派？","kana":"どっちは？","politeJa":"どちら派ですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"raamen to udon nara, dotchi ha?","ja":"ラーメンとうどんなら、どっち派？","english":"Ramen or udon: which are you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"raamen to udon nara, dochira ha desu ka?","ja":"ラーメンとうどんなら、どちら派ですか？","english":"Ramen or udon: which do you prefer?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Dotchi is casual for dochira.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":324},{"id":"p-watashi-wa-ha-kana","romaji":"watashi wa ... ha kana","polite":"watashi wa ... ha desu ne","english":"I'm more of a ... person, I guess","use":"Answers a this-or-that question with your side; kana softens it.","ja":"私は〜派かな","kana":"わたしは〜はかな","politeJa":"私は〜派ですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashi wa koohii yori koucha ha kana.","ja":"私はコーヒーより紅茶派かな。","english":"I'm more of a tea person than coffee, I guess."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa koohii yori koucha ha desu ne.","ja":"私はコーヒーより紅茶派ですね。","english":"I'm more of a tea person than a coffee person."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ha (派) means 'camp, side' and is said ha, unlike the topic particle wa.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":30,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":325}],"stage":2,"range":"322-325","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-10","label":"Rating words","rationale":"Shade a verdict up or down with a small degree word.","interference":"futsuu ni can mean 'honestly, really', not just 'normally'.","items":[{"id":"p-warito","romaji":"warito","polite":null,"english":"fairly; relatively; quite","use":"Softens a description, often to say something is better than expected.","ja":"わりと","kana":"わりと","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono hen, warito shizuka de sumiyasui yo.","ja":"この辺、わりと静かで住みやすいよ。","english":"This area's fairly quiet and easy to live in."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hen wa warito shizuka desu yo.","ja":"この辺はわりと静かですよ。","english":"This area's fairly quiet."},"freqRank":5970,"score":4,"notes":"Wari ni means the same; kekkou is a bit stronger.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":100,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":326},{"id":"p-igai-to","romaji":"igai to","polite":null,"english":"surprisingly; more than you'd think","use":"Marks something that breaks your expectations, good or bad.","ja":"意外と","kana":"いがいと","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono mise, igai to yasukatta ne.","ja":"この店、意外と安かったね。","english":"This place was surprisingly cheap."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono mise, igai to yasukatta desu ne.","ja":"この店、意外と安かったですね。","english":"This place was surprisingly cheap."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Igai ni means the same; igai na (unexpected) goes before a noun.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":71,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":327},{"id":"p-futsuu-ni","romaji":"futsuu ni","polite":null,"english":"honestly, genuinely; normally, as usual","use":"In young people's speech it upgrades praise: futsuu ni oishii means 'actually tasty', not 'average'.","ja":"普通に","kana":"ふつうに","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":["slang"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, futsuu ni oishii ne. bikkuri.","ja":"これ、普通においしいね。びっくり。","english":"This is actually really good. I'm surprised."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore, futsuu ni oishii desu ne.","ja":"これ、普通においしいですね。","english":"This is genuinely tasty."},"freqRank":2185,"score":4,"notes":"The older sense 'normally, in the usual way' is still common: futsuu ni aruite (just walk normally).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":375,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":328},{"id":"p-no-wari-ni-wa","romaji":"... no wari ni wa","polite":null,"english":"for ...; considering ...","use":"Compares a result with what you'd expect: nedan no wari ni wa oishii (tasty for the price).","ja":"〜の割には","kana":"〜のわりには","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nedan no wari ni wa, kekkou oishii ne.","ja":"値段の割には、結構おいしいね。","english":"It's pretty tasty for the price."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nedan no wari ni wa, oishii desu ne.","ja":"値段の割には、おいしいですね。","english":"It's tasty for the price."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"After an adjective or verb, drop the no: yasui wari ni wa (for something so cheap).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":23,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":329}],"stage":2,"range":"326-329","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-11","label":"Kind of like","rationale":"Describe something by likeness when you lack the exact word.","interference":"trailing mitai na ('like, ...') vs mitai (want to see).","items":[{"id":"p-ppoi","romaji":"-ppoi","polite":null,"english":"-ish; kind of like; seems like","use":"Attaches to a noun to say something has that quality: kodomoppoi (childish), kazeppoi (feels like a cold).","ja":"〜っぽい","kana":"〜っぽい","politeJa":null,"pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare, chotto kodomoppoi tokoro aru yo ne.","ja":"彼、ちょっと子供っぽいところあるよね。","english":"He can be a bit childish, can't he?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa chotto kazeppoi n desu.","ja":"今日はちょっと風邪っぽいんです。","english":"I think I'm coming down with a cold today."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also a casual hedge on news: ashita ameppoi yo (looks like rain tomorrow).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":525,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":330},{"id":"p-mitai-na","romaji":"... mitai na","polite":null,"english":"like, ...; something like ... (trailing hedge)","use":"Ends a quote or rough idea to keep it vague or playful.","ja":"〜みたいな","kana":"〜みたいな","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsukarete, mou dou demo ii, mitai na.","ja":"疲れて、もうどうでもいい、みたいな。","english":"I was so tired, like, I just didn't care anymore."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Before a noun it means 'like, similar to': neko mitai na hito (a cat-like person).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2910,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":331},{"id":"p-ni-niteru","romaji":"... ni niteru","polite":"... ni nite imasu","english":"it's like ...; it looks like ...; it's similar to ...","use":"Compares looks, taste or style; for family it means 'takes after': haha ni niteru.","ja":"〜に似てる","kana":"〜ににてる","politeJa":"〜に似ています","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare, ano haiyuu ni niteru to omowanai?","ja":"彼、あの俳優に似てると思わない？","english":"Don't you think he looks like that actor?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono ryouri, tai ryouri ni nite imasu ne.","ja":"この料理、タイ料理に似ていますね。","english":"This dish is a lot like Thai food."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Use niteru (nite iru), not plain niru, to say two things look alike.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":185,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":332}],"stage":2,"range":"330-332","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-12","label":"Weighing their point","rationale":"Acknowledge someone's view before adding your own.","interference":"iitai koto wa wakaru signals a 'but' is coming, not full agreement.","items":[{"id":"p-iitai-koto-wa-wakaru","romaji":"iitai koto wa wakaru","polite":"iitai koto wa wakarimasu","english":"I see what you're getting at (but ...); I get your point","use":"Acknowledges someone's point before disagreeing; a kedo usually follows.","ja":"言いたいことは分かる","kana":"いいたいことはわかる","politeJa":"言いたいことは分かります","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iitai koto wa wakaru kedo, chotto kibishii yo.","ja":"言いたいことは分かるけど、ちょっと厳しいよ。","english":"I get your point, but that's a bit harsh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iitai koto wa wakarimasu kedo, ima wa jikan ga nai n desu.","ja":"言いたいことは分かりますけど、今は時間がないんです。","english":"I see your point, but we just don't have time right now."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The wa means 'that much I get', so it rarely signals full agreement.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":23,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":333},{"id":"p-sou-iu-kangaekata-mo-aru-ne","romaji":"sou iu kangaekata mo aru ne","polite":"sou iu kangaekata mo arimasu ne","english":"that's one way to look at it; fair point","use":"Accepts another view as valid without fully agreeing; useful to cool a debate.","ja":"そういう考え方もあるね","kana":"そういうかんがえかたもあるね","politeJa":"そういう考え方もありますね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"naruhodo ne. sou iu kangaekata mo aru ne.","ja":"なるほどね。そういう考え方もあるね。","english":"I see. That's one way to look at it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"naruhodo, sou iu kangaekata mo arimasu ne.","ja":"なるほど、そういう考え方もありますね。","english":"I see, that's one way to look at it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The mo (also) keeps your own view standing; a flat tone can sound dismissive.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":334},{"id":"p-kangaeta-koto-nakatta","romaji":"kangaeta koto nakatta","polite":"kangaeta koto nakatta desu","english":"I'd never thought about that; that never occurred to me","use":"Reacts with real surprise to a new angle or question, often after e or naruhodo.","ja":"考えたことなかった","kana":"かんがえたことなかった","politeJa":"考えたことなかったです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, sou ka. sonna no kangaeta koto nakatta.","ja":"え、そうか。そんなの考えたことなかった。","english":"Oh, right. I'd never thought about that."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"naruhodo, sore wa kangaeta koto nakatta desu.","ja":"なるほど、それは考えたことなかったです。","english":"I see, I'd never thought of that."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-ta koto nai means 'have never ...': itta koto nai (I've never been).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":18,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":335},{"id":"p-sore-wa-sore-de-ii","romaji":"sore wa sore de ii","polite":"sore wa sore de ii desu ne","english":"that's good in its own way; that works too","use":"Accepts an outcome or idea that isn't what you planned but has its own appeal.","ja":"それはそれでいい","kana":"それはそれでいい","politeJa":"それはそれでいいですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ame de dekakerarenai kedo, sore wa sore de ii ka.","ja":"雨で出かけられないけど、それはそれでいいか。","english":"We can't go out in the rain, but that's fine in its own way."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shizuka na kurisumasu mo, sore wa sore de ii desu ne.","ja":"静かなクリスマスも、それはそれでいいですね。","english":"A quiet Christmas is nice in its own way."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sore wa sore de alone means 'in its own way': sore wa sore de taihen (that's tough in its own way).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":41,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":336}],"stage":2,"range":"333-336","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-13","label":"Impressions and stereotypes","rationale":"Share an impression or doubt while flagging it may be unfair.","interference":"imeeji means impression, not picture.","items":[{"id":"p-tte-imeeji-ga-aru","romaji":"... tte imeeji ga aru","polite":"... to iu imeeji ga arimasu","english":"I picture it as ...; my impression is ...","use":"Shares your general picture of a place, group or thing, often inviting the other person to confirm or correct it.","ja":"〜ってイメージがある","kana":"〜ってイメージがある","politeJa":"〜というイメージがあります","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"igirisu tte, itsumo ame futteru tte imeeji ga aru.","ja":"イギリスって、いつも雨降ってるってイメージがある。","english":"I picture Britain as always rainy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"igirisu wa itsumo ame to iu imeeji ga arimasu.","ja":"イギリスはいつも雨というイメージがあります。","english":"My image of Britain is that it's always raining."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Imeeji means 'impression, mental picture', not a photo.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":337},{"id":"p-imeeji-to-chigau","romaji":"imeeji to chigau","polite":"imeeji to chigaimasu","english":"it's not what I imagined; not what I expected","use":"Said when a place, person or product turns out different from your picture of it, good or bad.","ja":"イメージと違う","kana":"イメージとちがう","politeJa":"イメージと違います","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon no fuyu, kekkou samui ne. imeeji to chigau.","ja":"日本の冬、結構寒いね。イメージと違う。","english":"Japanese winters are pretty cold. Not what I imagined."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jissai ni kite mitara, imeeji to chigaimashita.","ja":"実際に来てみたら、イメージと違いました。","english":"Once I actually came, it wasn't what I'd imagined."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Omotteta to chigau (not what I thought) means the same.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":338},{"id":"p-tte-iu-hito-mo-iru-kedo","romaji":"... tte iu hito mo iru kedo","polite":"... to iu hito mo imasu kedo","english":"some people say ..., but","use":"Brings up another view so you can disagree with it without owning it.","ja":"〜って言う人もいるけど","kana":"〜っていうひともいるけど","politeJa":"〜と言う人もいますけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"takai tte iu hito mo iru kedo, watashi wa yasui to omou.","ja":"高いって言う人もいるけど、私は安いと思う。","english":"Some say it's pricey, but I think it's cheap."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"fuben da to iu hito mo imasu kedo, watashi wa suki desu.","ja":"不便だと言う人もいますけど、私は好きです。","english":"Some people say it's inconvenient, but I like it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tte is the casual form of the quoting to.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":339},{"id":"p-wa-dou-ka-to-omou","romaji":"... wa dou ka to omou","polite":"... wa dou ka to omoimasu","english":"I'm not so sure about ...; I have my doubts about ...","use":"Indirect criticism of a choice or behaviour; it sounds mild but clearly means you disapprove.","ja":"〜はどうかと思う","kana":"〜はどうかとおもう","politeJa":"〜はどうかと思います","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaigi de sore iu no wa, dou ka to omou yo.","ja":"会議でそれ言うのは、どうかと思うよ。","english":"I'm not sure saying that in a meeting is a good idea."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono iikata wa, chotto dou ka to omoimasu.","ja":"その言い方は、ちょっとどうかと思います。","english":"I have my doubts about putting it that way."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Not a question despite dou ka; chotto before it softens it further.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":12,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":340},{"id":"p-henken-kamo-shirenai-kedo","romaji":"henken kamo shirenai kedo","polite":"henken kamo shiremasen kedo","english":"this might be a stereotype, but ...; maybe I'm biased, but ...","use":"Softens a generalisation about a group or place before you say it.","ja":"偏見かもしれないけど","kana":"へんけんかもしれないけど","politeJa":"偏見かもしれませんけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"henken kamo shirenai kedo, oosaka no hito tte omoshiroi yo ne.","ja":"偏見かもしれないけど、大阪の人って面白いよね。","english":"Maybe it's a stereotype, but people from Osaka are funny, right?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"henken kamo shiremasen kedo, toukyou no hito wa aruku no ga hayai desu ne.","ja":"偏見かもしれませんけど、東京の人は歩くのが速いですね。","english":"Maybe it's a stereotype, but people in Tokyo walk fast."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Henken means 'prejudice'; kamo shirenai (might be) is often shortened to kamo.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":341}],"stage":2,"range":"337-341","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-opine-14","label":"Shrugging it off","rationale":"Let a point go or play something down.","interference":"saa can mean 'who knows' or 'come on, let's go'.","items":[{"id":"p-maa-ii-ka","romaji":"maa ii ka","polite":null,"english":"oh well; never mind","use":"Self-talk as you decide to let something go.","ja":"まあいいか","kana":"まあいいか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"densha itchatta. maa ii ka, tsugi matou.","ja":"電車行っちゃった。まあいいか、次待とう。","english":"Missed the train. Oh well, I'll wait for the next one."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":32118,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":28,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":342},{"id":"p-taishita-koto-nai","romaji":"taishita koto nai","polite":"taishita koto arimasen","english":"it's no big deal; nothing serious","use":"Plays down a problem, an injury, or praise.","ja":"大したことない","kana":"たいしたことない","politeJa":"大したことありません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kega? taishita koto nai yo.","ja":"けが？大したことないよ。","english":"The injury? It's nothing serious."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"taishita koto arimasen yo. daijoubu desu.","ja":"大したことありませんよ。大丈夫です。","english":"It's nothing serious. I'm fine."},"freqRank":3108,"score":4,"notes":"About someone else's work it's a put-down: 'not that impressive'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":95,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":343},{"id":"p-sou-iu-mon","romaji":"sou iu mon","polite":"sou iu mono desu","english":"that's just how it is","use":"Accept or explain something you can't change, often as sou iu mon da yo.","ja":"そういうもん","kana":"そういうもん","politeJa":"そういうものです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigoto nante, sou iu mon da yo.","ja":"仕事なんて、そういうもんだよ。","english":"That's just how work is."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigoto wa, sou iu mono desu yo.","ja":"仕事は、そういうものですよ。","english":"That's just how work is."},"freqRank":3543,"score":4,"notes":"mon is a casual squeeze of mono (thing).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":34,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":344},{"id":"p-saa","romaji":"saa","polite":null,"english":"well, who knows; come on, let's go","use":"With a shrug it dodges a question you can't answer; said briskly it gets people moving.","ja":"さあ","kana":"さあ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saa, doko itta n darou. shiranai.","ja":"さあ、どこ行ったんだろう。知らない。","english":"Who knows where he went. No idea."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saa, chotto wakarimasen ne.","ja":"さあ、ちょっとわかりませんね。","english":"Hmm, I'm not really sure."},"freqRank":263,"score":4,"notes":"A bare saa can sound dismissive; add chotto wakaranai to soften it.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":null,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":345}],"stage":2,"range":"342-345","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-catchup-8","label":"Days off and plans","rationale":"Ask about days off and say you've got nothing on.","interference":"yotei (plans) vs yoyaku (booking).","items":[{"id":"p-toku-ni-yotei-nai","romaji":"toku ni yotei nai","polite":"toku ni yotei wa nai desu","english":"no plans, really","use":"Answering 'doing anything this weekend?'; it also hints you're free to meet.","ja":"特に予定ない","kana":"とくによていない","politeJa":"特に予定はないです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shuumatsu? toku ni yotei nai yo. nande?","ja":"週末？特に予定ないよ。なんで？","english":"This weekend? No plans, really. Why?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shuumatsu desu ka? toku ni yotei wa nai desu kedo.","ja":"週末ですか？特に予定はないですけど。","english":"This weekend? I don't have any plans, no."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yotei aru? is the question that usually comes right before an invitation.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":346},{"id":"p-kyou-wa-yasumi","romaji":"kyou wa yasumi?","polite":"kyou wa oyasumi desu ka?","english":"are you off today?; is it your day off?","use":"Asked when you bump into someone at a time they'd usually be working.","ja":"今日は休み？","kana":"きょうはやすみ？","politeJa":"今日はお休みですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"are, kyou wa yasumi? shigoto ja nai no?","ja":"あれ、今日は休み？仕事じゃないの？","english":"Oh, are you off today? No work?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa oyasumi desu ka? ii desu ne.","ja":"今日はお休みですか？いいですね。","english":"Are you off today? Nice."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"About a shop, the same words ask whether it's closed today.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":27,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":347},{"id":"p-yasumi-no-hi-wa-nani-shiteru","romaji":"yasumi no hi wa nani shiteru?","polite":"oyasumi no hi wa nani o shite imasu ka?","english":"what do you do on your days off?","use":"The usual getting-to-know-you way to ask about hobbies without saying 'hobby'.","ja":"休みの日は何してる？","kana":"やすみのひはなにしてる？","politeJa":"お休みの日は何をしていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yasumi no hi wa nani shiteru? yoku dekakeru?","ja":"休みの日は何してる？よく出かける？","english":"What do you do on your days off? Go out much?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oyasumi no hi wa nani o shite imasu ka?","ja":"お休みの日は何をしていますか？","english":"What do you do on your days off?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shumi wa nan desu ka? asks the same but sounds stiffer, like an interview.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":348},{"id":"p-hayaku-shuumatsu-ni-naranai-kana","romaji":"hayaku shuumatsu ni naranai kana","polite":null,"english":"can't wait for the weekend","use":"A half-joking mid-week grumble to friends or coworkers, or to yourself.","ja":"早く週末にならないかな","kana":"はやくしゅうまつにならないかな","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mada suiyoubi ka. hayaku shuumatsu ni naranai kana.","ja":"まだ水曜日か。早く週末にならないかな。","english":"Only Wednesday? I can't wait for the weekend."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Works for any day or event: hayaku natsuyasumi ni naranai kana.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":349}],"stage":2,"range":"346-349","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-9","label":"Seeing someone again","rationale":"Greet a friend you haven't seen in a long time.","interference":"nannenburi (how many years) vs hisashiburi (long time no see).","items":[{"id":"p-genkisou-da-ne","romaji":"genkisou da ne","polite":"ogenkisou desu ne","english":"you look well; you seem good","use":"Said on meeting someone after a while; reply un, genki da yo, or okagesama de in polite talk.","ja":"元気そうだね","kana":"げんきそうだね","politeJa":"お元気そうですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hisashiburi! sugoku genkisou da ne.","ja":"久しぶり！すごく元気そうだね。","english":"Long time no see! You look great."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. ogenkisou desu ne.","ja":"お久しぶりです。お元気そうですね。","english":"It's been a while. You look well."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-sou means 'looks like': tanoshisou (looks fun), oishisou (looks tasty).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":255,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":350},{"id":"p-kawatte-nai-ne","romaji":"kawatte nai ne","polite":"kawatte imasen ne","english":"you haven't changed","use":"Said at a reunion, usually as a warm compliment; also about a place.","ja":"変わってないね","kana":"かわってないね","politeJa":"変わっていませんね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uwa, zenzen kawatte nai ne!","ja":"うわ、全然変わってないね！","english":"Wow, you haven't changed at all!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sensei, zenzen kawatte imasen ne!","ja":"先生、全然変わっていませんね！","english":"You haven't changed at all, sensei!"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Can also tease: still the same old you.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":28,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":351},{"id":"p-nannenburi","romaji":"nannenburi?","polite":"nannenburi desu ka?","english":"how many years has it been?","use":"Said with surprise when meeting someone after years; answer with a guess like gonenburi kana.","ja":"何年ぶり？","kana":"なんねんぶり？","politeJa":"何年ぶりですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uwa, hisashiburi! nannenburi? gonen kurai?","ja":"うわ、久しぶり！何年ぶり？五年くらい？","english":"Wow, long time! How long has it been? Five years?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sotsugyou irai desu ne. nannenburi deshou.","ja":"卒業以来ですね。何年ぶりでしょう。","english":"Not since graduation, right? How many years has it been?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-buri marks the time since last: mikkaburi (first time in three days), hisashiburi (in ages).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":352}],"stage":2,"range":"350-352","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-10","label":"Asking about their people","rationale":"Ask after someone's family, partner or a mutual friend.","interference":"dou shiteru (how are they doing) vs dou shita (what happened).","items":[{"id":"p-kazoku-wa-genki","romaji":"kazoku wa genki?","polite":"gokazoku wa ogenki desu ka?","english":"how's your family?","use":"Asked of a friend you haven't seen for a while; answer un, minna genki da yo (yeah, everyone's well).","ja":"家族は元気？","kana":"かぞくはげんき？","politeJa":"ご家族はお元気ですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou ieba, kazoku wa genki? okaasan mo?","ja":"そういえば、家族は元気？お母さんも？","english":"By the way, how's your family? Your mum too?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou ieba, gokazoku wa ogenki desu ka?","ja":"そういえば、ご家族はお元気ですか？","english":"By the way, how is your family?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The polite form honours their family with go- and o-; never use those for your own family.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":353},{"id":"p-dou-shiteru","romaji":"dou shiteru","polite":"dou shite imasu ka","english":"how are they doing?; what are you up to these days?","use":"Asks about someone's life now, often about a person who isn't there.","ja":"どうしてる","kana":"どうしてる","politeJa":"どうしていますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sotsugyou shite kara, minna dou shiteru?","ja":"卒業してから、みんなどうしてる？","english":"How's everyone been since graduation?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sotsugyou shite kara, minasan dou shite imasu ka?","ja":"卒業してから、皆さんどうしていますか？","english":"How is everyone doing since graduation?"},"freqRank":2521,"score":3,"notes":"Often with kana: ima dou shiteru kana (I wonder how they're doing).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":292,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":354},{"id":"p-ii-hito-iru","romaji":"ii hito iru?","polite":null,"english":"seeing anyone?; anyone special?","use":"A personal question, often from relatives or older friends, about whether you have a partner.","ja":"いい人いる？","kana":"いいひといる？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"saikin dou? dareka ii hito iru?","ja":"最近どう？誰かいい人いる？","english":"How are things? Seeing anyone?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ii hito also just means 'a nice person', as in ii hito da ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":355}],"stage":2,"range":"353-355","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-11","label":"Casual check-in texts","rationale":"Send or answer the light check-ins friends drop by message.","interference":"gohan tabeta? is a caring check-in, not an invitation to eat.","items":[{"id":"p-ima-nani-shiteru","romaji":"ima nani shiteru?","polite":null,"english":"what are you up to?; what are you doing now?","use":"An opening text or call to a friend or partner, often before inviting them out.","ja":"今何してる？","kana":"いまなにしてる","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima nani shiteru? hima nara gohan ikanai?","ja":"今何してる？暇ならご飯行かない？","english":"What are you up to? If you're free, want to grab food?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"A common answer is betsu ni or nani mo shitenai (nothing much).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":356},{"id":"p-gohan-tabeta","romaji":"gohan tabeta?","polite":"gohan tabemashita ka?","english":"have you eaten?","use":"A caring check-in from family or close friends, often leading to an invitation to eat.","ja":"ご飯食べた？","kana":"ごはんたべた？","politeJa":"ご飯食べましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gohan tabeta? mada nara issho ni tabeyou.","ja":"ご飯食べた？まだなら一緒に食べよう。","english":"Have you eaten? If not, let's eat together."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gohan tabemashita ka? mada nara issho ni dou desu ka?","ja":"ご飯食べましたか？まだなら一緒にどうですか？","english":"Have you eaten? If not, would you like to join me?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Answer mada ('not yet') or mou tabeta ('already ate'). Gohan here means any meal, not just rice.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":357},{"id":"p-chanto-tabeteru","romaji":"chanto tabeteru?","polite":null,"english":"are you eating properly?","use":"A parent's or close friend's worry when you seem thin, busy or are living alone.","ja":"ちゃんと食べてる？","kana":"ちゃんとたべてる？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaze hiite nai? chanto tabeteru?","ja":"風邪ひいてない？ちゃんと食べてる？","english":"You're not sick, are you? Eating properly?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Chanto means 'properly, as you should': chanto nete ne, 'get proper sleep'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":6,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":358}],"stage":2,"range":"356-358","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-12","label":"Noticing changes","rationale":"Comment on a new haircut or look, or on your own weight.","interference":"kitta (cut) vs kita (came, wore).","items":[{"id":"p-kami-kitta","romaji":"kami kitta?","polite":"kami kirimashita ka?","english":"did you get a haircut?","use":"A friendly remark when you notice a new haircut, usually followed by a compliment.","ja":"髪切った？","kana":"かみきった？","politeJa":"髪切りましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"are, kami kitta? niau ne!","ja":"あれ、髪切った？似合うね！","english":"Oh, did you get a haircut? It suits you!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"are, kami kirimashita ka? niaimasu ne.","ja":"あれ、髪切りましたか？似合いますね。","english":"Oh, did you get your hair cut? It looks good."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kiru covers a salon cut too; there's no separate 'have it cut' form.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":6,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":359},{"id":"p-funiki-kawatta-ne","romaji":"fun'iki kawatta ne","polite":"fun'iki kawarimashita ne","english":"you look different; you seem different","use":"Said when someone's look or vibe has changed since you last met.","ja":"雰囲気変わったね","kana":"ふんいきかわったね","politeJa":"雰囲気変わりましたね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hisashiburi! nanka fun'iki kawatta ne.","ja":"久しぶり！なんか雰囲気変わったね。","english":"Long time no see! You look different somehow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohisashiburi desu. fun'iki kawarimashita ne.","ja":"お久しぶりです。雰囲気変わりましたね。","english":"It's been a while. You look different."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Usually meant kindly; add ii ne to make it a clear compliment.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":360},{"id":"p-yaseta","romaji":"yaseta?","polite":"yasemashita ka?","english":"have you lost weight?","use":"A common compliment between friends after time apart; reply e, hontou? or sukoshi ne (a little).","ja":"痩せた？","kana":"やせた？","politeJa":"痩せましたか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"are, yaseta? nanka sukkiri shita ne.","ja":"あれ、痩せた？なんかすっきりしたね。","english":"Oh, have you lost weight? You look trimmer."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"are, yasemashita ka? sukkiri shimashita ne.","ja":"あれ、痩せましたか？すっきりしましたね。","english":"Oh, have you lost weight? You look trimmer."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yaseta is the change; yaseteru (slim) describes a body type.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":64,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":361},{"id":"p-saikin-chotto-futotchatta","romaji":"saikin chotto futotchatta","polite":"saikin chotto futotte shimaimashita","english":"I've put on a bit of weight lately","use":"Self-deprecating small talk about yourself; don't ask futotta? of others, it's rude.","ja":"最近ちょっと太っちゃった","kana":"さいきんちょっとふとっちゃった","politeJa":"最近ちょっと太ってしまいました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shougatsu tabesugite, saikin chotto futotchatta.","ja":"正月食べすぎて、最近ちょっと太っちゃった。","english":"I ate too much over New Year, so I've put on a bit of weight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shougatsu ni tabesugite, chotto futotte shimaimashita.","ja":"正月に食べすぎて、ちょっと太ってしまいました。","english":"I ate too much over New Year and put on a bit of weight."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"-chatta (from -te shimatta) adds an 'oops, it happened' feel.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":167,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":362}],"stage":2,"range":"359-362","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-catchup-13","label":"Time flies","rationale":"Remark on how fast the year goes and ask about holiday plans.","interference":"kaeru (go home) sounds the same as kaeru (change).","items":[{"id":"p-jikan-tatsu-no-hayai-ne","romaji":"jikan tatsu no hayai ne","polite":"jikan ga tatsu no wa hayai desu ne","english":"time flies, huh","use":"Said when you notice how long it's been, like meeting an old friend or seeing a child grown up.","ja":"時間経つの早いね","kana":"じかんたつのはやいね","politeJa":"時間が経つのは早いですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou ichinen? jikan tatsu no hayai ne.","ja":"もう一年？時間経つの早いね。","english":"A year already? Time flies, huh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou ichinen desu ka. jikan ga tatsu no wa hayai desu ne.","ja":"もう一年ですか。時間が経つのは早いですね。","english":"A year already. Time really flies."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tatsu here is 'pass' (time), a different word from tatsu 'stand' with the same sound.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":363},{"id":"p-kotoshi-mo-ato-sukoshi-da-ne","romaji":"kotoshi mo ato sukoshi da ne","polite":"kotoshi mo ato sukoshi desu ne","english":"the year's almost over, huh","use":"Standard December small talk at work, in shops and with neighbours.","ja":"今年もあと少しだね","kana":"ことしもあとすこしだね","politeJa":"今年もあと少しですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kotoshi mo ato sukoshi da ne. hayakatta naa.","ja":"今年もあと少しだね。早かったなあ。","english":"The year's almost over. That went fast."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kotoshi mo ato sukoshi desu ne.","ja":"今年もあと少しですね。","english":"The year's nearly over, isn't it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often paired with yoi otoshi o, 'have a good new year', said before the year ends.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":364},{"id":"p-oshougatsu-wa-kaeru-no","romaji":"oshougatsu wa kaeru no?","polite":"oshougatsu wa kaerimasu ka?","english":"going home for New Year?","use":"Asked in December, since many people go back to their parents' home for the New Year holidays.","ja":"お正月は帰るの？","kana":"おしょうがつはかえるの？","politeJa":"お正月は帰りますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oshougatsu wa kaeru no? jikka doko dakke?","ja":"お正月は帰るの？実家どこだっけ？","english":"Going home for New Year? Where's your family from again?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oshougatsu wa jikka ni kaerimasu ka?","ja":"お正月は実家に帰りますか？","english":"Are you going back to your family home for New Year?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kaeru here means going back to your hometown; jikka is your parents' home.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":365}],"stage":2,"range":"363-365","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-react-7","label":"No way unbelievable","rationale":"Reacts strongly to something shocking or outrageous.","interference":"iya iya also brushes off compliments; arienai can mean outrageous, not just surprising.","items":[{"id":"p-arienai","romaji":"arienai","polite":"arienai desu","english":"no way; that's impossible; that's outrageous","use":"Reacts to something hard to believe or hard to accept.","ja":"ありえない","kana":"ありえない","politeJa":"ありえないです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyuuryou ga sagaru no? arienai!","ja":"給料が下がるの？ありえない！","english":"Our pay's going down? That's outrageous!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyuuryou ga sagaru n desu ka? arienai desu.","ja":"給料が下がるんですか？ありえないです。","english":"Our pay's going down? That's unbelievable."},"freqRank":2915,"score":4,"notes":"Young people also use it as praise: arienai kurai oishii (unbelievably good).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":558,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":366},{"id":"p-iya-iya","romaji":"iya iya","polite":null,"english":"no, no; not at all; oh, come on","use":"Modest denial when you're praised or thanked; also brushes off a silly idea.","ja":"いやいや","kana":"いやいや","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iya iya, sonna koto nai yo.","ja":"いやいや、そんなことないよ。","english":"No, no, not at all."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iya iya, sonna koto nai desu yo.","ja":"いやいや、そんなことないですよ。","english":"Oh no, not at all."},"freqRank":331,"score":4,"notes":"In polite talk, ie ie is a softer choice.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":617,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":367},{"id":"p-shinjirarenai","romaji":"shinjirarenai","polite":"shinjiraremasen","english":"unbelievable; I can't believe it","use":"For shocking news, good or bad.","ja":"信じられない","kana":"しんじられない","politeJa":"信じられません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uso, shinjirarenai! takarakuji atatta no?","ja":"うそ、信じられない！宝くじ当たったの？","english":"No way, I can't believe it! You won the lottery?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shinjiraremasen. takarakuji ga atatta n desu ka?","ja":"信じられません。宝くじが当たったんですか？","english":"I can't believe it. You won the lottery?"},"freqRank":1586,"score":4,"notes":"Said with a frown it scolds, like 'how could you?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1800,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":368},{"id":"p-uso-mitai","romaji":"uso mitai","polite":"uso mitai desu","english":"it's unreal; I can hardly believe it","use":"Said about something too good or too strange to believe, like happy news or a stunning view.","ja":"嘘みたい","kana":"うそみたい","politeJa":"嘘みたいです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"goukaku shita nante, uso mitai.","ja":"合格したなんて、嘘みたい。","english":"I can't believe I actually passed."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goukaku shita nante, uso mitai desu.","ja":"合格したなんて、嘘みたいです。","english":"I can hardly believe I passed."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"It doesn't accuse anyone of lying; uso! alone is the everyday 'no way!'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":4,"n":369}],"stage":2,"range":"366-369","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-8","label":"What you're kidding","rationale":"Challenges something odd or cheeky someone just said.","interference":"nani sore can sound scornful; uso tsuke is playful only with close friends.","items":[{"id":"p-nani-sore","romaji":"nani sore","polite":"sore, nan desu ka","english":"what's that?!; what's that supposed to mean","use":"Reacts to something surprising the other person shows or says; your tone shows if you're curious or annoyed.","ja":"何それ","kana":"なにそれ","politeJa":"それ、何ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nani sore, kawaii! doko de katta no?","ja":"何それ、かわいい！どこで買ったの？","english":"What's that? So cute! Where'd you buy it?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore, nan desu ka? kawaii desu ne.","ja":"それ、何ですか？かわいいですね。","english":"What's that? It's cute."},"freqRank":1677,"score":4,"notes":"Said flatly, it means 'that's ridiculous'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":202,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":370},{"id":"p-maji-de-itteru","romaji":"maji de itteru?","polite":null,"english":"are you serious?; you're not joking?","use":"Reacting to news so surprising you suspect a joke; among friends only.","ja":"マジで言ってる？","kana":"まじでいってる？","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaisha yameru no? maji de itteru?","ja":"会社辞めるの？マジで言ってる？","english":"You're quitting your job? Are you serious?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shorter: maji de? or just maji? Politely, say hontou desu ka?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":72,"cv":4,"n":371},{"id":"p-uso-tsuke","romaji":"uso tsuke","polite":null,"english":"yeah, right; liar!","use":"Playfully calling out an obvious fib or brag among close friends.","ja":"嘘つけ","kana":"うそつけ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa nomanai? uso tsuke.","ja":"今日は飲まない？嘘つけ。","english":"You're not drinking today? Yeah, right."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":10522,"score":4,"notes":"It's a command form, so it can sound harsh to people you don't know well. Uso tsuki is the noun 'liar'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":45,"cv":4,"n":372},{"id":"p-nan-datte","romaji":"nan datte","polite":null,"english":"what?!; what did you say?","use":"Shocked reaction to news; with a sharp tone it challenges what someone just said.","ja":"なんだって","kana":"なんだって","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nan datte? kekkon suru no?","ja":"なんだって？結婚するの？","english":"What?! You're getting married?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1022,"score":3,"notes":"Asked calmly, it asks what someone else said: sensei, nan datte? (what did the teacher say?)","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":677,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":373}],"stage":2,"range":"370-373","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-9","label":"Wow and whoa","rationale":"Gives a quick gut reaction to something you see or hear.","interference":"uwa can be delight or disgust; ara sounds older or feminine.","items":[{"id":"p-waa","romaji":"waa","polite":null,"english":"wow!; whoa!","use":"Surprise or delight at something you see, like a view, a gift or food arriving.","ja":"わあ","kana":"わあ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"waa, kirei! mite, umi ga mieru yo.","ja":"わあ、きれい！見て、海が見えるよ。","english":"Wow, beautiful! Look, you can see the sea."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"waa, kirei desu ne! umi ga miemasu yo.","ja":"わあ、きれいですね！海が見えますよ。","english":"Wow, how beautiful! You can see the sea."},"freqRank":778,"score":4,"notes":"uwa! leans toward shock or disgust; waa is usually pleasant.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":null,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":374},{"id":"p-uwa","romaji":"uwa!","polite":null,"english":"whoa!; ugh!","use":"Shock or amazement; with a grimace it means disgust.","ja":"うわっ","kana":"うわっ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uwa, kyou hito ga ooi na!","ja":"うわっ、今日人が多いな！","english":"Whoa, it's so crowded today!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"uwa, kyou wa hito ga ooi desu ne.","ja":"うわっ、今日は人が多いですね。","english":"Wow, it's really crowded today."},"freqRank":541,"score":4,"notes":"Drawn out, uwaa is awe: uwaa, kirei (wow, beautiful).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":256,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":375},{"id":"p-iyaa","romaji":"iyaa","polite":null,"english":"man...; wow; well...","use":"Opens a comment with feeling; also a bashful start to answering praise.","ja":"いやー","kana":"いやー","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iyaa, kyou wa atsui ne.","ja":"いやー、今日は暑いね。","english":"Man, it's hot today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iyaa, kyou wa atsui desu ne.","ja":"いやー、今日は暑いですね。","english":"My, it's hot today."},"freqRank":657,"score":4,"notes":"Not 'no': short iya means no, drawn-out iyaa is a filler.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":114,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":376},{"id":"p-o","romaji":"o!","polite":null,"english":"oh!; hey!","use":"A light 'oh' when you notice something good or see someone arrive.","ja":"おっ","kana":"おっ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"o! ii no aru jan.","ja":"おっ！いいのあるじゃん。","english":"Oh! There's a good one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"o, ii no ga arimasu ne.","ja":"おっ、いいのがありますね。","english":"Oh, there's a nice one."},"freqRank":485,"score":4,"notes":"a! is for sudden realization or alarm; o! is for pleasant noticing.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":null,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":377},{"id":"p-ara","romaji":"ara","polite":null,"english":"oh!; oh my","use":"Mild surprise, typically from women, like running into someone you know.","ja":"あら","kana":"あら","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["fem"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ara, hisashiburi ne. genki?","ja":"あら、久しぶりね。元気？","english":"Oh, long time no see. How are you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ara, ohisashiburi desu ne.","ja":"あら、お久しぶりですね。","english":"Oh, it's been a long time."},"freqRank":575,"score":3,"notes":"Men rarely say it; are? is the neutral 'huh?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":378}],"stage":2,"range":"374-378","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-10","label":"Well done never mind","rationale":"Responds to how someone did, whether they nailed it or missed.","interference":"yatta ne is 'you did it', yatta is 'I did it'; yoku yatta can sound top-down.","items":[{"id":"p-yaru-jan","romaji":"yaru jan","polite":null,"english":"not bad!; nice going","use":"Casual, slightly teasing praise when a friend does better than expected.","ja":"やるじゃん","kana":"やるじゃん","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zenbu seikai? yaru jan!","ja":"全部正解？やるじゃん！","english":"All correct? Nice going!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":7260,"score":4,"notes":"It implies surprise, so don't say it to a superior; politely, say sugoi desu ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":13,"cv":4,"n":379},{"id":"p-yatta-ne","romaji":"yatta ne","polite":"yarimashita ne","english":"you did it!; way to go","use":"Congratulates a friend on a success; yatta alone is your own win.","ja":"やったね","kana":"やったね","politeJa":"やりましたね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"goukaku shita no? yatta ne!","ja":"合格したの？やったね！","english":"You passed? You did it!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goukaku shita n desu ka? yarimashita ne!","ja":"合格したんですか？やりましたね！","english":"You passed? That's great!"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":138,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":380},{"id":"p-donmai","romaji":"donmai","polite":null,"english":"never mind; don't sweat it","use":"Comforting someone right after a small slip, especially in sports or games.","ja":"ドンマイ","kana":"どんまい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"donmai! tsugi wa ganbarou yo.","ja":"ドンマイ！次は頑張ろうよ。","english":"Don't worry about it! We'll get it next time."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":9226,"score":4,"notes":"From English 'don't mind', but only used this way; for bigger worries say ki ni shinaide.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"n":381},{"id":"p-yoku-yatta","romaji":"yoku yatta","polite":"yoku yarimashita","english":"well done; good job","use":"Praise from a parent, coach, or boss to someone below them.","ja":"よくやった","kana":"よくやった","politeJa":"よくやりました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoku yatta! zenbu hitori de yatta no?","ja":"よくやった！全部一人でやったの？","english":"Well done! You did it all by yourself?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoku yarimashita ne. taihen datta deshou.","ja":"よくやりましたね。大変だったでしょう。","english":"Well done. That must have been tough."},"freqRank":2509,"score":3,"notes":"It talks down, so don't say it to a boss; use otsukaresama deshita instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":956,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":382},{"id":"p-atari","romaji":"atari!","polite":"atari desu","english":"bingo!; you got it","use":"Said when someone guesses right; also heard at prize draws and on winning tickets.","ja":"当たり！","kana":"あたり！","politeJa":"当たりです","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou, atari! yoku wakatta ne.","ja":"そう、当たり！よくわかったね。","english":"Yep, you got it! How did you guess?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hai, atari desu. yoku wakarimashita ne.","ja":"はい、当たりです。よくわかりましたね。","english":"Yes, that's right. Well guessed."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The opposite is hazure: 'wrong guess' or 'a dud'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":22,"cv":4,"n":383}],"stage":2,"range":"379-383","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-11","label":"Yes I did it","rationale":"Celebrates your own win or a bit of luck.","interference":"yossha sounds masculine; dekita also means 'it's ready'.","items":[{"id":"p-yatta","romaji":"yatta","polite":null,"english":"yay; yes, I did it","use":"Shouted when something good happens to you or you pull something off.","ja":"やった","kana":"やった","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yatta! shiken ni ukatta yo!","ja":"やった！試験に受かったよ！","english":"Yes! I passed the exam!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yatta! shiken ni ukarimashita!","ja":"やった！試験に受かりました！","english":"Yes! I passed the exam!"},"freqRank":931,"score":4,"notes":"It's the past of yaru (do), but as a shout it just means joy. To cheer someone else, say yatta ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8496,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":384},{"id":"p-yossha","romaji":"yossha","polite":null,"english":"yes!; all right!","use":"A punchy shout when you win or something goes your way, like a fist pump.","ja":"よっしゃ","kana":"よっしゃ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yossha, kore de owari da!","ja":"よっしゃ、これで終わりだ！","english":"All right, that's it, done!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1717,"score":3,"notes":"Sounds a bit macho; yatta is the neutral choice.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":128,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":385},{"id":"p-rakkii","romaji":"rakkii","polite":null,"english":"lucky!; what luck","use":"Said when something goes your way by chance.","ja":"ラッキー","kana":"ラッキー","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"rakkii! saigo no hitotsu datta.","ja":"ラッキー！最後の一つだった。","english":"Lucky! It was the last one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"rakkii deshita. saigo no hitotsu deshita yo.","ja":"ラッキーでした。最後の一つでしたよ。","english":"I got lucky. It was the last one."},"freqRank":2636,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":379,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":386},{"id":"p-yoshi","romaji":"yoshi","polite":null,"english":"right; okay then; all right!","use":"Said to yourself before starting something, or when something turns out well.","ja":"よし","kana":"よし","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoshi, ja hajimeyou ka.","ja":"よし、じゃ始めようか。","english":"Right, let's get started."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoshi, sore dewa hajimemashou.","ja":"よし、それでは始めましょう。","english":"Right, let's begin then."},"freqRank":180,"score":4,"notes":"Doubled, yoshi yoshi soothes or praises a child or pet.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":null,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":387},{"id":"p-dekita","romaji":"dekita","polite":"dekimashita","english":"done; I did it; it's ready","use":"Said when you finish making or managing something, often while showing it.","ja":"できた","kana":"できた","politeJa":"できました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dekita! mite, kore jibun de tsukutta.","ja":"できた！見て、これ自分で作った。","english":"Done! Look, I made this myself."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dekimashita. mite kudasai, jibun de tsukurimashita.","ja":"できました。見てください、自分で作りました。","english":"Done. Have a look, I made it myself."},"freqRank":35484,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'it's ready' for food: gohan dekita yo (dinner's ready).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3334,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":388}],"stage":2,"range":"384-388","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-12","label":"Oh that's all","rationale":"Reacts when the story or news turns out smaller than expected.","interference":"naanda can be relief or letdown; haa? with a rising tone sounds rude.","items":[{"id":"p-naanda","romaji":"naanda","polite":null,"english":"oh, is that all?; oh, it's only that","use":"Said when something turns out less serious or exciting than you thought, in relief or disappointment.","ja":"なーんだ","kana":"なーんだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"naanda, sonna koto ka. shinpai shite sonshita.","ja":"なーんだ、そんなことか。心配して損した。","english":"Oh, is that all? I worried for nothing."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":6618,"score":4,"notes":"A short, rising nan da? means 'what is it?' when someone calls you.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":4,"n":389},{"id":"p-e-sore-dake","romaji":"e, sore dake?","polite":"e, sore dake desu ka?","english":"wait, that's it?; that's all?","use":"Said when something is smaller, shorter or less than you expected.","ja":"え、それだけ？","kana":"え、それだけ？","politeJa":"え、それだけですか？","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, sore dake? motto aru to omotta.","ja":"え、それだけ？もっとあると思った。","english":"Wait, that's it? I thought there'd be more."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, sore dake desu ka? motto aru to omoimashita.","ja":"え、それだけですか？もっとあると思いました。","english":"Oh, that's all? I thought there'd be more."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Without the surprised e, sore dake? can be a plain check: 'is that everything?'","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":268,"cv":4,"n":390},{"id":"p-haa","romaji":"haa","polite":null,"english":"huh?!; sigh; uh, okay","use":"Rising and sharp, it's an annoyed 'huh?!'; long and falling, it's a sigh.","ja":"はあ","kana":"はあ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"haa? nani itten no?","ja":"はあ？何言ってんの？","english":"Huh? What are you talking about?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":521,"score":3,"notes":"A flat haa to a request is a reluctant 'uh, okay'; the rising haa? is rude.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":391}],"stage":2,"range":"389-391","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-13","label":"Huh that's odd","rationale":"Voices puzzlement at something strange.","interference":"nani kore is about a thing in front of you, nani sore about what they said.","items":[{"id":"p-nani-kore","romaji":"nani kore","polite":"kore, nan desu ka","english":"what is this?!","use":"Reacts to something right in front of you, in surprise, delight, or disgust.","ja":"何これ","kana":"なにこれ","politeJa":"これ、何ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nani kore, sugoku oishii!","ja":"何これ、すごくおいしい！","english":"What is this? It's so good!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore, nan desu ka? sugoku oishii desu.","ja":"これ、何ですか？すごくおいしいです。","english":"What is this? It's really good."},"freqRank":1750,"score":4,"notes":"kore is near you; sore is near the other person.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":157,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":392},{"id":"p-sonna-koto-aru","romaji":"sonna koto aru?","polite":null,"english":"how is that even possible?","use":"Disbelief at an unlikely story or a run of bad luck; it isn't a real question.","ja":"そんなことある？","kana":"そんなことある？","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata densha tomatta no? sonna koto aru?","ja":"また電車止まったの？そんなことある？","english":"The train stopped again? How is that even possible?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Don't mix up with sonna koto nai yo, 'that's not true' or 'not at all'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"n":393},{"id":"p-okashii-na","romaji":"okashii na","polite":"okashii desu ne","english":"that's strange; something's not right","use":"Puzzled self-talk when something isn't where or how it should be.","ja":"おかしいな","kana":"おかしいな","politeJa":"おかしいですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okashii na, koko ni oita no ni.","ja":"おかしいな、ここに置いたのに。","english":"That's strange, I put it right here."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okashii desu ne, koko ni oita n desu ga.","ja":"おかしいですね、ここに置いたんですが。","english":"That's odd, I put it right here."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"okashii also means funny: okashii hanashi (a funny story).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":95,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":394}],"stage":2,"range":"392-394","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-14","label":"Oops oh no","rationale":"Reacts to small mistakes and mishaps.","interference":"shimatta is your own slip; arara reacts to anyone's small mishap.","items":[{"id":"p-shimatta","romaji":"shimatta","polite":null,"english":"oh no; damn (my mistake)","use":"Said when you realize you've made a mistake or forgotten something.","ja":"しまった","kana":"しまった","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shimatta, saifu ie ni wasureta.","ja":"しまった、財布家に忘れた。","english":"Oh no, I left my wallet at home."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, shimatta. saifu o ie ni wasuremashita.","ja":"あ、しまった。財布を家に忘れました。","english":"Oh no. I left my wallet at home."},"freqRank":3395,"score":4,"notes":"For your own slip-ups; yabai is the more casual everyday version.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3022,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":395},{"id":"p-arara","romaji":"arara","polite":null,"english":"oh dear; oops","use":"Sympathetic or teasing reaction to a small mishap, usually someone else's.","ja":"あらら","kana":"あらら","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"arara, juusu koboshichatta ne.","ja":"あらら、ジュースこぼしちゃったね。","english":"Oh dear, you spilled your juice."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"arara, juusu ga koborete shimaimashita ne.","ja":"あらら、ジュースがこぼれてしまいましたね。","english":"Oh dear, the juice spilled."},"freqRank":5091,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":95,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":396},{"id":"p-otto","romaji":"otto","polite":null,"english":"oops; whoa there","use":"A quick reflex when you nearly drop, bump into, or let slip something.","ja":"おっと","kana":"おっと","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otto, abunai. ki o tsukete.","ja":"おっと、危ない。気をつけて。","english":"Whoa, careful. Watch out."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"otto, sumimasen, shitsurei shimashita.","ja":"おっと、すみません、失礼しました。","english":"Oops, sorry, excuse me."},"freqRank":1132,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":972,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":397},{"id":"p-yarareta","romaji":"yarareta","polite":"yararemashita","english":"got me!; they got us; I've been had","use":"When you're beaten, tricked, or caught out.","ja":"やられた","kana":"やられた","politeJa":"やられました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yarareta! mata kare ni damasareta.","ja":"やられた！また彼にだまされた。","english":"He got me! Fooled by him again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yararemashita. mata kare ni damasaremashita.","ja":"やられました。また彼にだまされました。","english":"He got me. I fell for it again."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"In action films it also means 'I'm hit'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":758,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":398}],"stage":2,"range":"395-398","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-ask-6","label":"What's new with you","rationale":"Catches up on what a friend has been up to.","interference":"nanika atta asks if something's wrong; nanka ii koto atta asks about something good.","items":[{"id":"p-nani-shiteta-no","romaji":"nani shiteta no?","polite":"nani shite ita n desu ka?","english":"what were you up to?; what were you doing?","use":"Asking what someone was doing at a certain time, like when they didn't pick up or turned up late.","ja":"何してたの？","kana":"なにしてたの？","politeJa":"何していたんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"denwa shita noni. nani shiteta no?","ja":"電話したのに。何してたの？","english":"I called you. What were you up to?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"denwa shita n desu kedo, nani shite ita n desu ka?","ja":"電話したんですけど、何していたんですか？","english":"I called you. What were you doing?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Said sharply, it can sound like an accusation: 'where were you?!'","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":70,"cv":5,"n":399},{"id":"p-are-kara-dou","romaji":"are kara dou?","polite":"are kara dou desu ka?","english":"how's it been since then?","use":"Following up on something you both know about, like an illness, a breakup or a new job.","ja":"あれからどう？","kana":"あれからどう？","politeJa":"あれからどうですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaze, are kara dou? mou daijoubu?","ja":"風邪、あれからどう？もう大丈夫？","english":"How's your cold since then? All better?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaze wa are kara dou desu ka? mou daijoubu desu ka?","ja":"風邪はあれからどうですか？もう大丈夫ですか？","english":"How has your cold been since then? Are you better?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Are kara points back to something you both know; sore kara just means 'and then'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"n":400},{"id":"p-nanika-atta","romaji":"nanika atta?","polite":"nanika atta n desu ka","english":"did something happen?; is something wrong?","use":"Asked when someone looks upset or calls out of the blue.","ja":"何かあった？","kana":"なにかあった","politeJa":"何かあったんですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"genki nai ne. nanika atta?","ja":"元気ないね。何かあった？","english":"You seem down. Did something happen?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaoiro ga warui desu yo. nanika atta n desu ka?","ja":"顔色が悪いですよ。何かあったんですか？","english":"You look pale. Did something happen?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nanika atta no? is the softer, more caring version; dou shita no? (what's wrong?) is close.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1070,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":401},{"id":"p-nanka-ii-koto-atta","romaji":"nanka ii koto atta?","polite":"nanika ii koto arimashita ka?","english":"did something good happen?","use":"Said when someone looks happier than usual, smiling or humming.","ja":"なんかいいことあった？","kana":"なんかいいことあった？","politeJa":"何かいいことありましたか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nikoniko shite, nanka ii koto atta?","ja":"ニコニコして、なんかいいことあった？","english":"You're all smiles. Did something good happen?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ureshisou desu ne. nanika ii koto arimashita ka?","ja":"嬉しそうですね。何かいいことありましたか？","english":"You look happy. Did something good happen?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nanka is the casual nanika ('something'); it's also the filler 'like'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"n":402}],"stage":2,"range":"399-402","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-ask-7","label":"Since when who told","rationale":"Digs into the details behind a piece of news or gossip.","interference":"nande shitteru no can sound accusing without a smile.","items":[{"id":"p-itsu-kara","romaji":"itsu kara?","polite":"itsu kara desu ka?","english":"since when?","use":"Asking when something started, like a symptom, a relationship or a new habit.","ja":"いつから？","kana":"いつから？","politeJa":"いつからですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atama itai no? itsu kara?","ja":"頭痛いの？いつから？","english":"Your head hurts? Since when?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itami wa itsu kara desu ka?","ja":"痛みはいつからですか？","english":"When did the pain start?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Doctors ask itsu kara desu ka? about symptoms, so expect to hear it there.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":108,"cv":4,"n":403},{"id":"p-nani-ga","romaji":"nani ga?","polite":"nani ga desu ka?","english":"what is?; what about it?","use":"Asking what someone means when they react without saying what, like 'that's weird!'.","ja":"何が？","kana":"なにが？","politeJa":"何がですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, nani ga? zenzen wakannai.","ja":"え、何が？全然わかんない。","english":"Wait, what is? I don't get it at all."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, nani ga desu ka?","ja":"すみません、何がですか？","english":"Sorry, what is?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Said flat, it can sound defensive: 'what's your problem?'","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1092,"cv":4,"n":404},{"id":"p-dare-kara-kiita-no","romaji":"dare kara kiita no?","polite":"dare kara kiita n desu ka?","english":"who told you that?","use":"Asking where news or gossip came from, often with some surprise.","ja":"誰から聞いたの？","kana":"だれからきいたの？","politeJa":"誰から聞いたんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sono hanashi, dare kara kiita no?","ja":"その話、誰から聞いたの？","english":"Who told you that?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono hanashi, dare kara kiita n desu ka?","ja":"その話、誰から聞いたんですか？","english":"Who did you hear that from?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kiku means both 'hear' and 'ask'; dare ni kiita no? is 'who did you ask?'","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":35,"cv":4,"n":405},{"id":"p-nande-shitteru-no","romaji":"nande shitteru no?","polite":"doushite shitte iru n desu ka?","english":"how do you know that?","use":"Said in surprise when someone knows something you didn't tell them.","ja":"なんで知ってるの？","kana":"なんでしってるの？","politeJa":"どうして知っているんですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, nande shitteru no? dare ni mo itte nai noni.","ja":"え、なんで知ってるの？誰にも言ってないのに。","english":"Wait, how do you know? I didn't tell anyone."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, doushite shitte iru n desu ka?","ja":"え、どうして知っているんですか？","english":"Oh, how do you know that?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'Know' is shitteru; shiru alone means 'find out'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":4,"n":406}],"stage":2,"range":"403-406","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-ask-8","label":"Asking first asking advice","rationale":"Opens a question, checks it's okay, or asks for advice.","interference":"ii no? checks it's really okay; ii yo is the reply 'it's fine'.","items":[{"id":"p-kiite-mo-ii","romaji":"kiite mo ii?","polite":"kiite mo ii desu ka","english":"can I ask you something?","use":"Lead-in before a personal or awkward question.","ja":"聞いてもいい？","kana":"きいてもいい","politeJa":"聞いてもいいですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto kiite mo ii? kanojo iru?","ja":"ちょっと聞いてもいい？彼女いる？","english":"Can I ask you something? Do you have a girlfriend?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitotsu kiite mo ii desu ka?","ja":"一つ聞いてもいいですか？","english":"Can I ask you one thing?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Very polite version: ukagatte mo yoroshii desu ka.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":228,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":407},{"id":"p-dou-shitara-ii","romaji":"dou shitara ii?","polite":"dou shitara ii desu ka","english":"what should I do?","use":"Asks someone for advice when you're stuck or don't know the next step.","ja":"どうしたらいい？","kana":"どうしたらいい","politeJa":"どうしたらいいですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kagi nakushichatta. dou shitara ii?","ja":"鍵なくしちゃった。どうしたらいい？","english":"I lost my keys. What should I do?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kagi o nakushite shimatta n desu ga, dou shitara ii desu ka?","ja":"鍵をなくしてしまったんですが、どうしたらいいですか？","english":"I've lost my key. What should I do?"},"freqRank":1424,"score":4,"notes":"Dou sureba ii? means the same.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":999,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":408},{"id":"p-ii-no","romaji":"ii no?","polite":"ii n desu ka","english":"are you sure?; is it really okay?","use":"Checks that someone means it when they offer you something or do you a favour; follow with thanks.","ja":"いいの？","kana":"いいの","politeJa":"いいんですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, ogori? ii no?","ja":"え、おごり？いいの？","english":"Wait, your treat? Are you sure?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"e, ii n desu ka? arigatou gozaimasu.","ja":"え、いいんですか？ありがとうございます。","english":"Oh, are you sure? Thank you."},"freqRank":51699,"score":4,"notes":"Also asks permission after a -te verb: kore tabete ii no? (can I eat this?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":956,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":409}],"stage":2,"range":"407-409","category":"Asking and following up"},{"id":"c-agree-7","label":"Fair point","rationale":"Concedes a good point in a discussion.","interference":"sore wa aru means 'that's a factor'; aru aru means 'so relatable'.","items":[{"id":"p-sore-wa-sou","romaji":"sore wa sou","polite":"sore wa sou desu ne","english":"that's true; fair enough","use":"Concede a point, often before a but: sore wa sou da kedo...","ja":"それはそう","kana":"それはそう","politeJa":"それはそうですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore wa sou da kedo, ima wa okane ga nai.","ja":"それはそうだけど、今はお金がない。","english":"That's true, but I don't have the money right now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa sou desu kedo, ima wa okane ga nai n desu.","ja":"それはそうですけど、今はお金がないんです。","english":"That's true, but I don't have the money right now."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Online, sore wa sou alone is a stock 'fair point'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":160,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":410},{"id":"p-sore-wa-aru","romaji":"sore wa aru","polite":"sore wa arimasu ne","english":"that could be it; that's part of it","use":"Granting that something someone mentions is part of the reason.","ja":"それはある","kana":"それはある","politeJa":"それはありますね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, sore wa aru kamo. saikin nete nai shi.","ja":"あ、それはあるかも。最近寝てないし。","english":"Oh, that could be it. I haven't been sleeping."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, sore wa arimasu ne. saikin nete inai node.","ja":"あ、それはありますね。最近寝ていないので。","english":"Oh, that's a factor. I haven't been sleeping lately."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sore mo aru adds one more reason: 'that's part of it too'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":27,"cv":4,"n":411},{"id":"p-ieteru","romaji":"ieteru","polite":null,"english":"you said it; good point","use":"Agreeing that a remark is spot on, often something you hadn't put into words yourself.","ja":"言えてる","kana":"いえてる","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ieteru. ano hito, itsumo okureru yo ne.","ja":"言えてる。あの人、いつも遅れるよね。","english":"You said it. That guy's always late."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":16956,"score":4,"notes":"Politely, say tashika ni or sou desu ne instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":42,"cv":4,"n":412},{"id":"p-sore-mo-sou-da-ne","romaji":"sore mo sou da ne","polite":"sore mo sou desu ne","english":"that's true too; fair point","use":"Changing your mind a little when someone gives a good counterpoint.","ja":"それもそうだね","kana":"それもそうだね","politeJa":"それもそうですね","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore mo sou da ne. ja, ashita ni shiyou.","ja":"それもそうだね。じゃ、明日にしよう。","english":"Fair point. Let's do it tomorrow then."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore mo sou desu ne. ja, ashita ni shimashou.","ja":"それもそうですね。じゃ、明日にしましょう。","english":"That's true. Let's make it tomorrow, then."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sore wa sou da kedo is the opposite move: granting the point, then pushing back.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"n":413},{"id":"p-iwarete-mireba","romaji":"iwarete mireba","polite":null,"english":"now that you mention it","use":"Said when someone points out something you hadn't noticed but now see is true.","ja":"言われてみれば","kana":"いわれてみれば","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iwarete mireba, saikin kare minai ne.","ja":"言われてみれば、最近彼見ないね。","english":"Now that you mention it, I haven't seen him lately."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iwarete mireba, saikin mikakemasen ne.","ja":"言われてみれば、最近見かけませんね。","english":"Now that you mention it, I haven't seen him around lately."},"freqRank":9246,"score":4,"notes":"Often followed by tashika ni, 'that's true'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":7,"cv":4,"n":414}],"stage":2,"range":"410-414","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-agree-8","label":"I don't think so","rationale":"Disagrees firmly or corrects a claim.","interference":"sore wa nai rejects an idea, not a person; chigau chigau corrects a fact.","items":[{"id":"p-sou-wa-omowanai","romaji":"sou wa omowanai","polite":"sou wa omoimasen","english":"I don't think so","use":"Disagreeing with someone's opinion, clearly but without attacking it.","ja":"そうは思わない","kana":"そうはおもわない","politeJa":"そうは思いません","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uun, watashi wa sou wa omowanai kana.","ja":"うーん、私はそうは思わないかな。","english":"Hmm, I don't really think so."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa sou wa omoimasen kedo.","ja":"私はそうは思いませんけど。","english":"I don't see it that way, myself."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Adding kana or kedo softens it a lot; said bare, it can sound blunt.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":213,"cv":4,"n":415},{"id":"p-chigau-chigau","romaji":"chigau chigau","polite":null,"english":"no, no, that's not it","use":"Quick correction, often with a hand wave, when someone guesses or does it wrong.","ja":"違う違う","kana":"ちがうちがう","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chigau chigau, sotchi ja nakute kotchi!","ja":"違う違う、そっちじゃなくてこっち！","english":"No, no, not that one, this one!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Politely, a single iie, chigaimasu. chigau also means 'different'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":89,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":416},{"id":"p-sore-wa-nai","romaji":"sore wa nai","polite":"sore wa nai desu","english":"no way; that's not fair; that won't happen","use":"Rejects an idea as impossible or unfair.","ja":"それはない","kana":"それはない","politeJa":"それはないです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, ashita made? sore wa nai yo.","ja":"え、明日まで？それはないよ。","english":"What, by tomorrow? No way."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita made desu ka? sore wa nai desu yo.","ja":"明日までですか？それはないですよ。","english":"By tomorrow? That's not fair."},"freqRank":3005,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":261,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":417},{"id":"p-sore-wa-chigau-to-omou","romaji":"sore wa chigau to omou","polite":"sore wa chigau to omoimasu","english":"I don't think that's right","use":"Saying a fact or opinion is wrong; to omou keeps it from sounding like a flat correction.","ja":"それは違うと思う","kana":"それはちがうとおもう","politeJa":"それは違うと思います","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iya, sore wa chigau to omou. kare wa warukunai yo.","ja":"いや、それは違うと思う。彼は悪くないよ。","english":"No, I don't think that's right. It's not his fault."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"iie, sore wa chigau to omoimasu. kare wa warukunai desu yo.","ja":"いいえ、それは違うと思います。彼は悪くないですよ。","english":"No, I don't think that's right. He's not to blame."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Chigau also means 'different'; here it means 'wrong'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":75,"cv":4,"n":418}],"stage":2,"range":"415-418","category":"Agreeing and disagreeing"},{"id":"c-tell-2","label":"Getting to the point","rationale":"Lets you sum up, give the reason, or reveal what really happened.","interference":"honto wa (the truth is) is easy to mix up with the reaction honto? (really?).","items":[{"id":"p-honto-wa","romaji":"honto wa","polite":null,"english":"actually; the truth is","use":"Introduces what really happened or what you really want, against what was said or assumed.","ja":"ほんとは","kana":"ほんとは","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"honto wa, ikitakunakatta n da.","ja":"ほんとは、行きたくなかったんだ。","english":"Actually, I didn't want to go."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hontou wa, ikitakunakatta n desu.","ja":"本当は、行きたくなかったんです。","english":"To be honest, I didn't want to go."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Hontou wa is the full form, used in careful speech.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":809,"cv":4,"n":419},{"id":"p-yousuru-ni","romaji":"yousuru ni","polite":null,"english":"basically; in short","use":"Sums up what you or someone else said in a few words.","ja":"要するに","kana":"ようするに","politeJa":null,"pos":"connector","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yousuru ni, okane ga nai tte koto?","ja":"要するに、お金がないってこと？","english":"So basically, you're out of money?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yousuru ni, jikan ga tarinai n desu.","ja":"要するに、時間が足りないんです。","english":"In short, there isn't enough time."},"freqRank":3257,"score":4,"notes":"Used on someone else's long story, it can sound impatient.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":174,"cv":4,"n":420},{"id":"p-nande-ka-tte-iu-to","romaji":"nande ka tte iu to","polite":"naze ka to iu to","english":"and the reason is...; because...","use":"Sets up an explanation and buys you a second to build it; finish with '...kara' or '...n da'.","ja":"なんでかっていうと","kana":"なんでかっていうと","politeJa":"なぜかというと","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nande ka tte iu to, kare ga uso tsuita kara.","ja":"なんでかっていうと、彼が嘘ついたから。","english":"And the reason is, he lied."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"naze ka to iu to, jikan ga nakatta kara desu.","ja":"なぜかというと、時間がなかったからです。","english":"The reason is, there wasn't enough time."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The same frame works with other question words: 'doko ga ii ka tte iu to' (what's good about it is...).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":9,"cv":4,"n":421},{"id":"p-tte-hanashi","romaji":"... tte hanashi","polite":"... tte hanashi desu","english":"...and that's the story; I hear that...","use":"Wraps up a story with its point, or passes on something you heard.","ja":"〜って話","kana":"〜ってはなし","politeJa":"〜って話です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"de, kekkyoku saifu wa ie ni atta tte hanashi.","ja":"で、結局財布は家にあったって話。","english":"So the wallet was at home the whole time. That's the story."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kekkyoku, saifu wa ie ni atta tte hanashi desu.","ja":"結局、財布は家にあったって話です。","english":"In the end, the wallet was at home all along."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"As hearsay: raigetsu kekkon suru tte hanashi da yo, 'I hear they're marrying next month'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":402,"cv":4,"n":422}],"stage":2,"range":"419-422","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-tell-3","label":"Opening a story","rationale":"Lets you launch into a story or hook the listener before you start.","interference":"mou ittakke? (did I tell you?) is easy to confuse with mou itta (I already said it).","items":[{"id":"p-iroiro-atte","romaji":"iroiro atte","polite":null,"english":"a lot happened, so...; it's a long story","use":"Hints at trouble without explaining; listeners usually don't press.","ja":"いろいろあって","kana":"いろいろあって","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maa, iroiro atte, shigoto yameta n da.","ja":"まあ、いろいろあって、仕事辞めたんだ。","english":"Well, a lot happened, and I quit my job."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maa, iroiro atte, shigoto o yamemashita.","ja":"まあ、いろいろあって、仕事を辞めました。","english":"Well, it's a long story, but I quit my job."},"freqRank":4310,"score":3,"notes":"iroiro is 'all sorts'; iroiro arigatou is 'thanks for everything'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":34,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":423},{"id":"p-mou-ittakke","romaji":"mou ittakke?","polite":"mou iimashitakke?","english":"did I already tell you?","use":"Checks before sharing news so you don't repeat yourself; they'll say 'kiitenai' (you didn't) or 'kiita yo' (you did).","ja":"もう言ったっけ？","kana":"もういったっけ？","politeJa":"もう言いましたっけ？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii shigoto kimatta no, mou ittakke?","ja":"新しい仕事決まったの、もう言ったっけ？","english":"Did I tell you I got a new job?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"raigetsu hikkosu koto, mou iimashitakke?","ja":"来月引っ越すこと、もう言いましたっけ？","english":"Did I mention I'm moving next month?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Itta (said) and itta (went) sound the same; context tells them apart.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":74,"cv":4,"n":424},{"id":"p-dou-natta-to-omou","romaji":"dou natta to omou?","polite":"dou natta to omoimasu ka?","english":"guess what happened?","use":"Builds suspense before the payoff of a story; the listener answers 'e, dou natta no?'.","ja":"どうなったと思う？","kana":"どうなったとおもう？","politeJa":"どうなったと思いますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"de, sono ato dou natta to omou?","ja":"で、その後どうなったと思う？","english":"So guess what happened after that?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore de, kekka dou natta to omoimasu ka?","ja":"それで、結果どうなったと思いますか？","english":"And guess how it turned out?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap in other question words: 'nani shita to omou?' (guess what he did?).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":14,"cv":4,"n":425}],"stage":2,"range":"423-425","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-tell-4","label":"Own little slip-ups","rationale":"Lets you own up to small everyday mistakes when you tell what happened.","interference":"The -chatta endings blur together, and tsui ... shichatta needs a verb in the gap.","items":[{"id":"p-machigaechatta","romaji":"machigaechatta","polite":"machigaemashita","english":"oops, I got it wrong; I made a mistake","use":"Admit a slip like a wrong number, train or answer; the -chatta adds an 'oops'.","ja":"間違えちゃった","kana":"まちがえちゃった","politeJa":"間違えました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, densha machigaechatta. tsugi de oriyou.","ja":"あ、電車間違えちゃった。次で降りよう。","english":"Oh, I got on the wrong train. Let's get off at the next stop."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, densha o machigaete shimaimashita. tsugi de orimasu.","ja":"あ、電車を間違えてしまいました。次で降ります。","english":"Oh, I took the wrong train. I'll get off at the next stop."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"machigaeru is 'get something wrong'; machigatteru is 'it's wrong'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":360,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":426},{"id":"p-nebou-shita","romaji":"nebou shita","polite":"nebou shimashita","english":"I overslept","use":"The standard excuse for being late in the morning.","ja":"寝坊した","kana":"ねぼうした","politeJa":"寝坊しました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, nebou shita! juppun okureru.","ja":"ごめん、寝坊した！十分遅れる。","english":"Sorry, I overslept! I'll be ten minutes late."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, nebou shimashita. juppun hodo okuremasu.","ja":"すみません、寝坊しました。十分ほど遅れます。","english":"Sorry, I overslept. I'll be about ten minutes late."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":427},{"id":"p-tsui-shichatta","romaji":"tsui ... shichatta","polite":"tsui ... shite shimaimashita","english":"I couldn't help it; I ended up doing it without meaning to","use":"Put tsui before a verb in -chatta to admit something you did on impulse: 'tsui tabechatta'.","ja":"つい〜しちゃった","kana":"つい〜しちゃった","politeJa":"つい〜してしまいました","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, keeki tsui zenbu tabechatta.","ja":"ごめん、ケーキつい全部食べちゃった。","english":"Sorry, I couldn't help eating all the cake."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"seeru de tsui kaisugite shimaimashita.","ja":"セールでつい買いすぎてしまいました。","english":"I ended up buying too much at the sale."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tsui adds 'without meaning to'; -chatta alone already sounds a little regretful. Often said with a sheepish laugh.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":10,"cv":4,"n":428},{"id":"p-wasuremono-shita","romaji":"wasuremono shita","polite":"wasuremono o shimashita","english":"I left something behind; I forgot something","use":"When you realize you left something at home, on a train or in a shop.","ja":"忘れ物した","kana":"わすれものした","politeJa":"忘れ物をしました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, wasuremono shita! chotto modoru ne.","ja":"あ、忘れ物した！ちょっと戻るね。","english":"Oh, I forgot something! I'll run back."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, wasuremono o shimashita. chotto modorimasu.","ja":"あ、忘れ物をしました。ちょっと戻ります。","english":"Oh, I left something behind. I'll just go back."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"On trains you'll hear owasuremono in announcements reminding you not to leave things behind.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":17,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":429}],"stage":2,"range":"426-429","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-tell-5","label":"Hazy memory and hindsight","rationale":"Lets you hedge details you are not sure of and look back on events.","interference":"tashika (if I remember right) is not tashikani (certainly; true).","items":[{"id":"p-tashika","romaji":"tashika","polite":null,"english":"if I remember right; I'm pretty sure","use":"Put it at the start to flag that you're going from memory and might be slightly off.","ja":"確か","kana":"たしか","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tashika raishuu no kayoubi datta yo.","ja":"確か来週の火曜日だったよ。","english":"If I remember right, it's next Tuesday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tashika sangatsu ni hikkoshita to omoimasu.","ja":"確か三月に引っ越したと思います。","english":"I'm pretty sure they moved in March."},"freqRank":702,"score":4,"notes":"'Tashika ni' is a different use: 'true, good point'. 'Tashika na' means 'certain, reliable'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":4,"n":430},{"id":"p-yoku-oboetenai-kedo","romaji":"yoku oboetenai kedo","polite":"yoku oboete inai n desu kedo","english":"I don't remember exactly, but...","use":"Hedges before a fuzzy memory so you're not held to the details.","ja":"よく覚えてないけど","kana":"よくおぼえてないけど","politeJa":"よく覚えていないんですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoku oboetenai kedo, tabun gonen mae kana.","ja":"よく覚えてないけど、たぶん五年前かな。","english":"I don't remember exactly, but maybe five years ago."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoku oboete inai n desu kedo, tashika eki no chikaku deshita.","ja":"よく覚えていないんですけど、確か駅の近くでした。","english":"I don't remember well, but I think it was near the station."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Oboeteru = 'remember (still have in mind)'; plain oboeru means 'to learn, memorize'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":28,"cv":4,"n":431},{"id":"p-isshun-ka-to-omotta","romaji":"isshun ... ka to omotta","polite":"isshun ... ka to omoimashita","english":"for a second I thought...","use":"Telling about a brief scare or mix-up; the thing you wrongly thought goes in the gap.","ja":"一瞬〜かと思った","kana":"いっしゅん〜かとおもった","politeJa":"一瞬〜かと思いました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"isshun saifu otoshita ka to omotta.","ja":"一瞬財布落としたかと思った。","english":"For a second I thought I'd lost my wallet."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"isshun saifu o otoshita ka to omoimashita.","ja":"一瞬財布を落としたかと思いました。","english":"For a moment I thought I'd dropped my wallet."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Isshun alone means 'an instant': isshun de, 'in no time'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":567,"cv":4,"n":432},{"id":"p-ima-omoeba","romaji":"ima omoeba","polite":null,"english":"looking back now; in hindsight","use":"Opens a reflection on the past, often a mild regret or a late realization.","ja":"今思えば","kana":"いまおもえば","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima omoeba, ano toki yamete yokatta.","ja":"今思えば、あの時やめてよかった。","english":"Looking back, I'm glad I quit back then."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima omoeba, ii keiken deshita.","ja":"今思えば、いい経験でした。","english":"Looking back, it was a good experience."},"freqRank":12966,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":12,"cv":4,"n":433}],"stage":2,"range":"430-433","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-feel-5","label":"Had enough","rationale":"Lets you vent that you are fed up or have reached your limit.","interference":"The mou set starts alike: muri (can't), yada (hate it), dame (hopeless), ii (forget it); hottoite is harsh.","items":[{"id":"p-mou-muri","romaji":"mou muri","polite":null,"english":"I can't anymore; no way","use":"Give up on food, work or a situation; young people say it about small things too.","ja":"もう無理","kana":"もうむり","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou muri, kore ijou taberarenai.","ja":"もう無理、これ以上食べられない。","english":"I can't, I can't eat any more."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3581,"score":4,"notes":"muri is 'impossible'; muri shinaide is 'don't push yourself'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":141,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":434},{"id":"p-mou-yada","romaji":"mou yada","polite":null,"english":"ugh, I've had it; I hate this","use":"Vents when something keeps going wrong or you're fed up; said to yourself or a close friend.","ja":"もうやだ","kana":"もうやだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata densha okureteru. mou yada!","ja":"また電車遅れてる。もうやだ！","english":"The train's late again. Ugh, I've had it!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Yada is casual for iya da (I don't want it). Depending on tone it's playful or close to tears.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":26,"cv":5,"n":435},{"id":"p-mou-dame","romaji":"mou dame","polite":null,"english":"I can't go on; it's hopeless; I'm done for","use":"Said when you're exhausted, overwhelmed or think it's all over.","ja":"もうダメ","kana":"もうだめ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou dame, ashi ga ugokanai.","ja":"もうダメ、足が動かない。","english":"I can't go on, my legs won't move."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"dame alone is 'no good' or 'not allowed'; mou adds 'any more'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":263,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":436},{"id":"p-mou-ii","romaji":"mou ii","polite":"mou ii desu","english":"enough; forget it; never mind","use":"Ends an argument or a request in frustration; it can sound cold.","ja":"もういい","kana":"もういい","politeJa":"もういいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou ii, jibun de yaru.","ja":"もういい、自分でやる。","english":"Forget it, I'll do it myself."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou ii desu. jibun de yarimasu.","ja":"もういいです。自分でやります。","english":"Never mind. I'll do it myself."},"freqRank":881,"score":4,"notes":"Said calmly, mou ii desu politely turns down more food. As a question, mou ii? means 'ready?' or 'is that enough?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1781,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":437},{"id":"p-hottoite","romaji":"hottoite","polite":"houtte oite kudasai","english":"leave me alone; mind your own business","use":"Pushes someone away when you're upset or don't want their help.","ja":"ほっといて","kana":"ほっといて","politeJa":"放っておいてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou hottoite yo. hitori ni shite.","ja":"もうほっといてよ。一人にして。","english":"Just leave me alone. Let me be by myself."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, shibaraku houtte oite kudasai.","ja":"すみません、しばらく放っておいてください。","english":"Sorry, please leave me be for a while."},"freqRank":3002,"score":4,"notes":"Short for houtte oite, from houtte oku (leave alone); hottoku is the spoken form.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":275,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":438}],"stage":2,"range":"434-438","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-6","label":"Checking on someone","rationale":"Lets you ask if a friend is okay or doing better.","interference":"daijoubu desu ka is polite; with friends just daijoubu? is enough.","items":[{"id":"p-daijoubu-desu-ka","romaji":"daijoubu desu ka","polite":null,"english":"are you all right?; are you okay?","use":"Said to a stranger or someone older who fell, looks unwell or seems lost; with friends just daijoubu?","ja":"大丈夫ですか","kana":"だいじょうぶですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, daijoubu desu ka? tatemasu ka?","ja":"あ、大丈夫ですか？立てますか？","english":"Oh, are you all right? Can you stand?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Daijoubu desu as an answer often means no thanks, as when you're offered a bag.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":598,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":439},{"id":"p-genki-nai-ne","romaji":"genki nai ne","polite":"genki nai desu ne","english":"you seem down","use":"Notices a friend seems low and opens the door to talk; they answer 'chotto ne' or 'daijoubu'.","ja":"元気ないね","kana":"げんきないね","politeJa":"元気ないですね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dou shita no? kyou genki nai ne.","ja":"どうしたの？今日元気ないね。","english":"What's up? You seem down today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa genki nai desu ne. daijoubu desu ka?","ja":"今日は元気ないですね。大丈夫ですか？","english":"You seem down today. Are you okay?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Not about health: genki here is energy and mood.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":13,"cv":4,"n":440},{"id":"p-mou-daijoubu","romaji":"mou daijoubu?","polite":"mou daijoubu desu ka","english":"are you feeling better now?; are you okay now?","use":"Asked after someone was sick, hurt or upset; the answer is un, mou daijoubu.","ja":"もう大丈夫？","kana":"もうだいじょうぶ","politeJa":"もう大丈夫ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaze, mou daijoubu? kinou tsurasou datta kedo.","ja":"風邪、もう大丈夫？昨日つらそうだったけど。","english":"Is your cold better? You looked rough yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashi wa mou daijoubu desu ka?","ja":"足はもう大丈夫ですか？","english":"Is your leg okay now?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"As a statement, mou daijoubu means it's all right now, said to calm someone.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":600,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":441},{"id":"p-kega-nai","romaji":"kega nai?","polite":"okega wa arimasen ka","english":"are you hurt?","use":"Asked right after someone falls or there's an accident.","ja":"ケガない？","kana":"けがない","politeJa":"お怪我はありませんか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"abunakatta! daijoubu? kega nai?","ja":"危なかった！大丈夫？ケガない？","english":"That was close! Are you okay? Are you hurt?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daijoubu desu ka? okega wa arimasen ka?","ja":"大丈夫ですか？お怪我はありませんか？","english":"Are you all right? Are you hurt?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Kega means injury; kega shita means I got hurt.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":181,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":442}],"stage":2,"range":"439-442","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-7","label":"Oh no moments","rationale":"Lets you voice panic, nerves or being stuck.","interference":"dou shiyou (what do I do?) is not dou suru? (what shall we do?).","items":[{"id":"p-dou-shiyou","romaji":"dou shiyou","polite":"dou shimashou","english":"what do I do?; oh no","use":"Panicky self-talk when you're in trouble and don't know what to do.","ja":"どうしよう","kana":"どうしよう","politeJa":"どうしましょう","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dou shiyou, kagi nakushita.","ja":"どうしよう、鍵なくした。","english":"What do I do? I lost my keys."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dou shimashou, kagi o nakushite shimaimashita.","ja":"どうしましょう、鍵をなくしてしまいました。","english":"What should I do? I've lost my keys."},"freqRank":655,"score":4,"notes":"Asked calmly, dou shiyou ka? just means 'what shall we do?' when planning.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":796,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":443},{"id":"p-kinchou-suru","romaji":"kinchou suru","polite":"kinchou shimasu","english":"I'm nervous; I get nervous","use":"Before an interview, a speech or meeting someone important; kinchou shiteru is 'I'm nervous right now'.","ja":"緊張する","kana":"きんちょうする","politeJa":"緊張します","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita mensetsu da kara, sugoku kinchou suru.","ja":"明日面接だから、すごく緊張する。","english":"I've got an interview tomorrow, so I'm really nervous."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita mensetsu na node, totemo kinchou shimasu.","ja":"明日面接なので、とても緊張します。","english":"I have an interview tomorrow, so I'm very nervous."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Not 'excited': wakuwaku suru is the happy kind of nerves.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":210,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":444},{"id":"p-komatta-na","romaji":"komatta na","polite":"komarimashita ne","english":"this is a problem; what do I do now?","use":"Muttered when you're stuck; someone nearby may offer help: dou shita n desu ka? (what's wrong?).","ja":"困ったな","kana":"こまったな","politeJa":"困りましたね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"komatta na, kagi ga mitsukaranai.","ja":"困ったな、鍵が見つからない。","english":"This is a problem, I can't find my keys."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"komarimashita ne, kagi ga mitsukarimasen.","ja":"困りましたね、鍵が見つかりません。","english":"This is a problem. I can't find my keys."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Staff offer help with nanika okomari desu ka? (is something wrong?).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":38,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":445},{"id":"p-ma-ni-awanai","romaji":"ma ni awanai","polite":"ma ni aimasen","english":"I won't make it in time; there's not enough time","use":"Panic about a train or deadline; ma ni atta is 'made it!'","ja":"間に合わない","kana":"まにあわない","politeJa":"間に合いません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yabai, kono mama ja ma ni awanai!","ja":"やばい、このままじゃ間に合わない！","english":"Oh no, at this rate I won't make it!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kono mama da to ma ni aimasen.","ja":"すみません、このままだと間に合いません。","english":"Sorry, at this rate I won't make it in time."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"ma ni atte imasu also politely declines: 'I'm fine, thanks, I have enough'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":134,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":446}],"stage":2,"range":"443-446","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-8","label":"Feeling relieved","rationale":"Lets you say the worry is over.","interference":"anshin shita and hotto shita are near-synonyms, and raku ni natta also means it got easier.","items":[{"id":"p-anshin-shita","romaji":"anshin shita","polite":"anshin shimashita","english":"what a relief; I feel reassured","use":"When news or someone's words remove a worry; tell others anshin shite (don't worry).","ja":"安心した","kana":"あんしんした","politeJa":"安心しました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kekka, daijoubu datta. anshin shita.","ja":"結果、大丈夫だった。安心した。","english":"The results were fine. What a relief."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kekka ga daijoubu de, anshin shimashita.","ja":"結果が大丈夫で、安心しました。","english":"I'm relieved the results were fine."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The opposite is shinpai (worry).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":111,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":447},{"id":"p-hotto-shita","romaji":"hotto shita","polite":"hotto shimashita","english":"I'm relieved; phew","use":"The sigh when a worry ends: a test passed, someone arrived safe.","ja":"ほっとした","kana":"ほっとした","politeJa":"ほっとしました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"buji de yokatta. hotto shita yo.","ja":"無事でよかった。ほっとしたよ。","english":"I'm so glad you're safe. What a relief."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"buji de yokatta desu. hotto shimashita.","ja":"無事でよかったです。ほっとしました。","english":"I'm glad you're safe. What a relief."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Close to anshin shita; hotto shita is the instant release, anshin the calm that follows.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":57,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":448},{"id":"p-raku-ni-natta","romaji":"raku ni natta","polite":"raku ni narimashita","english":"I feel better; it got easier","use":"After medicine, rest or a weight off your mind; also when a task gets easier.","ja":"楽になった","kana":"らくになった","politeJa":"楽になりました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kusuri nondara, daibu raku ni natta.","ja":"薬飲んだら、だいぶ楽になった。","english":"After the medicine, I feel a lot better."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kusuri o nondara, daibu raku ni narimashita.","ja":"薬を飲んだら、だいぶ楽になりました。","english":"I took the medicine and feel much better."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"raku is 'ease': raku ni shite kudasai is 'make yourself comfortable'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":33,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":449}],"stage":2,"range":"447-449","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-9","label":"Low moods","rationale":"Lets you say you are down, torn or unmotivated.","interference":"ochikonderu (feeling down) and nayanderu (torn, worrying over something) get swapped.","items":[{"id":"p-ochikonderu","romaji":"ochikonderu","polite":"ochikonde imasu","english":"I'm feeling down","use":"Says you're low after a setback; asked as 'ochikonderu?' to check on someone.","ja":"落ち込んでる","kana":"おちこんでる","politeJa":"落ち込んでいます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiken ochite, chotto ochikonderu.","ja":"試験落ちて、ちょっと落ち込んでる。","english":"I failed the exam, so I'm a bit down."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigoto de shippai shite, ochikonde imasu.","ja":"仕事で失敗して、落ち込んでいます。","english":"I messed up at work, and I'm feeling down."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"From ochikomu (to sink, get depressed); 'ochikomanaide' is 'don't be down'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":205,"cv":4,"n":450},{"id":"p-yaruki-ga-denai","romaji":"yaruki ga denai","polite":"yaruki ga demasen","english":"I can't get motivated","use":"Complains you can't get started on work, study or chores.","ja":"やる気が出ない","kana":"やるきがでない","politeJa":"やる気が出ません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ame da shi, nanka yaruki ga denai.","ja":"雨だし、なんかやる気が出ない。","english":"It's raining, and I just can't get motivated."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"getsuyoubi wa nakanaka yaruki ga demasen ne.","ja":"月曜日はなかなかやる気が出ませんね。","english":"It's hard to get motivated on Mondays."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yaruki = the drive to do something; 'yaruki aru ne' praises someone keen. Ga is often dropped: 'yaruki denai'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":4,"n":451},{"id":"p-nayanderu","romaji":"nayanderu","polite":"nayande imasu","english":"I'm torn; something's weighing on me","use":"Says you're stuck on a decision or worried about a problem; 'nani nayanderu no?' asks what's bothering someone.","ja":"悩んでる","kana":"なやんでる","politeJa":"悩んでいます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tenshoku suru ka dou ka, zutto nayanderu.","ja":"転職するかどうか、ずっと悩んでる。","english":"I keep going back and forth on whether to change jobs."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dore ni suru ka nayande imasu.","ja":"どれにするか悩んでいます。","english":"I can't decide which one to pick."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Covers small choices (which dessert) and real worries; nayami is 'a worry'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":102,"cv":4,"n":452},{"id":"p-sonna-kibun-ja-nai","romaji":"sonna kibun ja nai","polite":"sonna kibun ja nai desu","english":"I'm not in the mood","use":"Turns down an activity because of how you feel right now, not because you're busy.","ja":"そんな気分じゃない","kana":"そんなきぶんじゃない","politeJa":"そんな気分じゃないです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kyou wa sonna kibun ja nai.","ja":"ごめん、今日はそんな気分じゃない。","english":"Sorry, I'm not in the mood today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, ima wa chotto sonna kibun ja nai desu.","ja":"すみません、今はちょっとそんな気分じゃないです。","english":"Sorry, I'm not really in the mood right now."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Flip it for a craving: 'raamen no kibun' is 'I'm in the mood for ramen'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":96,"cv":4,"n":453}],"stage":2,"range":"450-453","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-10","label":"Easing someone up","rationale":"Lets you tell someone to relax, slow down or stop overthinking.","interference":"yukkuri de ii yo and aseranakute ii yo mean the same, and ochitsuite can sound like a scolding.","items":[{"id":"p-ki-ni-shisugi-da-yo","romaji":"ki ni shisugi da yo","polite":"ki ni shisugi desu yo","english":"you're overthinking it","use":"Tells someone who's worrying that it's not as big a deal as they think.","ja":"気にしすぎだよ","kana":"きにしすぎだよ","politeJa":"気にしすぎですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"daremo mitenai tte. ki ni shisugi da yo.","ja":"誰も見てないって。気にしすぎだよ。","english":"Nobody's looking. You're overthinking it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sonna koto nai desu yo. ki ni shisugi desu.","ja":"そんなことないですよ。気にしすぎです。","english":"That's not true. You're overthinking it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"From ki ni suru (to worry about) plus -sugi (too much); 'ki ni shinaide' is 'don't worry about it'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":4,"n":454},{"id":"p-kiraku-ni-ikou","romaji":"kiraku ni ikou","polite":"kiraku ni ikimashou","english":"take it easy; don't stress","use":"Encourages someone, or yourself, to relax about a task or situation.","ja":"気楽にいこう","kana":"きらくにいこう","politeJa":"気楽にいきましょう","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shippai shite mo ii kara, kiraku ni ikou.","ja":"失敗してもいいから、気楽にいこう。","english":"It's fine if it goes wrong, so let's take it easy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hajimete desu kara, kiraku ni ikimashou.","ja":"初めてですから、気楽にいきましょう。","english":"It's the first time, so let's keep it relaxed."},"freqRank":54336,"score":4,"notes":"Kiraku = carefree; 'kiraku ni ne' is a shorter, softer version.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":130,"cv":4,"n":455},{"id":"p-yukkuri-de-ii-yo","romaji":"yukkuri de ii yo","polite":"yukkuri de ii desu yo","english":"take your time; no rush","use":"Said to someone hurrying for your sake; people often say it when you're searching for words.","ja":"ゆっくりでいいよ","kana":"ゆっくりでいいよ","politeJa":"ゆっくりでいいですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"isoganakute ii kara, yukkuri de ii yo.","ja":"急がなくていいから、ゆっくりでいいよ。","english":"You don't have to hurry. Take your time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daijoubu desu yo, yukkuri de ii desu yo.","ja":"大丈夫ですよ、ゆっくりでいいですよ。","english":"It's all right, take your time."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To ask someone to slow down: mou sukoshi yukkuri hanashite kudasai.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":21,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":456},{"id":"p-ochitsuite","romaji":"ochitsuite","polite":"ochitsuite kudasai","english":"calm down; take it easy","use":"Said to someone panicking, angry or rushing; soothing when said softly, sharp when shouted.","ja":"落ち着いて","kana":"おちついて","politeJa":"落ち着いてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto ochitsuite. yukkuri hanashite.","ja":"ちょっと落ち着いて。ゆっくり話して。","english":"Calm down a bit. Talk slowly."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"daijoubu desu kara, ochitsuite kudasai.","ja":"大丈夫ですから、落ち着いてください。","english":"It's okay, so please calm down."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ochitsuita describes a calm person or a quiet, relaxed place.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1659,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":457},{"id":"p-aseranakute-ii-yo","romaji":"aseranakute ii yo","polite":"aseranakute ii desu yo","english":"no rush; take your time","use":"Reassures someone who is hurrying or panicking.","ja":"焦らなくていいよ","kana":"あせらなくていいよ","politeJa":"焦らなくていいですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jikan aru kara, aseranakute ii yo.","ja":"時間あるから、焦らなくていいよ。","english":"We've got time, no need to rush."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jikan wa arimasu kara, aseranakute ii desu yo.","ja":"時間はありますから、焦らなくていいですよ。","english":"There's time, so no need to rush."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Built from aseru (to panic, rush) plus -nakute ii (you don't have to).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":4,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":458}],"stage":2,"range":"454-458","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-11","label":"Too much food or drink","rationale":"Lets you say you are full, stuffed or drunk.","interference":"tabesugita and nomisugita differ by one verb, and onaka ippai (full) is not mou ippai (one more).","items":[{"id":"p-onaka-ippai","romaji":"onaka ippai","polite":"onaka ippai desu","english":"I'm full","use":"Say when you can't eat any more, or to turn down seconds.","ja":"お腹いっぱい","kana":"おなかいっぱい","politeJa":"お腹いっぱいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou onaka ippai, taberarenai.","ja":"もうお腹いっぱい、食べられない。","english":"I'm full, I can't eat another bite."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou onaka ippai desu. gochisousama deshita.","ja":"もうお腹いっぱいです。ごちそうさまでした。","english":"I'm full. Thank you for the meal."},"freqRank":14252,"score":4,"notes":"Also figurative: 'I've had enough of that'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":26,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":459},{"id":"p-tabesugita","romaji":"tabesugita","polite":"tabesugimashita","english":"I ate too much","use":"Groaned after a big meal; half complaint, half compliment to the cook.","ja":"食べ過ぎた","kana":"たべすぎた","politeJa":"食べ過ぎました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, tabesugita. onaka ippai.","ja":"あー、食べ過ぎた。お腹いっぱい。","english":"Ugh, I ate too much. I'm stuffed."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oishikute, tabesugimashita.","ja":"おいしくて、食べ過ぎました。","english":"It was so good I ate too much."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Onaka ippai means I'm full.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":14,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":460},{"id":"p-nomisugita","romaji":"nomisugita","polite":"nomisugimashita","english":"I drank too much","use":"Groaned the night of or the morning after.","ja":"飲み過ぎた","kana":"のみすぎた","politeJa":"飲み過ぎました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou nomisugita... atama itai.","ja":"昨日飲み過ぎた…頭痛い。","english":"I drank too much last night... my head hurts."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou wa chotto nomisugimashita.","ja":"昨日はちょっと飲み過ぎました。","english":"I had a bit too much to drink yesterday."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"-sugita works on any verb: tabesugita (ate too much). A hangover is futsukayoi.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":48,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":461},{"id":"p-yopparatta","romaji":"yopparatta","polite":"yopparaimashita","english":"I'm drunk; I got drunk","use":"Say you've had too much; chotto yopparatta is 'I'm a bit tipsy'.","ja":"酔っ払った","kana":"よっぱらった","politeJa":"酔っ払いました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto yopparatta kamo. mizu choudai.","ja":"ちょっと酔っ払ったかも。水ちょうだい。","english":"I might be a bit drunk. Can I have some water?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chotto yopparatte shimaimashita. omizu o kudasai.","ja":"ちょっと酔っ払ってしまいました。お水をください。","english":"I've had a bit too much. Could I have some water?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"yotta is a milder 'tipsy', and also means carsick or seasick.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":45,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":462},{"id":"p-mou-taberarenai","romaji":"mou taberarenai","polite":"mou taberaremasen","english":"I can't eat another bite","use":"Said when you're full and someone offers more.","ja":"もう食べられない","kana":"もうたべられない","politeJa":"もう食べられません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, mou taberarenai. onaka ippai.","ja":"ごめん、もう食べられない。お腹いっぱい。","english":"Sorry, I can't eat any more. I'm stuffed."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, mou taberaremasen.","ja":"すみません、もう食べられません。","english":"Sorry, I couldn't eat another thing."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Many speakers drop the ra: mou taberenai.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":463}],"stage":2,"range":"459-463","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-12","label":"Being moved","rationale":"Lets you say a show, song or moment got to you.","interference":"nakeru (it makes you cry) is not naku (to cry), and tereru is about your own blushing.","items":[{"id":"p-nakeru","romaji":"nakeru","polite":"nakemasu","english":"it makes you cry; such a tearjerker","use":"Praise for a moving film, song or story; 'kono eiga, nakeru' is a recommendation.","ja":"泣ける","kana":"なける","politeJa":"泣けます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono eiga, saigo ga maji de nakeru.","ja":"この映画、最後がマジで泣ける。","english":"This movie's ending will totally make you cry."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hon wa hontou ni nakemasu yo.","ja":"この本は本当に泣けますよ。","english":"This book really makes you cry."},"freqRank":4128,"score":4,"notes":"Potential form of naku (to cry). Also sarcastic about something pathetic: 'how sad'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":20,"cv":4,"n":464},{"id":"p-iyasareru","romaji":"iyasareru","polite":"iyasaremasu","english":"so soothing; it melts my stress away","use":"Reacts to something calming or cute: a cat video, a hot bath, a quiet café. Often drawn out: 'iyasareru~'.","ja":"癒される","kana":"いやされる","politeJa":"癒されます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono neko no douga, hontou ni iyasareru.","ja":"この猫の動画、本当に癒される。","english":"This cat video is so soothing."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono ongaku, iyasaremasu ne.","ja":"この音楽、癒されますね。","english":"This music is so relaxing."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Passive of iyasu (to heal); the noun iyashi means comfort, and 'iyashi-kei' is a soothing kind of person or thing.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":24,"cv":4,"n":465},{"id":"p-tereru","romaji":"tereru","polite":"teremasu","english":"aw, you're making me blush","use":"Your shy reaction to a compliment; friends may tease back with 'tereteru!' (you're blushing!).","ja":"照れる","kana":"てれる","politeJa":"照れます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sonna ni homenaide yo, tereru.","ja":"そんなに褒めないでよ、照れる。","english":"Don't praise me so much, you're making me blush."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou iwareru to teremasu ne.","ja":"そう言われると照れますね。","english":"Hearing that makes me a little shy."},"freqRank":4382,"score":4,"notes":"Tereru is shyness at attention; for shame or awkwardness use 'hazukashii'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":4,"n":466}],"stage":2,"range":"464-466","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-13","label":"Cheering someone on","rationale":"Lets you encourage effort and praise it afterwards.","interference":"yoku ganbatta ne is for effort already made, faito for effort ahead.","items":[{"id":"p-yoku-ganbatta-ne","romaji":"yoku ganbatta ne","polite":"yoku ganbarimashita ne","english":"you did really well; great effort","use":"Praise after someone finishes something hard, win or lose; often to kids or juniors.","ja":"よく頑張ったね","kana":"よくがんばったね","politeJa":"よく頑張りましたね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiai, oshikatta kedo yoku ganbatta ne.","ja":"試合、惜しかったけどよく頑張ったね。","english":"The game was close, but you did really well."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nagai aida, yoku ganbarimashita ne.","ja":"長い間、よく頑張りましたね。","english":"You worked so hard for so long."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"It praises effort, not results. To a superior, otsukaresama deshita is safer.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":35,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":467},{"id":"p-muri-shinaide","romaji":"muri shinaide","polite":"muri shinaide kudasai","english":"don't overdo it; don't push yourself","use":"Said to someone sick, tired or overworking; also to let someone off an invitation.","ja":"無理しないで","kana":"むりしないで","politeJa":"無理しないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"netsu aru n desho? muri shinaide ne.","ja":"熱あるんでしょ？無理しないでね。","english":"You've got a fever, right? Don't push yourself."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"isogashii to omoimasu ga, muri shinaide kudasai ne.","ja":"忙しいと思いますが、無理しないでくださいね。","english":"I know you're busy, but please don't overdo it."},"freqRank":4083,"score":4,"notes":"Muri means too much or impossible; muri! on its own means no way!","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":36,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":468},{"id":"p-faito","romaji":"faito","polite":null,"english":"go for it!; you can do it!","use":"Called out to cheer someone on in sport or before a challenge.","ja":"ファイト","kana":"ファイト","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita shiken desho? faito!","ja":"明日試験でしょ？ファイト！","english":"Your exam's tomorrow, right? You've got this!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4205,"score":3,"notes":"From English fight, but it means keep going. Ganbatte is the everyday word.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":126,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":469}],"stage":2,"range":"467-469","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-plans-1","label":"Inviting someone out","rationale":"Lets you invite a friend to eat, drink or come along.","interference":"The -nai? ending is an invitation, not \"aren't you going?\".","items":[{"id":"p-gohan-ikanai","romaji":"gohan ikanai?","polite":"gohan ikimasen ka","english":"want to grab a bite?","use":"Casual invitation to eat out with a friend or coworker; the ni is dropped.","ja":"ご飯行かない？","kana":"ごはんいかない","politeJa":"ご飯行きませんか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kondo no doyoubi, gohan ikanai?","ja":"今度の土曜日、ご飯行かない？","english":"Want to get something to eat this Saturday?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokattara, kondo gohan ikimasen ka?","ja":"よかったら、今度ご飯行きませんか？","english":"If you're free, would you like to get a meal sometime?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kondo gohan ikou ne can be a vague pleasantry rather than a real plan.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":470},{"id":"p-nomi-ni-ikanai","romaji":"nomi ni ikanai?","polite":"nomi ni ikimasen ka","english":"want to go for a drink?","use":"Invites a friend or coworker out drinking; the negative question makes it easy to say no.","ja":"飲みに行かない？","kana":"のみにいかない","politeJa":"飲みに行きませんか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigoto owattara, nomi ni ikanai?","ja":"仕事終わったら、飲みに行かない？","english":"Want to go for a drink after work?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kondo, nomi ni ikimasen ka?","ja":"今度、飲みに行きませんか？","english":"Would you like to go for a drink sometime?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"A nomikai is an organised drinking party with work or a club.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":54,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":471},{"id":"p-ocha-demo-dou","romaji":"ocha demo dou?","polite":"ocha demo ikaga desu ka","english":"how about a tea or something?; want to grab a coffee?","use":"Low-pressure invitation to sit and chat over a drink, at home or at a cafe.","ja":"お茶でもどう？","kana":"おちゃでもどう","politeJa":"お茶でもいかがですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jikan aru nara, ocha demo dou?","ja":"時間あるなら、お茶でもどう？","english":"If you've got time, how about a coffee?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokattara, ocha demo ikaga desu ka?","ja":"よかったら、お茶でもいかがですか？","english":"If you like, would you care for some tea?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Ocha suru means stopping at a cafe, not only drinking tea.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":22,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":472},{"id":"p-issho-ni-kuru","romaji":"issho ni kuru?","polite":"issho ni kimasu ka?","english":"want to come along?","use":"Invites someone to join something you're already going to do; 'iku iku!' is the eager yes.","ja":"一緒に来る？","kana":"いっしょにくる？","politeJa":"一緒に来ますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima kara konbini iku kedo, issho ni kuru?","ja":"今からコンビニ行くけど、一緒に来る？","english":"I'm heading to the convenience store. Want to come along?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore kara shokuji ni ikimasu kedo, issho ni kimasu ka?","ja":"これから食事に行きますけど、一緒に来ますか？","english":"We're going to eat now. Would you like to come along?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Use kuru when you're going and they join you; 'issho ni ikanai?' (shall we go together?) when it's a joint plan.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":248,"cv":4,"n":473},{"id":"p-uchi-kuru","romaji":"uchi kuru?","polite":"uchi ni kimasen ka?","english":"want to come over?","use":"Invites a friend to your place; uchi here means 'my home', and dropping ni is normal in speech.","ja":"うち来る？","kana":"うちくる？","politeJa":"うちに来ませんか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii geemu katta n da. uchi kuru?","ja":"新しいゲーム買ったんだ。うち来る？","english":"I bought a new game. Want to come over?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokattara, kondo uchi ni kimasen ka?","ja":"よかったら、今度うちに来ませんか？","english":"If you'd like, why not come over sometime?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Uchi can also mean 'our family' or 'our company', depending on context.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"n":474}],"stage":2,"range":"470-474","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-2","label":"Finding a time and place","rationale":"Lets you check if someone is free and pin down when and where.","interference":"aiteru? (are you free?) is easy to mix up with aite (partner).","items":[{"id":"p-aiteru","romaji":"aiteru?","polite":"aite imasu ka?","english":"are you free (then)?","use":"Asked before an invitation, with the day first: 'doyoubi aiteru?'. Answer 'aiteru yo' or 'gomen, chotto...'.","ja":"空いてる？","kana":"あいてる？","politeJa":"空いていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"doyoubi no yoru, aiteru?","ja":"土曜日の夜、空いてる？","english":"Are you free Saturday night?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"raishuu no getsuyoubi wa aite imasu ka?","ja":"来週の月曜日は空いていますか？","english":"Are you free next Monday?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also used for seats and rooms: 'kono seki aite imasu ka?' is 'is this seat free?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":30,"cv":5,"n":475},{"id":"p-yotei-aru","romaji":"yotei aru?","polite":"yotei arimasu ka?","english":"got any plans?","use":"A soft lead-in to an invitation, usually with a time; answer 'betsu ni nai yo' (not really) if you're free.","ja":"予定ある？","kana":"よていある？","politeJa":"予定ありますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kondo no nichiyoubi, nanika yotei aru?","ja":"今度の日曜日、何か予定ある？","english":"Got any plans this Sunday?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou no yoru wa nanika yotei arimasu ka?","ja":"今日の夜は何か予定ありますか？","english":"Do you have any plans tonight?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":4,"n":476},{"id":"p-itsu-ga-ii","romaji":"itsu ga ii?","polite":"itsu ga ii desu ka","english":"when works for you?; when's good?","use":"Asked when setting a date; answer with a day + ga ii, or X wa dou?","ja":"いつがいい？","kana":"いつがいい","politeJa":"いつがいいですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kondo nomi ni ikou yo. itsu ga ii?","ja":"今度飲みに行こうよ。いつがいい？","english":"Let's go for a drink sometime. When works for you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"uchiawase wa itsu ga ii desu ka?","ja":"打ち合わせはいつがいいですか？","english":"When is good for the meeting?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"At work, itsu ga yoroshii desu ka is more polite.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":477},{"id":"p-nanji-ga-ii","romaji":"nanji ga ii?","polite":"nanji ga ii desu ka","english":"what time works for you?","use":"Asked once you've picked a day; answer with a time, or suggest one: rokuji wa dou?","ja":"何時がいい？","kana":"なんじがいい","politeJa":"何時がいいですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"doyoubi ne. jaa, nanji ga ii?","ja":"土曜日ね。じゃあ、何時がいい？","english":"Saturday, then. So what time works for you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita wa nanji ga ii desu ka?","ja":"明日は何時がいいですか？","english":"What time is good for you tomorrow?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nanji is what time; don't confuse it with nanjikan (how many hours).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":478},{"id":"p-doko-de-au","romaji":"doko de au?","polite":"doko de aimashou ka","english":"where shall we meet?","use":"Asked when making plans; answer with a place, or suggest one: eki de ii?","ja":"どこで会う？","kana":"どこであう","politeJa":"どこで会いましょうか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"doyoubi, doko de au? shibuya de ii?","ja":"土曜日、どこで会う？渋谷でいい？","english":"Where shall we meet on Saturday? Is Shibuya okay?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita wa doko de aimashou ka?","ja":"明日はどこで会いましょうか？","english":"Where shall we meet tomorrow?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Machiawase is the arrangement to meet; machiawase basho is the meeting spot.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":25,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":479}],"stage":2,"range":"475-479","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-3","label":"Saying yes to plans","rationale":"Lets you accept an invite with enthusiasm.","interference":"tsukiau (keep you company) also means to date someone.","items":[{"id":"p-ikeru-ikeru","romaji":"ikeru ikeru","polite":null,"english":"yeah, I can make it; sure, easy","use":"A quick, upbeat yes when asked if you can make it, or encouragement that something is doable.","ja":"行ける行ける","kana":"いけるいける","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shichiji? ikeru ikeru, daijoubu.","ja":"7時？行ける行ける、大丈夫。","english":"Seven? Yeah, I can make it, no problem."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also said about food or a challenge: 'kore ikeru' is 'this is pretty good' or 'I can do this'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":4,"n":480},{"id":"p-sono-hanashi-notta","romaji":"sono hanashi notta","polite":null,"english":"count me in; I'm in","use":"Jumps on board with a plan or idea someone just pitched; sounds keen and a bit playful.","ja":"その話乗った","kana":"そのはなしのった","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"onsen ryokou? sono hanashi, notta!","ja":"温泉旅行？その話、乗った！","english":"A hot spring trip? Count me in!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"From noru (to get on board). Just 'notta!' works too.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"n":481},{"id":"p-tsukiau-yo","romaji":"tsukiau yo","polite":"otsukiai shimasu yo","english":"I'll come along; I'll keep you company","use":"Offers to join someone for something they need or want to do: shopping, a drink, waiting.","ja":"付き合うよ","kana":"つきあうよ","politeJa":"お付き合いしますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaimono? ii yo, tsukiau yo.","ja":"買い物？いいよ、付き合うよ。","english":"Shopping? Sure, I'll come with you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokereba, saigo made otsukiai shimasu yo.","ja":"よければ、最後までお付き合いしますよ。","english":"If you like, I'll keep you company to the end."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With a person, 'X to tsukiau' means 'to date X', and 'tsukiatte kudasai' can be a love confession, so watch the context.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":16,"cv":4,"n":482},{"id":"p-yorokonde","romaji":"yorokonde","polite":null,"english":"gladly; with pleasure","use":"An eager yes to an invitation or a request for help.","ja":"喜んで","kana":"よろこんで","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sasotte kurete arigatou. yorokonde iku yo!","ja":"誘ってくれてありがとう。喜んで行くよ！","english":"Thanks for inviting me. I'd love to come!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yorokonde otetsudai shimasu.","ja":"喜んでお手伝いします。","english":"I'd be glad to help."},"freqRank":1742,"score":3,"notes":"Some izakaya staff shout hai, yorokonde! when they take an order.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":942,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":483}],"stage":2,"range":"480-483","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-4","label":"Turning down softly","rationale":"Lets you say no to an invite without bluntness.","interference":"kyou wa chotto works because it trails off, so don't finish the sentence.","items":[{"id":"p-kyou-wa-chotto","romaji":"kyou wa chotto...","polite":null,"english":"today's not good for me","use":"Turns down an invitation by trailing off; the unfinished sentence is the polite no, so no long excuse is needed.","ja":"今日はちょっと…","kana":"きょうはちょっと","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kyou wa chotto... ashita nara ii yo.","ja":"ごめん、今日はちょっと…明日ならいいよ。","english":"Sorry, today's not great... tomorrow works, though."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kyou wa chotto...","ja":"すみません、今日はちょっと…","english":"Sorry, today's a bit difficult..."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Chotto... alone works for any request you'd rather refuse.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":10,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":484},{"id":"p-ikitai-kedo","romaji":"ikitai kedo...","polite":"ikitai n desu kedo...","english":"I'd love to, but...","use":"The standard soft refusal: say it and trail off, and the other person understands it's a no.","ja":"行きたいけど…","kana":"いきたいけど…","politeJa":"行きたいんですけど…","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ikitai kedo, ashita hayai n da yo ne.","ja":"行きたいけど、明日早いんだよね。","english":"I'd love to, but I've got an early start tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ikitai n desu kedo, sono hi wa chotto...","ja":"行きたいんですけど、その日はちょっと…","english":"I'd love to, but that day's a bit..."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Leaving the sentence hanging is the polite part; you don't have to spell out the reason.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":18,"cv":4,"n":485},{"id":"p-kyou-wa-pasu","romaji":"kyou wa pasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll pass today","use":"A light, friendly way to skip an outing without a long excuse; fine with friends, too blunt with a boss.","ja":"今日はパス","kana":"きょうはパス","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, tsukareteru kara kyou wa pasu.","ja":"ごめん、疲れてるから今日はパス。","english":"Sorry, I'm tired, so I'll pass today."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Pasu works for anything you skip: food, a turn in a game, a question you won't answer.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":48,"cv":4,"n":486},{"id":"p-enryo-shite-okimasu","romaji":"enryo shite okimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll pass, thanks","use":"Polite no to an offer or invitation, softer than kekkou desu.","ja":"遠慮しておきます","kana":"えんりょしておきます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa enryo shite okimasu. mata sasotte kudasai.","ja":"今日は遠慮しておきます。また誘ってください。","english":"I'll pass today. Please ask me again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casual version: enryo shitoku. Enryo means holding back.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":487}],"stage":2,"range":"484-487","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-5","label":"Deciding what to do","rationale":"Lets you ask what to do and show you are easy either way.","interference":"dou suru? (what shall we do?) is not dou shiyou (what do I do?!).","items":[{"id":"p-dou-suru","romaji":"dou suru?","polite":"dou shimasu ka","english":"what do you want to do?; what shall we do?","use":"Asks a friend to decide or pick between options; answer with your choice plus ni suru, or dotchi demo ii.","ja":"どうする？","kana":"どうする","politeJa":"どうしますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ame da kedo, dou suru? ie de eiga miru?","ja":"雨だけど、どうする？家で映画見る？","english":"It's raining. What do you want to do? Watch a movie at home?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ame desu ne. dou shimasu ka?","ja":"雨ですね。どうしますか？","english":"It's raining. What shall we do?"},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Dou shiyou (what do I do?) is the worried version you say to yourself.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4392,"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":488},{"id":"p-dotchi-demo-ii","romaji":"dotchi demo ii","polite":"dochira demo ii desu","english":"either is fine","use":"Tells someone you don't mind which; add yo to sound easygoing rather than bored.","ja":"どっちでもいい","kana":"どっちでもいい","politeJa":"どちらでもいいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ramen demo sushi demo, dotchi demo ii yo.","ja":"ラーメンでも寿司でも、どっちでもいいよ。","english":"Ramen or sushi, either's fine with me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa dochira demo ii desu yo.","ja":"私はどちらでもいいですよ。","english":"Either is fine with me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Said flatly it can sound like you don't care. Nan demo ii means anything is fine.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":66,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":489},{"id":"p-nani-taberu","romaji":"nani taberu?","polite":"nani tabemasu ka","english":"what shall we eat?; what are you having?","use":"Asks a friend what they want for a meal or what they're ordering.","ja":"何食べる？","kana":"なにたべる","politeJa":"何食べますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hirugohan, nani taberu? ramen?","ja":"昼ご飯、何食べる？ラーメン？","english":"What should we have for lunch? Ramen?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou no hirugohan, nani tabemasu ka?","ja":"今日の昼ご飯、何食べますか？","english":"What are you having for lunch today?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With a menu in hand, nani ni suru? (what are you getting?) is just as common.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":7,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":490},{"id":"p-awaseru-yo","romaji":"awaseru yo","polite":"awasemasu yo","english":"I'll fit around you; whatever suits you","use":"Your answer when someone asks when or where to meet, handing them the choice.","ja":"合わせるよ","kana":"あわせるよ","politeJa":"合わせますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsu demo ii yo. sotchi ni awaseru yo.","ja":"いつでもいいよ。そっちに合わせるよ。","english":"Any time's fine. I'll fit around you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa itsu demo daijoubu desu. awasemasu yo.","ja":"私はいつでも大丈夫です。合わせますよ。","english":"Any time works for me. I'll fit around you."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Literally 'I'll match (you)'. The polite version is often 'sochira ni awasemasu'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":4,"n":491},{"id":"p-makasete","romaji":"makasete","polite":"makasete kudasai","english":"leave it to me","use":"Said with confidence when you take on a job someone is worried about.","ja":"任せて","kana":"まかせて","politeJa":"任せてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ryouri? makasete! tokui da kara.","ja":"料理？任せて！得意だから。","english":"Cooking? Leave it to me, I'm good at it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono ken wa watashi ni makasete kudasai.","ja":"その件は私に任せてください。","english":"Please leave that to me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Makaseru means to entrust. Omakase at a sushi bar means chef's choice.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1015,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":492}],"stage":2,"range":"488-492","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-6","label":"Settling the plan","rationale":"Lets you agree on a choice and lock it in.","interference":"sou shiyou (let's do that) and sou suru (I'll do that) differ in who acts.","items":[{"id":"p-sou-shiyou","romaji":"sou shiyou","polite":"sou shimashou","english":"let's do that","use":"Agrees to a plan someone just suggested.","ja":"そうしよう","kana":"そうしよう","politeJa":"そうしましょう","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ii ne, sou shiyou!","ja":"いいね、そうしよう！","english":"Good idea, let's do that!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ii desu ne. sou shimashou.","ja":"いいですね。そうしましょう。","english":"Sounds good. Let's do that."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sou suru (I'll do that) is about your own action only, e.g. when you take someone's advice.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":320,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":493},{"id":"p-jaa-sore-de","romaji":"jaa sore de","polite":"jaa sore de onegai shimasu","english":"okay, let's go with that","use":"Settles a plan or choice someone just suggested; to staff add onegai shimasu.","ja":"じゃあそれで","kana":"じゃあそれで","politeJa":"じゃあそれでお願いします","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"rokuji ni eki? un, jaa sore de.","ja":"6時に駅？うん、じゃあそれで。","english":"Six at the station? Okay, let's go with that."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jaa, sore de onegai shimasu.","ja":"じゃあ、それでお願いします。","english":"Okay, I'll go with that, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":7,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":494},{"id":"p-kimari","romaji":"kimari!","polite":null,"english":"it's a deal!; settled","use":"Closes the planning once everyone agrees on a time or place; often 'jaa, kimari ne!'.","ja":"決まり！","kana":"きまり！","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, doyoubi no juuniji ni eki de. kimari!","ja":"じゃあ、土曜日の12時に駅で。決まり！","english":"So, noon Saturday at the station. It's a deal!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"From kimaru (to be decided); 'mou kimatteru' means it's already settled.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":4,"n":495},{"id":"p-yakusoku-ne","romaji":"yakusoku ne","polite":"yakusoku desu yo","english":"it's a promise, okay?","use":"Seals a plan or favour so the other person can't back out; they answer 'un, yakusoku'.","ja":"約束ね","kana":"やくそくね","politeJa":"約束ですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kondo wa zettai kite ne. yakusoku ne.","ja":"今度は絶対来てね。約束ね。","english":"You'd better come next time. Promise?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kondo wa zettai kite kudasai ne. yakusoku desu yo.","ja":"今度は絶対来てくださいね。約束ですよ。","english":"Please make sure you come next time. It's a promise."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yakusoku suru is 'to promise'; 'yakusoku ga aru' means 'I have plans with someone'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":28,"cv":4,"n":496}],"stage":2,"range":"493-496","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-7","label":"On the way","rationale":"Lets you check where someone is and report where you are.","interference":"tsuita (I've arrived) and tsuku (I will arrive) get swapped.","items":[{"id":"p-ima-doko","romaji":"ima doko?","polite":"ima doko desu ka","english":"where are you?","use":"The standard text or call when meeting up; answer with a place + da yo, or ima mukatteru.","ja":"今どこ？","kana":"いまどこ","politeJa":"今どこですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima doko? mou eki ni tsuita yo.","ja":"今どこ？もう駅に着いたよ。","english":"Where are you? I'm already at the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima doko desu ka? kaisatsu no mae ni imasu.","ja":"今どこですか？改札の前にいます。","english":"Where are you now? I'm in front of the ticket gates."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"To someone senior, ima dochira desu ka sounds more polite.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":340,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":497},{"id":"p-ima-mukatteru","romaji":"ima mukatteru","polite":"ima mukatte imasu","english":"I'm on my way","use":"Texted or said when someone asks where you are; add a place + ni to say where you're heading.","ja":"今向かってる","kana":"いまむかってる","politeJa":"今向かっています","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima mukatteru! juppun gurai de tsuku.","ja":"今向かってる！10分ぐらいで着く。","english":"I'm on my way! I'll be there in about ten minutes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima eki ni mukatte imasu. sugu tsukimasu.","ja":"今駅に向かっています。すぐ着きます。","english":"I'm heading to the station now. I'll be there soon."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Mukau means head toward. Ima iku is closer to I'm coming right now.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":143,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":498},{"id":"p-mou-sugu-tsuku","romaji":"mou sugu tsuku","polite":"mou sugu tsukimasu","english":"I'm almost there","use":"Texted or said when you're close; often with yo, or kara to mean so hang on.","ja":"もうすぐ着く","kana":"もうすぐつく","politeJa":"もうすぐ着きます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou sugu tsuku yo. ato gofun.","ja":"もうすぐ着くよ。あと5分。","english":"I'm almost there. Five more minutes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, mou sugu tsukimasu.","ja":"すみません、もうすぐ着きます。","english":"Sorry, I'm almost there."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Mou sugu means very soon and works with other verbs: mou sugu owaru (almost done).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":32,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":499},{"id":"p-tsuita-yo","romaji":"tsuita yo","polite":"tsukimashita","english":"I'm here; I've arrived","use":"Texted or said when you reach the meeting place; add where: eki ni tsuita yo.","ja":"着いたよ","kana":"ついたよ","politeJa":"着きました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsuita yo. kitaguchi no mae ni iru.","ja":"着いたよ。北口の前にいる。","english":"I'm here. I'm in front of the north exit."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima tsukimashita. iriguchi no mae ni imasu.","ja":"今着きました。入口の前にいます。","english":"I just got here. I'm in front of the entrance."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Past tense because you've already arrived. Mou tsuita? means are you there yet?","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":138,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":500},{"id":"p-matteru-ne","romaji":"matteru ne","polite":"matte imasu ne","english":"I'll be waiting; I'll wait for you","use":"Said to someone on their way, or warmly at a goodbye to mean see you then.","ja":"待ってるね","kana":"まってるね","politeJa":"待っていますね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"wakatta. jaa, kafe de matteru ne.","ja":"わかった。じゃあ、カフェで待ってるね。","english":"Okay. I'll wait for you at the café, then."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"wakarimashita. robii de matte imasu ne.","ja":"わかりました。ロビーで待っていますね。","english":"Understood. I'll be waiting in the lobby."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To customers or seniors, omachi shite imasu is the humble version.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":112,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":501}],"stage":2,"range":"497-501","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-repair-4","label":"No I mean","rationale":"Corrects yourself or takes something back.","interference":"sou ja nakute fixes your own words; chotto chigau kana gently fixes theirs.","items":[{"id":"p-sou-ja-nakute","romaji":"sou ja nakute","polite":null,"english":"no, I mean...; that's not what I meant","use":"Correct a misunderstanding, then say what you actually meant.","ja":"そうじゃなくて","kana":"そうじゃなくて","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou ja nakute, ashita no hanashi da yo.","ja":"そうじゃなくて、明日の話だよ。","english":"No, I mean tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sou ja nakute, ashita no hanashi desu.","ja":"そうじゃなくて、明日の話です。","english":"No, I'm talking about tomorrow."},"freqRank":1903,"score":4,"notes":"In formal talk: sou de wa nakute.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":206,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":502},{"id":"p-chotto-chigau-kana","romaji":"chotto chigau kana","polite":"chotto chigau kamo shiremasen","english":"not quite, I think","use":"A soft way to say someone's guess or summary is off, or to correct your own word.","ja":"ちょっと違うかな","kana":"ちょっとちがうかな","politeJa":"ちょっと違うかもしれません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"un, demo chotto chigau kana.","ja":"うん、でもちょっと違うかな。","english":"Yeah, but not quite, I think."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sore wa chotto chigau kamo shiremasen ne.","ja":"それはちょっと違うかもしれませんね。","english":"That might not be quite right."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"A flat 'chigau' (wrong) to someone's face sounds harsh; chotto and kana soften it.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":89,"cv":4,"n":503},{"id":"p-ima-no-nashi","romaji":"ima no nashi","polite":null,"english":"scratch that; forget what I said","use":"Takes back something you just said or did, like an embarrassing slip or a bad move in a game.","ja":"今のなし","kana":"いまのなし","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, gomen, ima no nashi! wasurete.","ja":"あ、ごめん、今のなし！忘れて。","english":"Oh, sorry, scratch that! Forget it."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":38507,"score":4,"notes":"Nashi = 'doesn't count'; its opposite ari means 'allowed': 'sore ari?' is 'is that allowed?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":4,"n":504},{"id":"p-nan-demo-nai","romaji":"nan demo nai","polite":"nan demo arimasen","english":"it's nothing; never mind","use":"Said when someone asks what's wrong or what you said, and you'd rather drop it.","ja":"何でもない","kana":"なんでもない","politeJa":"何でもありません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e? a, nan demo nai. ki ni shinaide.","ja":"え？あ、何でもない。気にしないで。","english":"Huh? Oh, it's nothing. Don't worry."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"a, nan demo arimasen. ki ni shinaide kudasai.","ja":"あ、何でもありません。気にしないでください。","english":"Oh, it's nothing. Please don't worry."},"freqRank":1152,"score":4,"notes":"Don't confuse with nan demo ii (anything is fine).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":597,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":505}],"stage":2,"range":"502-505","category":"Clarifying"},{"id":"c-repair-5","label":"Did I get it","rationale":"Checks you understood or were understood.","interference":"atteru asks if you're right; kikoeru is for bad audio or calls.","items":[{"id":"p-atteru","romaji":"atteru?","polite":"atte imasu ka?","english":"is that right?; did I get it right?","use":"Checks your guess, answer, route or pronunciation; the answer is 'atteru yo' (right) or 'chotto chigau' (not quite).","ja":"合ってる？","kana":"あってる？","politeJa":"合っていますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono michi de atteru?","ja":"この道で合ってる？","english":"Is this the right way?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hatsuon de atte imasu ka?","ja":"この発音で合っていますか？","english":"Is my pronunciation right?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'X de atteru?' = 'is X right?'. Also used for fit: 'saizu atteru' (the size fits).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":32,"cv":4,"n":506},{"id":"p-iitai-koto-wakaru","romaji":"iitai koto wakaru?","polite":"iitai koto wakarimasu ka?","english":"you know what I mean?","use":"Checks that a clumsy explanation landed; the answer is 'un, wakaru wakaru' if it did.","ja":"言いたいことわかる？","kana":"いいたいことわかる？","politeJa":"言いたいことわかりますか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"umaku ienai kedo, iitai koto wakaru?","ja":"うまく言えないけど、言いたいことわかる？","english":"I can't put it well, but you know what I mean?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"setsumei ga heta desu kedo, iitai koto wakarimasu ka?","ja":"説明が下手ですけど、言いたいことわかりますか？","english":"I'm bad at explaining, but do you see what I mean?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Said sharply in an argument, it becomes a challenge: 'do you get it?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":6,"cv":4,"n":507},{"id":"p-kikoeru","romaji":"kikoeru?","polite":"kikoemasu ka","english":"can you hear me?","use":"Said on a bad phone or video call; the answer is kikoeru yo or kikoenai.","ja":"聞こえる？","kana":"きこえる","politeJa":"聞こえますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"moshimoshi? kikoeru? denpa warui mitai.","ja":"もしもし？聞こえる？電波悪いみたい。","english":"Hello? Can you hear me? The signal seems bad."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"moshimoshi, kikoemasu ka? koe ga tooi desu ne.","ja":"もしもし、聞こえますか？声が遠いですね。","english":"Hello, can you hear me? You sound far away."},"freqRank":472,"score":3,"notes":"Kikoeru means can be heard, so the sound takes ga: koe ga kikoeru. It also asks did you hear that? about a noise.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":498,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":508}],"stage":2,"range":"506-508","category":"Clarifying"},{"id":"c-banter-1","label":"Joking around","rationale":"Lets you mark a joke, ask for the punchline, or admit one bombed.","interference":"uso uso (just kidding) is not the reaction uso! (no way!).","items":[{"id":"p-joudan-da-yo","romaji":"joudan da yo","polite":"joudan desu yo","english":"just kidding","use":"Take back a tease, or a joke someone took seriously.","ja":"冗談だよ","kana":"じょうだんだよ","politeJa":"冗談ですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uso uso, joudan da yo. okotta?","ja":"うそうそ、冗談だよ。怒った？","english":"Nah, just kidding. Are you mad?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"joudan desu yo. ki ni shinaide kudasai.","ja":"冗談ですよ。気にしないでください。","english":"Just kidding. Don't take it seriously."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"uso uso (literally 'lie, lie') is another quick 'just kidding'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":274,"cv":5,"focus":true,"n":509},{"id":"p-uso-uso","romaji":"uso uso","polite":null,"english":"just kidding, just kidding","use":"Takes back a tease or a fake-out right after saying it, usually with a laugh.","ja":"うそうそ","kana":"うそうそ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita tesuto da yo. uso uso, joudan.","ja":"明日テストだよ。うそうそ、冗談。","english":"There's a test tomorrow. Just kidding, joking!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":27616,"score":4,"notes":"A single 'uso!' is the opposite move: 'no way!' when you hear surprising news.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":4,"n":510},{"id":"p-ochi-wa","romaji":"ochi wa?","polite":null,"english":"and the punchline is...?","use":"A teasing demand at the end of a flat story; Japanese banter expects stories to land on a payoff.","ja":"オチは？","kana":"おちは？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, sore de owari? ochi wa?","ja":"え、それで終わり？オチは？","english":"Wait, that's it? Where's the punchline?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kansai-flavoured but heard everywhere. Ochi = the payoff of a story or joke.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":3,"cv":4,"n":511},{"id":"p-subetta","romaji":"subetta","polite":null,"english":"that joke bombed; it fell flat","use":"Admits or points out that a joke got no laugh; saying it about yourself helps you recover.","ja":"すべった","kana":"すべった","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"daremo warawanai... kanzen ni subetta.","ja":"誰も笑わない…完全にすべった。","english":"Nobody's laughing... that totally bombed."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Literally 'slipped', so it also means 'I slipped'. The opposite is ukeru: the joke lands.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":62,"cv":4,"n":512},{"id":"p-jaan","romaji":"jaan","polite":null,"english":"ta-da!","use":"Said while revealing something you're proud of.","ja":"ジャーン","kana":"じゃーん","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaan! kore, tezukuri no keeki.","ja":"ジャーン！これ、手作りのケーキ。","english":"Ta-da! I made this cake myself."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jaan! kore, tezukuri no keeki desu.","ja":"ジャーン！これ、手作りのケーキです。","english":"Ta-da! I made this cake myself."},"freqRank":3062,"score":3,"notes":"jajaan adds more drama.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":47,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":513}],"stage":2,"range":"509-513","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-banter-2","label":"Laughing it off","rationale":"Lets you deny or shrug off teasing.","interference":"sore ga nanika? (so what?) can sound combative if said flat.","items":[{"id":"p-nai-nai","romaji":"nai nai","polite":null,"english":"no way; not at all; nope","use":"Laughs off a suggestion, like being asked if you're dating someone.","ja":"ないない","kana":"ないない","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kanojo? nai nai, tada no tomodachi.","ja":"彼女？ないない、ただの友達。","english":"Girlfriend? No way, she's just a friend."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nai nai, tada no tomodachi desu yo.","ja":"ないない、ただの友達ですよ。","english":"No, no, she's just a friend."},"freqRank":3599,"score":4,"notes":"Also said while searching: 'it's not here, not here'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":39,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":514},{"id":"p-ki-no-sei-da-yo","romaji":"ki no sei da yo","polite":"ki no sei desu yo","english":"it's just your imagination","use":"Reassures someone that what they noticed or feared isn't real; also a teasing brush-off.","ja":"気のせいだよ","kana":"きのせいだよ","politeJa":"気のせいですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"futotta? ki no sei da yo.","ja":"太った？気のせいだよ。","english":"'Have I put on weight?' Nah, it's just your imagination."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shinpai shinakute ii desu yo. ki no sei desu.","ja":"心配しなくていいですよ。気のせいです。","english":"No need to worry. It's just your imagination."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ki no sei says it isn't real at all; 'ki ni shisugi' says it's real but small.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":77,"cv":4,"n":515},{"id":"p-mata-mata","romaji":"mata mata","polite":null,"english":"oh, come on; you're kidding","use":"Playful disbelief when someone flatters you or brags.","ja":"またまた","kana":"またまた","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata mata, joudan bakkari.","ja":"またまた、冗談ばっかり。","english":"Oh, come on, always joking."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mata mata, joudan deshou?","ja":"またまた、冗談でしょう？","english":"Oh, come on, you're joking."},"freqRank":4198,"score":3,"notes":"Not 'again' here, though mata alone means again.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":37,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":516},{"id":"p-sore-ga-nanika","romaji":"sore ga nanika","polite":null,"english":"so what?; is there a problem?","use":"Cool, defensive comeback when someone points something out about you.","ja":"それが何か","kana":"それがなにか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hitori de kita yo. sore ga nanika?","ja":"一人で来たよ。それが何か？","english":"I came alone. So what?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitori de kimashita kedo, sore ga nanika?","ja":"一人で来ましたけど、それが何か？","english":"I came alone. Is there a problem?"},"freqRank":4832,"score":3,"notes":"Sounds icy even in polite speech.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":130,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":517}],"stage":2,"range":"514-517","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-banter-3","label":"Stop teasing me","rationale":"Lets you ask someone to ease off when they tease you.","interference":"yamete can sound truly upset, so tone carries the playfulness.","items":[{"id":"p-yamete","romaji":"yamete","polite":"yamete kudasai","english":"stop it!; don't!","use":"Tell someone to stop, from playful teasing to real danger.","ja":"やめて","kana":"やめて","politeJa":"やめてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto, yamete yo! kusuguttai!","ja":"ちょっと、やめてよ！くすぐったい！","english":"Hey, stop it! That tickles!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, sore, yamete kudasai.","ja":"すみません、それ、やめてください。","english":"Excuse me, please stop that."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"yamero is the harsh command form you'll hear in dramas; yamete is softer and used by anyone.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5553,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":518},{"id":"p-karakawanaide","romaji":"karakawanaide","polite":"karakawanaide kudasai","english":"stop teasing me","use":"A half-laughing protest when friends tease you, especially about love or a slip-up.","ja":"からかわないで","kana":"からかわないで","politeJa":"からかわないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou, karakawanaide yo! sonna n ja nai tte.","ja":"もう、からかわないでよ！そんなんじゃないって。","english":"Come on, stop teasing me! It's not like that."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"senpai, karakawanaide kudasai yo.","ja":"先輩、からかわないでくださいよ。","english":"Come on, stop teasing me."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Karakau = to tease; 'karakatta dake' is 'I was only teasing'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":355,"cv":4,"n":519},{"id":"p-kanben-shite-yo","romaji":"kanben shite yo","polite":"kanben shite kudasai","english":"give me a break","use":"An exasperated plea when something is too much: more work, a bad joke, another delay.","ja":"勘弁してよ","kana":"かんべんしてよ","politeJa":"勘弁してください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata zangyou? kanben shite yo.","ja":"また残業？勘弁してよ。","english":"Overtime again? Give me a break."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore ijou wa kanben shite kudasai.","ja":"これ以上は勘弁してください。","english":"Please, no more than this."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kanben is forgiveness, so it's literally 'spare me'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":294,"cv":4,"n":520}],"stage":2,"range":"518-520","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-banter-4","label":"Told you so","rationale":"Lets you gloat when you were right or a habit repeats.","interference":"hora ne (see? told you) is not hora (look!).","items":[{"id":"p-hora-ne","romaji":"hora ne","polite":null,"english":"see?; told you","use":"Said when something turns out just as you predicted.","ja":"ほらね","kana":"ほらね","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hora ne, yappari ame futta.","ja":"ほらね、やっぱり雨降った。","english":"See? It rained, just like I said."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hora ne, yappari ame ga furimashita.","ja":"ほらね、やっぱり雨が降りました。","english":"See? It rained after all."},"freqRank":43063,"score":3,"notes":"hora alone means 'look' or 'here you go': hora, kore.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":158,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":521},{"id":"p-dakara-itta-ja-nai","romaji":"dakara itta ja nai","polite":"dakara itta ja nai desu ka","english":"I told you so","use":"Said, a bit reproachfully, when someone ignored your warning.","ja":"だから言ったじゃない","kana":"だからいったじゃない","politeJa":"だから言ったじゃないですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dakara itta ja nai. kasa iru tte.","ja":"だから言ったじゃない。傘いるって。","english":"I told you so. I said you'd need an umbrella."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dakara itta ja nai desu ka. kasa ga iru tte.","ja":"だから言ったじゃないですか。傘がいるって。","english":"I told you. I said you'd need an umbrella."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Men often say dakara itta daro.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":92,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":522},{"id":"p-mata-hajimatta","romaji":"mata hajimatta","polite":null,"english":"here we go again","use":"An eye-roll reaction when someone starts their usual rant, boast or habit, often said to a third person.","ja":"また始まった","kana":"またはじまった","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata hajimatta yo, buchou no jiman banashi.","ja":"また始まったよ、部長の自慢話。","english":"Here we go again, the boss bragging."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":26,"cv":4,"n":523}],"stage":2,"range":"521-523","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-banter-5","label":"Calling out bragging","rationale":"Lets you poke fun at someone showing off.","interference":"yoku iu (look who's talking) uses the same words as yoku iu (often say).","items":[{"id":"p-jiman","romaji":"jiman?","polite":null,"english":"are you bragging?","use":"A teasing comeback when a friend shows off; they may deny it ('chigau yo!') or own it ('jiman da yo').","ja":"自慢？","kana":"じまん？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata atarashii fuku? sore jiman?","ja":"また新しい服？それ自慢？","english":"New clothes again? Are you showing off?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Jiman suru is 'to brag'; 'jiman no ...' means 'my prized ...'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":52,"cv":4,"n":524},{"id":"p-sore-jibun-de-iu","romaji":"sore jibun de iu?","polite":null,"english":"you're saying that about yourself?","use":"A playful jab when someone praises themselves, like calling themselves good-looking or a genius.","ja":"それ自分で言う？","kana":"それじぶんでいう？","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tensai tte, sore jibun de iu?","ja":"天才って、それ自分で言う？","english":"Calling yourself a genius? Really?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":18,"cv":4,"n":525},{"id":"p-yoku-iu","romaji":"yoku iu","polite":"yoku iimasu ne","english":"look who's talking; you've got some nerve","use":"Sarcastic reply when someone says something shameless or hypocritical.","ja":"よく言う","kana":"よくいう","politeJa":"よく言いますね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoku iu yo, jibun mo okureta kuse ni.","ja":"よく言うよ、自分も遅れたくせに。","english":"Look who's talking, you were late too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoku iimasu ne. jibun mo okureta no ni.","ja":"よく言いますね。自分も遅れたのに。","english":"You've got some nerve. You were late too."},"freqRank":1651,"score":3,"notes":"In a plain statement, yoku iu means 'people often say'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":100,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":526},{"id":"p-choushi-ni-noru-na","romaji":"choushi ni noru na","polite":null,"english":"don't get cocky","use":"Puts down someone getting too full of themselves after a success; among friends it's often a joke.","ja":"調子に乗るな","kana":"ちょうしにのるな","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichido katta dake de choushi ni noru na yo.","ja":"一度勝っただけで調子に乗るなよ。","english":"You won once, don't get cocky."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The softer version is 'choushi ni noranaide'; 'choushi notteru' means 'getting carried away' or 'on a roll'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":33,"cv":4,"n":527}],"stage":2,"range":"524-527","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-flow-4","label":"Managing a long story","rationale":"Hands the turn over, takes it back, and keeps a long story on track.","interference":"kke marks trying to recall (doko made hanashita kke), not a plain question.","items":[{"id":"p-maa-sonna-kanji","romaji":"maa, sonna kanji","polite":"maa, sonna kanji desu","english":"so yeah, that's about it","use":"Wraps up a story or explanation and signals you're done talking; also a vague 'something like that'.","ja":"まあ、そんな感じ","kana":"まあ、そんなかんじ","politeJa":"まあ、そんな感じです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"de, kekkyoku wakareta. maa, sonna kanji.","ja":"で、結局別れた。まあ、そんな感じ。","english":"So in the end we broke up. So yeah, that's about it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"saikin no shigoto wa maa, sonna kanji desu.","ja":"最近の仕事はまあ、そんな感じです。","english":"So that's work lately, more or less."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"'Sonna kanji?' as a question asks 'like this?' when you check a rough idea.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":221,"cv":5,"n":528},{"id":"p-tsuzukete","romaji":"tsuzukete","polite":"tsuzukete kudasai","english":"go on; keep going","use":"Tells someone to carry on after an interruption, or to keep telling their story.","ja":"続けて","kana":"つづけて","politeJa":"続けてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, jama shita. tsuzukete.","ja":"ごめん、邪魔した。続けて。","english":"Sorry for interrupting. Go on."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, douzo tsuzukete kudasai.","ja":"すみません、どうぞ続けてください。","english":"Sorry, please go on."},"freqRank":6389,"score":4,"notes":"From tsuzukeru (to continue something); 'tsuzuki wa?' asks 'and then what?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1835,"cv":4,"n":529},{"id":"p-hanashi-kiku-yo","romaji":"hanashi kiku yo","polite":"ohanashi kikimasu yo","english":"I'm all ears; tell me about it","use":"Offers to listen to someone who's upset or has something on their mind.","ja":"話聞くよ","kana":"はなしきくよ","politeJa":"お話聞きますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanka atta? hanashi kiku yo.","ja":"なんかあった？話聞くよ。","english":"Something happen? I'm here to listen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokattara, ohanashi kikimasu yo.","ja":"よかったら、お話聞きますよ。","english":"If you'd like, I'm happy to listen."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":4,"n":530},{"id":"p-nagaku-naru-kedo","romaji":"nagaku naru kedo","polite":"nagaku narimasu kedo","english":"it's a long story, but...","use":"Warns the listener before a long explanation and checks they have time.","ja":"長くなるけど","kana":"ながくなるけど","politeJa":"長くなりますけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nagaku naru kedo, kiite kureru?","ja":"長くなるけど、聞いてくれる？","english":"It's a long story, but will you hear me out?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hanashi ga nagaku narimasu kedo, ii desu ka?","ja":"話が長くなりますけど、いいですか？","english":"It'll take a while to explain. Is that okay?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'Hanashi ga nagai' is a complaint about someone: 'they talk too long'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":7,"cv":4,"n":531},{"id":"p-doko-made-hanashita-kke","romaji":"doko made hanashita kke","polite":"doko made hanashimashita kke","english":"where was I?","use":"Pick up a story after an interruption.","ja":"どこまで話したっけ","kana":"どこまではなしたっけ","politeJa":"どこまで話しましたっけ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"etto, doko made hanashita kke?","ja":"えっと、どこまで話したっけ？","english":"Um, where was I?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"etto, doko made hanashimashita kke?","ja":"えっと、どこまで話しましたっけ？","english":"Um, where was I?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"kke turns a question into 'what was it again?': namae nan datta kke?","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":17,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":532}],"stage":2,"range":"528-532","category":"Opening and changing the subject"},{"id":"c-flow-5","label":"Got a minute","rationale":"Opens a request, a serious talk, or a call for attention.","interference":"chotto hanashi ga aru can sound ominous; nanka you? is blunt.","items":[{"id":"p-ima-daijoubu","romaji":"ima daijoubu?","polite":"ima daijoubu desu ka","english":"is now a good time?; got a minute?","use":"Asked at the start of a call or before interrupting someone; answer un, daijoubu or gomen, ato de.","ja":"今大丈夫？","kana":"いまだいじょうぶ","politeJa":"今大丈夫ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"moshimoshi, ima daijoubu? chotto kikitai koto ga atte.","ja":"もしもし、今大丈夫？ちょっと聞きたいことがあって。","english":"Hi, is now a good time? There's something I want to ask."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, ima daijoubu desu ka? sugu sumimasu.","ja":"すみません、今大丈夫ですか？すぐ済みます。","english":"Excuse me, do you have a moment? It won't take long."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To a boss or client, ima ojikan yoroshii desu ka is safer.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":533},{"id":"p-chotto-hanashi-ga-aru-n-da-kedo","romaji":"chotto hanashi ga aru n da kedo","polite":"chotto ohanashi ga aru n desu kedo","english":"there's something I want to talk to you about","use":"Asks for a serious talk, and can make the listener nervous; they'll answer 'nani?' or 'ima?'.","ja":"ちょっと話があるんだけど","kana":"ちょっとはなしがあるんだけど","politeJa":"ちょっとお話があるんですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima ii? chotto hanashi ga aru n da kedo.","ja":"今いい？ちょっと話があるんだけど。","english":"Got a sec? There's something I need to talk about."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, chotto ohanashi ga aru n desu kedo.","ja":"すみません、ちょっとお話があるんですけど。","english":"Excuse me, there's something I'd like to discuss."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ending on kedo leaves the request hanging, which is the polite part.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":159,"cv":4,"n":534},{"id":"p-onegai-ga-aru-n-da-kedo","romaji":"onegai ga aru n da kedo","polite":"onegai ga aru n desu ga","english":"I have a favour to ask","use":"Opens a bigger favour; the other person usually answers nani? and then you explain.","ja":"お願いがあるんだけど","kana":"おねがいがあるんだけど","politeJa":"お願いがあるんですが","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, chotto onegai ga aru n da kedo.","ja":"ねえ、ちょっとお願いがあるんだけど。","english":"Hey, I've got a favour to ask."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, onegai ga aru n desu ga.","ja":"すみません、お願いがあるんですが。","english":"Excuse me, I have a favour to ask."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":21,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":535},{"id":"p-ooi","romaji":"ooi","polite":null,"english":"hey!; hello? (calling out)","use":"Call to someone far off or not paying attention; also 'anyone there?'","ja":"おーい","kana":"おーい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ooi, kotchi da yo! hayaku oide!","ja":"おーい、こっちだよ！早くおいで！","english":"Hey, over here! Come on!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1307,"score":3,"notes":"To get a stranger's attention, say sumimasen instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":235,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":536},{"id":"p-nanka-you","romaji":"nanka you?","polite":"nanika goyou desu ka","english":"what do you want?; what is it?","use":"Asked when someone calls you or turns up; can sound curt depending on tone.","ja":"何か用？","kana":"なんかよう","politeJa":"何かご用ですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanka you? ima chotto isogashii n da kedo.","ja":"何か用？今ちょっと忙しいんだけど。","english":"What is it? I'm a bit busy right now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanika goyou desu ka? ima chotto isogashii n desu ga.","ja":"何かご用ですか？今ちょっと忙しいんですが。","english":"Can I help you? I'm a bit busy right now."},"freqRank":4217,"score":3,"notes":"nanika you? is the same, a touch less blunt. Staff use the polite form to mean 'Can I help you?'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":250,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":537}],"stage":2,"range":"533-537","category":"Opening and changing the subject"},{"id":"c-social-8","label":"Late or out of touch","rationale":"Lets you apologise for keeping someone waiting or going quiet.","interference":"matta? (did you wait?) is not matte (wait).","items":[{"id":"p-okurete-gomen","romaji":"okurete gomen","polite":"okurete sumimasen","english":"sorry I'm late","use":"Said as you arrive late; the usual answer is ii yo or daijoubu.","ja":"遅れてごめん","kana":"おくれてごめん","politeJa":"遅れてすみません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okurete gomen! densha ga tomatteta n da.","ja":"遅れてごめん！電車が止まってたんだ。","english":"Sorry I'm late! The train was stopped."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okurete sumimasen. michi ni mayotte shimaimashita.","ja":"遅れてすみません。道に迷ってしまいました。","english":"Sorry I'm late. I got lost."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"At work, okurete moushiwake arimasen is the stronger apology.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":49,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":538},{"id":"p-omatase","romaji":"omatase","polite":"omatase shimashita","english":"sorry to keep you waiting; here I am","use":"Said when you reach a friend who has been waiting, even a minute; they often answer zenzen (not at all).","ja":"お待たせ","kana":"おまたせ","politeJa":"お待たせしました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, omatase! ikou ka.","ja":"ごめん、お待たせ！行こうか。","english":"Sorry to keep you waiting! Shall we go?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"omatase shimashita. sumimasen, densha ga okurete.","ja":"お待たせしました。すみません、電車が遅れて。","english":"Sorry to keep you waiting. My train was late."},"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Also said when handing over something people were waiting for, like food you cooked.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":225,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":539},{"id":"p-matta","romaji":"matta?","polite":null,"english":"did you wait long?; have you been waiting?","use":"Asked when you meet someone who got there first; the classic answer is uun, ima kita tokoro (no, I just got here).","ja":"待った？","kana":"まった","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, matta? uun, ima kita tokoro.","ja":"ごめん、待った？ううん、今来たところ。","english":"Sorry, did you wait long? No, I just got here."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":102740,"score":3,"notes":"Shouted, matta! means hold on! or wait!","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":13,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":540},{"id":"p-renraku-shinakute-gomen","romaji":"renraku shinakute gomen","polite":"renraku shinakute sumimasen","english":"sorry I haven't been in touch","use":"Opens a message or meeting with a friend you've gone quiet on; they'll usually brush it off with 'ii yo, ii yo'.","ja":"連絡しなくてごめん","kana":"れんらくしなくてごめん","politeJa":"連絡しなくてすみません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zutto renraku shinakute gomen ne. genki datta?","ja":"ずっと連絡しなくてごめんね。元気だった？","english":"Sorry I haven't been in touch for so long. How've you been?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nagai aida renraku shinakute sumimasen deshita.","ja":"長い間連絡しなくてすみませんでした。","english":"I'm sorry I haven't been in touch for so long."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With people you should be formal with, the set phrase is 'gobusata shite imasu'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":4,"n":541},{"id":"p-denwa-derarenakute-gomen","romaji":"denwa derarenakute gomen","polite":"odenwa ni derarezu sumimasen deshita","english":"sorry I missed your call","use":"Said or texted when you call back after missing someone's call.","ja":"電話出られなくてごめん","kana":"でんわでられなくてごめん","politeJa":"お電話に出られずすみませんでした","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"denwa derarenakute gomen. dou shita no?","ja":"電話出られなくてごめん。どうしたの？","english":"Sorry I missed your call. What's up?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sakki wa odenwa ni derarezu sumimasen deshita.","ja":"さっきはお電話に出られずすみませんでした。","english":"Sorry I couldn't take your call earlier."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Denwa ni deru means answer the phone; casual speech drops the ni.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":15,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":542}],"stage":2,"range":"538-542","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-9","label":"At the table","rationale":"Lets you toast, treat, and call people to eat.","interference":"ogoru (to treat) and okoru (to get angry) sound close.","items":[{"id":"p-kanpai","romaji":"kanpai","polite":null,"english":"cheers!","use":"The toast that starts the drinking; wait until everyone has a glass before the first sip.","ja":"乾杯","kana":"かんぱい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa minna, otsukaresama! kanpai!","ja":"じゃあみんな、お疲れさま！乾杯！","english":"Okay everyone, good work today! Cheers!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa minasan, kanpai shimashou.","ja":"では皆さん、乾杯しましょう。","english":"Well, everyone, let's raise a toast."},"freqRank":1054,"score":4,"notes":"At work dinners someone usually gives a short toast speech first.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":null,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":543},{"id":"p-ogoru-yo","romaji":"ogoru yo","polite":"gochisou shimasu","english":"it's on me; my treat","use":"Offers to pay for a friend's food or drinks; they usually answer ii no? before accepting.","ja":"おごるよ","kana":"おごるよ","politeJa":"ごちそうします","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa watashi ga ogoru yo.","ja":"今日は私がおごるよ。","english":"Today's on me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa watashi ga gochisou shimasu.","ja":"今日は私がごちそうします。","english":"Today's my treat."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"The treat itself is ogori; ogotte means treat me.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":53,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":544},{"id":"p-gohan-da-yo","romaji":"gohan da yo","polite":"gohan desu yo","english":"food's ready!; dinner time!","use":"Called out at home, usually by a parent, to get everyone to the table.","ja":"ご飯だよ","kana":"ごはんだよ","politeJa":"ご飯ですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"minna, gohan da yo! hayaku kite.","ja":"みんな、ご飯だよ！早く来て。","english":"Everyone, food's ready! Come quick."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gohan desu yo. douzo suwatte kudasai.","ja":"ご飯ですよ。どうぞ座ってください。","english":"The meal's ready. Please sit down."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Gohan means a meal as well as cooked rice.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":8,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":545},{"id":"p-meshiagare","romaji":"meshiagare","polite":"meshiagatte kudasai","english":"enjoy your meal; dig in","use":"Said by the cook at home as they serve, usually douzo meshiagare, often in reply to itadakimasu.","ja":"召し上がれ","kana":"めしあがれ","politeJa":"召し上がってください","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hai, dekita yo. douzo meshiagare.","ja":"はい、できたよ。どうぞ召し上がれ。","english":"Okay, it's ready. Dig in."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"douzo, meshiagatte kudasai.","ja":"どうぞ、召し上がってください。","english":"Please, go ahead and eat."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Homey and a little playful; staff and formal hosts say meshiagatte kudasai instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":40,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":546},{"id":"p-samenai-uchi-ni","romaji":"samenai uchi ni","polite":"samenai uchi ni douzo","english":"while it's still hot","use":"Urges someone to start eating or drinking now; usually followed by douzo or tabete.","ja":"冷めないうちに","kana":"さめないうちに","politeJa":"冷めないうちにどうぞ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hora, samenai uchi ni tabete.","ja":"ほら、冷めないうちに食べて。","english":"Come on, eat it while it's hot."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"samenai uchi ni douzo.","ja":"冷めないうちにどうぞ。","english":"Please, have it before it gets cold."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"-nai uchi ni means before something happens: kuraku naranai uchi ni (before it gets dark).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":547}],"stage":2,"range":"543-547","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-10","label":"Asking a favour","rationale":"Lets you ask a friend for help or for something.","interference":"choudai (give me) gets mixed up with chotto (a bit).","items":[{"id":"p-warui-kedo","romaji":"warui kedo","polite":"sumimasen ga","english":"sorry, but...","use":"Softens a favour or a no to a friend; say it first, then the request or refusal.","ja":"悪いけど","kana":"わるいけど","politeJa":"すみませんが","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"warui kedo, mado shimete kureru?","ja":"悪いけど、窓閉めてくれる？","english":"Sorry, could you close the window?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen ga, mado o shimete moraemasu ka?","ja":"すみませんが、窓を閉めてもらえますか？","english":"Sorry, could you close the window?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Warui ne afterwards means sorry about that.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":470,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":548},{"id":"p-chotto-tetsudatte","romaji":"chotto tetsudatte","polite":"chotto tetsudatte moraemasu ka","english":"give me a hand for a sec","use":"Quick call for help to family, friends or a close coworker.","ja":"ちょっと手伝って","kana":"ちょっとてつだって","politeJa":"ちょっと手伝ってもらえますか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto tetsudatte! kore omoi.","ja":"ちょっと手伝って！これ重い。","english":"Give me a hand! This is heavy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, chotto tetsudatte moraemasu ka?","ja":"すみません、ちょっと手伝ってもらえますか？","english":"Sorry, could you give me a hand?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Add kureru? to soften it: chotto tetsudatte kureru?","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":32,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":549},{"id":"p-tanomu-yo","romaji":"tanomu yo","polite":"onegai shimasu","english":"please; I'm counting on you","use":"Presses a request on a friend or junior, or tells them you're relying on them; the answer is makasete.","ja":"頼むよ","kana":"たのむよ","politeJa":"お願いします","pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita no junbi, tanomu yo.","ja":"明日の準備、頼むよ。","english":"I'm counting on you to get things ready for tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita no junbi, onegai shimasu ne.","ja":"明日の準備、お願いしますね。","english":"I'll leave tomorrow's prep to you, then."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Women usually say onegai ne instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":982,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":550},{"id":"p-choudai","romaji":"choudai","polite":"kudasai","english":"give me; please (after a -te verb)","use":"Soft, homey request to family and close friends, after a thing (sore choudai) or a -te verb (matte choudai).","ja":"ちょうだい","kana":"ちょうだい","politeJa":"ください","pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sore choudai! nodo kawaita.","ja":"それちょうだい！喉渇いた。","english":"Give me that! I'm thirsty."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, sore o kudasai.","ja":"すみません、それをください。","english":"Excuse me, that one, please."},"freqRank":1087,"score":3,"notes":"Can sound childlike or motherly; adults asking strangers use kudasai.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1085,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":551}],"stage":2,"range":"548-551","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-11","label":"Take care wishes","rationale":"Lets you wish someone well when you part.","interference":"ki o tsukete (take care) gets mixed up with ki ni shinaide (don't worry).","items":[{"id":"p-genki-de-ne","romaji":"genki de ne","polite":"ogenki de","english":"take care; look after yourself","use":"Said when you won't see someone for a long time, like before a move or at the end of a trip.","ja":"元気でね","kana":"げんきでね","politeJa":"お元気で","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mukou de mo genki de ne.","ja":"向こうでも元気でね。","english":"Take care of yourself over there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"atarashii shigoto, ganbatte kudasai. ogenki de.","ja":"新しい仕事、頑張ってください。お元気で。","english":"Good luck with the new job. Take care."},"freqRank":5889,"score":3,"notes":"Not for an ordinary daily goodbye; it implies a long time apart.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":201,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":552},{"id":"p-karada-ni-ki-o-tsukete","romaji":"karada ni ki o tsukete","polite":"okarada ni ki o tsukete kudasai","english":"look after yourself; take care of your health","use":"Said at a goodbye before a long gap, or to someone busy or getting older; also ends letters.","ja":"体に気をつけて","kana":"からだにきをつけて","politeJa":"お体に気をつけてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"samuku natta kara, karada ni ki o tsukete ne.","ja":"寒くなったから、体に気をつけてね。","english":"It's gotten cold, so look after yourself."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"isogashii jiki desu ga, okarada ni ki o tsukete kudasai.","ja":"忙しい時期ですが、お体に気をつけてください。","english":"It's a busy time, but please take care of yourself."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ki o tsukete alone means be careful, or take care as a goodbye.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":34,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":553},{"id":"p-kaze-hikanai-you-ni-ne","romaji":"kaze hikanai you ni ne","polite":"kaze o hikanai you ni ki o tsukete kudasai","english":"don't catch a cold; stay warm","use":"A caring send-off when it's cold or someone's heading out in the rain.","ja":"風邪ひかないようにね","kana":"かぜひかないようにね","politeJa":"風邪をひかないように気をつけてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou samui kara, kaze hikanai you ni ne.","ja":"今日寒いから、風邪ひかないようにね。","english":"It's cold today, so don't catch a cold."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaze o hikanai you ni ki o tsukete kudasai ne.","ja":"風邪をひかないように気をつけてくださいね。","english":"Be careful not to catch a cold."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Catching a cold is kaze o hiku, literally 'pull a cold'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":554},{"id":"p-oki-o-tsukete","romaji":"oki o tsukete","polite":null,"english":"take care; safe travels (polite)","use":"Polite send-off to someone leaving: a guest, a customer, a coworker going on a trip.","ja":"お気をつけて","kana":"おきをつけて","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa arigatou gozaimashita. oki o tsukete.","ja":"今日はありがとうございました。お気をつけて。","english":"Thank you for today. Take care."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual form: ki o tsukete.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":41,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":555}],"stage":2,"range":"552-555","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-12","label":"Offering help","rationale":"Lets you offer a hand and thank someone for theirs.","interference":"tetsudaou ka (shall I help?) is not tetsudatte (help me).","items":[{"id":"p-tetsudaou-ka","romaji":"tetsudaou ka","polite":"tetsudaimashou ka","english":"shall I help?; want a hand?","use":"Offers help to someone carrying, cooking or struggling with something.","ja":"手伝おうか","kana":"てつだおうか","politeJa":"手伝いましょうか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omosou da ne. tetsudaou ka?","ja":"重そうだね。手伝おうか？","english":"That looks heavy. Want a hand?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"omosou desu ne. tetsudaimashou ka?","ja":"重そうですね。手伝いましょうか？","english":"That looks heavy. Shall I help?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Humbler still: otetsudai shimashou ka. Nanika tetsudau? means anything I can do?","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":167,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":556},{"id":"p-nanika-attara-itte-ne","romaji":"nanika attara itte ne","polite":"nanika attara itte kudasai","english":"let me know if you need anything","use":"Friendly offer of ongoing help, said when leaving someone to get on with things.","ja":"何かあったら言ってね","kana":"なにかあったらいってね","politeJa":"何かあったら言ってください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanika attara itsu demo itte ne.","ja":"何かあったらいつでも言ってね。","english":"If you need anything, just say so, anytime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanika attara itsu demo itte kudasai ne.","ja":"何かあったらいつでも言ってくださいね。","english":"Please let me know anytime if you need anything."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Literally if anything happens, tell me, so it's also said to someone sick or worried.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":11,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":557},{"id":"p-ki-ga-kiku-ne","romaji":"ki ga kiku ne","polite":"ki ga kikimasu ne","english":"how thoughtful of you","use":"Praises someone who did something helpful without being asked, like bringing an umbrella or refilling drinks.","ja":"気が利くね","kana":"きがきくね","politeJa":"気が利きますね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mizu katte kita no? ki ga kiku ne.","ja":"水買ってきたの？気が利くね。","english":"You bought water? How thoughtful."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"arigatou gozaimasu. ki ga kikimasu ne.","ja":"ありがとうございます。気が利きますね。","english":"Thank you. That's very thoughtful."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"'Ki ga kikanai' is the criticism: someone who doesn't notice what others need.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":11,"cv":4,"n":558}],"stage":2,"range":"556-558","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-13","label":"Heading off","rationale":"Lets you leave before others or part for longer.","interference":"osaki ni (I'm off first) is not osaki ni douzo (after you).","items":[{"id":"p-osaki-ni","romaji":"osaki ni","polite":"osaki ni shitsurei shimasu","english":"I'm heading off (before you); after you","use":"Short form for leaving before others, or with douzo for letting someone go first.","ja":"お先に","kana":"おさきに","politeJa":"お先に失礼します","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, osaki ni! otsukare.","ja":"じゃあ、お先に！お疲れ。","english":"Okay, I'm heading off! Good work."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, osaki ni shitsurei shimasu.","ja":"すみません、お先に失礼します。","english":"Sorry, I'll be leaving before you."},"freqRank":2946,"score":4,"notes":"Also before eating or bathing first: osaki ni itadakimasu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":152,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":559},{"id":"p-mata-raishuu","romaji":"mata raishuu","polite":null,"english":"see you next week","use":"Goodbye to people you see weekly: classmates, a teacher, coworkers on a Friday.","ja":"また来週","kana":"またらいしゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otsukare! mata raishuu ne.","ja":"お疲れ！また来週ね。","english":"Good work! See you next week."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou mo arigatou gozaimashita. mata raishuu yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"今日もありがとうございました。また来週よろしくお願いします。","english":"Thanks again for today. See you next week."},"freqRank":11216,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":32,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":560},{"id":"p-yoroshiku-tsutaete","romaji":"yoroshiku tsutaete","polite":"yoroshiku otsutae kudasai","english":"say hi to them for me","use":"Sends your regards to someone who isn't there, usually as you part: X ni yoroshiku tsutaete.","ja":"よろしく伝えて","kana":"よろしくつたえて","politeJa":"よろしくお伝えください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okaasan ni yoroshiku tsutaete ne.","ja":"お母さんによろしく伝えてね。","english":"Say hi to your mom for me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okusan ni yoroshiku otsutae kudasai.","ja":"奥さんによろしくお伝えください。","english":"Please give my regards to your wife."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Often cut to just X ni yoroshiku.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":48,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":561},{"id":"p-sayounara","romaji":"sayounara","polite":null,"english":"goodbye","use":"Sounds final or formal: teachers and pupils at the end of the school day, or a goodbye for a long time.","ja":"さようなら","kana":"さようなら","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"minna, sayounara! ki o tsukete kaette ne.","ja":"みんな、さようなら！気をつけて帰ってね。","english":"Bye, everyone! Get home safe."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":2023,"score":3,"notes":"Friends rarely say it day to day, and between partners it can sound like a breakup. Use mata ne instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":707,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":562}],"stage":2,"range":"559-562","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-14","label":"Congratulations","rationale":"Lets you congratulate a friend on a milestone.","interference":"omedetou and arigatou both end in -ou and can slip.","items":[{"id":"p-otanjoubi-omedetou","romaji":"otanjoubi omedetou","polite":"otanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu","english":"happy birthday","use":"The answer is arigatou; add gozaimasu for anyone you speak politely to.","ja":"お誕生日おめでとう","kana":"おたんじょうびおめでとう","politeJa":"お誕生日おめでとうございます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otanjoubi omedetou! kyou wa ogoru yo.","ja":"お誕生日おめでとう！今日はおごるよ。","english":"Happy birthday! Today's on me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"otanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu. kyou wa watashi ga gochisou shimasu.","ja":"お誕生日おめでとうございます。今日は私がごちそうします。","english":"Happy birthday. Today is my treat."},"freqRank":9776,"score":4,"notes":"Friends often shorten it to tanjoubi omedetou or just omedetou.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":216,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":563},{"id":"p-goukaku-omedetou","romaji":"goukaku omedetou","polite":"goukaku omedetou gozaimasu","english":"congrats on passing (an exam)","use":"For passing an entrance exam, a certification test, or an audition.","ja":"合格おめでとう","kana":"ごうかくおめでとう","politeJa":"合格おめでとうございます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"goukaku omedetou! yoku ganbatta ne.","ja":"合格おめでとう！よく頑張ったね。","english":"Congrats on passing! You worked so hard."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goukaku omedetou gozaimasu. yoku ganbarimashita ne.","ja":"合格おめでとうございます。よく頑張りましたね。","english":"Congratulations on passing. You worked really hard."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":564},{"id":"p-sotsugyou-omedetou","romaji":"sotsugyou omedetou","polite":"gosotsugyou omedetou gozaimasu","english":"congrats on graduating","use":"Heard most in March, Japan's graduation season.","ja":"卒業おめでとう","kana":"そつぎょうおめでとう","politeJa":"ご卒業おめでとうございます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sotsugyou omedetou! haru kara shakaijin da ne.","ja":"卒業おめでとう！春から社会人だね。","english":"Congrats on graduating! You start working this spring."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gosotsugyou omedetou gozaimasu. haru kara oshigoto desu ne.","ja":"ご卒業おめでとうございます。春からお仕事ですね。","english":"Congratulations on graduating. You start work in spring, right?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":565},{"id":"p-kekkon-omedetou","romaji":"kekkon omedetou","polite":"gokekkon omedetou gozaimasu","english":"congratulations on your wedding","use":"To a friend getting married; the polite form with go- is what goes on cards and at the reception.","ja":"結婚おめでとう","kana":"けっこんおめでとう","politeJa":"ご結婚おめでとうございます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kekkon omedetou! shiawase ni ne.","ja":"結婚おめでとう！幸せにね。","english":"Congrats on getting married! Be happy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gokekkon omedetou gozaimasu. oshiawase ni.","ja":"ご結婚おめでとうございます。お幸せに。","english":"Congratulations on your marriage. Wishing you every happiness."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":16,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":566}],"stage":2,"range":"563-566","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-15","label":"Visiting a home","rationale":"Lets you enter and leave a friend's place politely.","interference":"ojama shimasu is for arriving, ojama shimashita for leaving.","items":[{"id":"p-ojama-shimasu","romaji":"ojama shimasu","polite":null,"english":"sorry to intrude (on entering)","use":"Said by a guest stepping into someone's home or office, or joining a group.","ja":"お邪魔します","kana":"おじゃまします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ojama shimasu. kore, minna de tabete kudasai.","ja":"お邪魔します。これ、みんなで食べてください。","english":"Thanks for having me. Here's something for everyone."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":2393,"score":4,"notes":"Friends just say ojama. Plain jama means 'in the way', and jama da! is rude.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":46,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":567},{"id":"p-irasshai","romaji":"irasshai","polite":"irasshaimase","english":"welcome!; come in","use":"A host greets a visitor at the door, or a small shop owner greets customers; the guest answers ojama shimasu.","ja":"いらっしゃい","kana":"いらっしゃい","politeJa":"いらっしゃいませ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"irasshai! samukatta deshou, haitte.","ja":"いらっしゃい！寒かったでしょう、入って。","english":"Welcome! You must be cold, come in."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"irasshaimase. nanmeisama desu ka?","ja":"いらっしゃいませ。何名様ですか？","english":"Welcome. How many in your party?"},"freqRank":1184,"score":4,"notes":"Shop staff's irasshaimase needs no reply; a nod is fine.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":570,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":568},{"id":"p-ojama-shimashita","romaji":"ojama shimashita","polite":null,"english":"thanks for having me (on leaving)","use":"Said by a guest at the door when leaving someone's home; the host answers mata kite ne.","ja":"お邪魔しました","kana":"おじゃましました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa ojama shimashita. tanoshikatta desu.","ja":"今日はお邪魔しました。楽しかったです。","english":"Thanks for having me today. It was fun."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The pair: ojama shimasu coming in, ojama shimashita going out.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":41,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":569},{"id":"p-oagari-kudasai","romaji":"oagari kudasai","polite":null,"english":"please come in (into the house)","use":"A host invites you up from the entryway into the house; take your shoes off and say ojama shimasu.","ja":"お上がりください","kana":"おあがりください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"douzo, oagari kudasai. surippa, kochira desu.","ja":"どうぞ、お上がりください。スリッパ、こちらです。","english":"Please, come on in. Here are some slippers."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casual: agatte, agatte. Agaru is stepping up from the entryway.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":9,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":570},{"id":"p-youkoso","romaji":"youkoso","polite":"youkoso irasshaimashita","english":"welcome","use":"Welcoming someone to a place, event or group, as in youkoso nihon e; you answer with arigatou or a bow.","ja":"ようこそ","kana":"ようこそ","politeJa":"ようこそいらっしゃいました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"youkoso, uchi no saakuru e!","ja":"ようこそ、うちのサークルへ！","english":"Welcome to our club!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"youkoso irasshaimashita. douzo kochira e.","ja":"ようこそいらっしゃいました。どうぞこちらへ。","english":"Welcome. This way, please."},"freqRank":2148,"score":3,"notes":"Not for someone coming home (okaeri) or into a shop (irasshaimase).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":1720,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":571}],"stage":2,"range":"567-571","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-16","label":"Go ahead and help yourself","rationale":"Lets you put a guest or friend at ease.","interference":"enryo shinaide (don't hold back) is not enryo shite okimasu (I'll pass).","items":[{"id":"p-douzo-douzo","romaji":"douzo douzo","polite":null,"english":"go ahead, please; after you","use":"Warmly lets someone go first, sit down or take something; doubling it makes it eager.","ja":"どうぞどうぞ","kana":"どうぞどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"douzo douzo, saki ni haitte.","ja":"どうぞどうぞ、先に入って。","english":"Go ahead, you go in first."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"douzo douzo, saki ni haitte kudasai.","ja":"どうぞどうぞ、先に入ってください。","english":"Please, go on in first."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"A single douzo is the everyday here you go when handing something over.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":24,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":572},{"id":"p-yokattara-douzo","romaji":"yokattara douzo","polite":null,"english":"help yourself if you like; please have some","use":"Offers food, a seat or a spare item without pressure, e.g. passing snacks round at work; answer arigatou, itadakimasu.","ja":"よかったらどうぞ","kana":"よかったらどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okashi katte kita kara, yokattara douzo.","ja":"お菓子買ってきたから、よかったらどうぞ。","english":"I bought some snacks, help yourselves."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"omiyage desu. yokattara douzo.","ja":"お土産です。よかったらどうぞ。","english":"It's a little souvenir. Please have some."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":573},{"id":"p-enryo-shinaide","romaji":"enryo shinaide","polite":"goenryo naku","english":"don't be shy; go ahead","use":"A host or friend urging you to eat, sit or ask for something; accept with jaa, enryo naku.","ja":"遠慮しないで","kana":"えんりょしないで","politeJa":"ご遠慮なく","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"takusan aru kara, enryo shinaide tabete.","ja":"たくさんあるから、遠慮しないで食べて。","english":"There's plenty, so don't be shy, eat up."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"takusan arimasu kara, goenryo naku douzo.","ja":"たくさんありますから、ご遠慮なくどうぞ。","english":"There's plenty, so please help yourself."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Enryo is holding back out of politeness; guests decline once, so hosts insist.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":64,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":574},{"id":"p-raku-ni-shite","romaji":"raku ni shite","polite":"douzo oraku ni","english":"make yourself comfortable; relax","use":"A host tells a guest to sit however they like, often to someone kneeling formally.","ja":"楽にして","kana":"らくにして","politeJa":"どうぞお楽に","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashi kuzushite, raku ni shite ne.","ja":"足崩して、楽にしてね。","english":"Stretch your legs out, make yourself comfortable."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"douzo oraku ni. ocha iremasu ne.","ja":"どうぞお楽に。お茶入れますね。","english":"Please, make yourself comfortable. I'll make some tea."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Doctors say it too: raku ni shite kudasai (relax).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":142,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":575},{"id":"p-osaki-ni-douzo","romaji":"osaki ni douzo","polite":null,"english":"after you; go ahead","use":"Letting someone go first at a door, lift or till; they answer sumimasen or doumo.","ja":"お先にどうぞ","kana":"おさきにどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashi wa ato de ii kara, osaki ni douzo.","ja":"私は後でいいから、お先にどうぞ。","english":"I can go later, so go ahead."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa ato de daijoubu desu kara, osaki ni douzo.","ja":"私は後で大丈夫ですから、お先にどうぞ。","english":"I'm fine going later, so please go ahead."},"freqRank":21149,"score":4,"notes":"A host may also offer you the bath first with it.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":80,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":576}],"stage":2,"range":"572-576","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-opine-15","label":"Sounding unimpressed","rationale":"Recognise or voice a cool, dismissive take.","interference":"dou demo ii (don't care) sounds cold; nandemo ii (anything's fine) is the friendly one.","items":[{"id":"p-betsu-ni-ii-kedo","romaji":"betsu ni ii kedo","polite":"betsu ni ii desu kedo","english":"I mean, it's fine, but ...; whatever, fine","use":"Agrees while hinting you're not thrilled; tone decides whether it sounds relaxed or sulky.","ja":"別にいいけど","kana":"べつにいいけど","politeJa":"別にいいですけど","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita ni suru? betsu ni ii kedo.","ja":"明日にする？別にいいけど。","english":"Make it tomorrow? Fine by me, I guess."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa betsu ni ii desu kedo.","ja":"私は別にいいですけど。","english":"I don't mind, I suppose."},"freqRank":10239,"score":4,"notes":"Betsu ni ii n da kedo leads into a small complaint instead; a bare betsu ni ('not really') can sound cold.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":11,"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":577},{"id":"p-dou-demo-ii","romaji":"dou demo ii","polite":"dou demo ii desu","english":"whatever; I don't care; it doesn't matter","use":"Dismisses something as unimportant; to someone's face it can sound rude.","ja":"どうでもいい","kana":"どうでもいい","politeJa":"どうでもいいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sonna koto, dou demo ii yo.","ja":"そんなこと、どうでもいいよ。","english":"I don't care about that."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sonna koto wa dou demo ii desu.","ja":"そんなことはどうでもいいです。","english":"That doesn't matter."},"freqRank":1117,"score":4,"notes":"Don't confuse with nan demo ii (anything is fine), the friendly way to say you have no preference.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1106,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":578},{"id":"p-mada-mada","romaji":"mada mada","polite":null,"english":"not there yet; still plenty","use":"The humble reply to a compliment (iie, mada mada desu), or says something is far from good enough; said about someone else it's a put-down.","ja":"まだまだ","kana":"まだまだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiai ni katta kedo, mada mada da na.","ja":"試合に勝ったけど、まだまだだな。","english":"We won the match, but we've still got a long way to go."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shiai ni wa kachimashita ga, mada mada desu.","ja":"試合には勝ちましたが、まだまだです。","english":"We won the match, but we've still got a long way to go."},"freqRank":876,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'still lots more': mada mada aru (there's plenty left).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":267,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":579},{"id":"p-baka-mitai","romaji":"baka mitai","polite":"baka mitai desu","english":"how stupid; I feel so dumb; ridiculous","use":"Mostly about yourself or a situation, once you realize you wasted your effort.","ja":"バカみたい","kana":"ばかみたい","politeJa":"バカみたいです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichinichi matteta. baka mitai.","ja":"一日待ってた。バカみたい。","english":"I waited all day. I feel so stupid."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ichinichi matte ita nante, baka mitai desu.","ja":"一日待っていたなんて、バカみたいです。","english":"Waiting all day like that, I feel so stupid."},"freqRank":3344,"score":3,"notes":"Said about another person, it's an insult.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":167,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":580}],"stage":3,"range":"577-580","category":"What do you think"},{"id":"c-catchup-14","label":"Polite small talk","rationale":"Handle formal small talk with older people or acquaintances.","interference":"desu ne is polite; with friends it drops to atsui ne.","items":[{"id":"p-atsui-desu-ne","romaji":"atsui desu ne","polite":null,"english":"hot, isn't it?","use":"The default summer opener with neighbours, shop staff or coworkers; agree with hontou ni, atsui desu ne.","ja":"暑いですね","kana":"あついですね","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou mo atsui desu ne. ase ga tomaranai desu.","ja":"今日も暑いですね。汗が止まらないです。","english":"Hot again today, isn't it? I can't stop sweating."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With friends: atsui ne. Hot food and baths are atsui too.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":581},{"id":"p-samui-desu-ne","romaji":"samui desu ne","polite":null,"english":"cold, isn't it?","use":"The winter version of atsui desu ne; an easy way to greet anyone.","ja":"寒いですね","kana":"さむいですね","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kesa wa hontou ni samui desu ne.","ja":"今朝は本当に寒いですね。","english":"It's really cold this morning, isn't it?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With friends: samui ne. For cold drinks or water, use tsumetai, not samui.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":4,"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":582},{"id":"p-ii-tenki-desu-ne","romaji":"ii tenki desu ne","polite":null,"english":"nice weather, isn't it?","use":"Light opener with a neighbour or someone at a bus stop; agree with sou desu ne.","ja":"いい天気ですね","kana":"いいてんきですね","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa ii tenki desu ne. osanpo desu ka?","ja":"今日はいい天気ですね。お散歩ですか？","english":"Lovely day today. Out for a walk?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"With friends: ii tenki da ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":11,"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":583},{"id":"p-okagesama-de","romaji":"okagesama de","polite":null,"english":"I'm well, thank you; thanks to you","use":"Polite answer when asked how you or your family are, or when congratulated.","ja":"おかげさまで","kana":"おかげさまで","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okagesama de, kodomo mo genki desu.","ja":"おかげさまで、子供も元気です。","english":"We're well, thank you. The kids are fine too."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":2296,"score":3,"notes":"Thanks for general goodwill, not for something they actually did.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":41,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":584}],"stage":3,"range":"581-584","category":"Small talk"},{"id":"c-react-15","label":"Ugh damn ouch","rationale":"Lets out frustration or pain.","interference":"kuso and chikushou are rough; mou is mild annoyance.","items":[{"id":"p-mou","romaji":"mou!","polite":null,"english":"ugh!; come on!","use":"Annoyed outburst at someone's behavior, often from women or kids.","ja":"もうっ","kana":"もうっ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou! mata okureta no?","ja":"もうっ！また遅れたの？","english":"Ugh! You're late again?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Same word as mou (already; anymore), but snapped out on its own.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":228,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":585},{"id":"p-kuso","romaji":"kuso","polite":null,"english":"damn!; crap!; shit!","use":"Muttered in frustration when something goes wrong; in slang it also intensifies, as in kuso muzui (damn hard).","ja":"クソ","kana":"くそ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["rough"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kuso, mata maketa! mou ikkai!","ja":"クソ、また負けた！もう一回！","english":"Damn, lost again! One more time!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1397,"score":3,"notes":"Literally 'dung'. Good to recognize, risky to say: it sounds harsh, especially from a learner.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":586},{"id":"p-chikushou","romaji":"chikushou","polite":null,"english":"damn it","use":"Muttered or shouted in frustration at losing or failing.","ja":"ちくしょう","kana":"ちくしょう","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["rough","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chikushou, mata maketa yo.","ja":"ちくしょう、また負けたよ。","english":"Damn it, lost again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4297,"score":3,"notes":"Literally 'beast'; kuso is even cruder.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":542,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":587},{"id":"p-ite","romaji":"ite!","polite":null,"english":"ouch!","use":"Reflex shout at a sudden small pain.","ja":"イテッ","kana":"いてっ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ite! houchou de yubi kitchatta.","ja":"イテッ！包丁で指切っちゃった。","english":"Ouch! I cut my finger with the knife."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4924,"score":4,"notes":"A clipped itai (it hurts); ita! and itai! are the same reflex.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":34,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":588}],"stage":3,"range":"585-588","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-react-16","label":"Doing things together","rationale":"Covers the little noises of handling things side by side.","interference":"kore kore can also scold ('now, now'); seeno times a group action.","items":[{"id":"p-dore-dore","romaji":"dore dore","polite":null,"english":"let's see; let me have a look","use":"Said as you lean in to look at something someone wants to show you.","ja":"どれどれ","kana":"どれどれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dore dore, chotto misete.","ja":"どれどれ、ちょっと見せて。","english":"Let's see, show me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dore dore, chotto misete kudasai.","ja":"どれどれ、ちょっと見せてください。","english":"Let's see, may I have a look?"},"freqRank":4446,"score":3,"notes":"Sounds a little like a parent or teacher checking something.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":49,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":589},{"id":"p-kore-kore","romaji":"kore kore","polite":null,"english":"this is it!; now, now","use":"Excited when you find exactly what you wanted.","ja":"これこれ","kana":"これこれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore kore! kono aji ga tabetakatta.","ja":"これこれ！この味が食べたかった。","english":"This is it! This is the taste I've been craving."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore kore! kono aji ga tabetakatta n desu.","ja":"これこれ！この味が食べたかったんです。","english":"This is it! This is the taste I wanted."},"freqRank":3076,"score":3,"notes":"From an older person to a child, it's a gentle 'now, now' scolding.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":28,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":590},{"id":"p-seeno","romaji":"seeno","polite":null,"english":"ready, one, two, three!; on three","use":"Signals everyone to act at once: lifting together, shouting together.","ja":"せーの","kana":"せーの","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ja, issho ni mochiageyou. seeno!","ja":"じゃ、一緒に持ち上げよう。せーの！","english":"OK, let's lift it together. One, two, three!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ja, issho ni mochiagemashou. seeno!","ja":"じゃ、一緒に持ち上げましょう。せーの！","english":"OK, let's lift it together. One, two, three!"},"freqRank":1508,"score":3,"notes":"Act on the 'no'; there's no count after it.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":68,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":591},{"id":"p-yoisho","romaji":"yoisho","polite":null,"english":"heave-ho; oof","use":"Said while lifting something, standing up, or sitting down.","ja":"よいしょ","kana":"よいしょ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoisho. kono hako, omoi na.","ja":"よいしょ。この箱、重いな。","english":"Oof. This box is heavy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yoisho. kono hako, omoi desu ne.","ja":"よいしょ。この箱、重いですね。","english":"Oof. This box is heavy."},"freqRank":597,"score":4,"notes":"Saying it as you sit down is a classic, often joked-about sign of getting older.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":88,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":592},{"id":"p-shii","romaji":"shii!","polite":null,"english":"shh!","use":"Hushes someone, often with a finger to the lips.","ja":"シーッ","kana":"しーっ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shii! akachan neteru kara.","ja":"シーッ！赤ちゃん寝てるから。","english":"Shh! The baby's sleeping."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shii! shizuka ni onegai shimasu.","ja":"シーッ！静かにお願いします。","english":"Shh! Quiet, please."},"freqRank":3763,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":197,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":593}],"stage":3,"range":"589-593","category":"Reacting"},{"id":"c-tell-6","label":"Framing a story","rationale":"Lets you play a story down or mark it as an aside or a secret.","interference":"betsu ni ii n da kedo softens the start, but betsu ni alone sounds curt.","items":[{"id":"p-betsu-ni-ii-n-da-kedo","romaji":"betsu ni ii n da kedo","polite":"betsu ni ii n desu kedo","english":"it's not a big deal, but...","use":"Softens the small complaint or request that follows; said with a sigh, it means you do mind.","ja":"別にいいんだけど","kana":"べつにいいんだけど","politeJa":"別にいいんですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"betsu ni ii n da kedo, henji kurai shite yo.","ja":"別にいいんだけど、返事くらいしてよ。","english":"It's no big deal, but at least reply to me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"betsu ni ii n desu kedo, ichiou oshiete kudasai.","ja":"別にいいんですけど、一応教えてください。","english":"It's not a big deal, but please let me know anyway."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"A bare 'betsu ni' (not really) can sound cold or sulky.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":2,"cv":4,"n":594},{"id":"p-naisho-da-yo","romaji":"naisho da yo","polite":"naisho desu yo","english":"keep it a secret; it's a secret","use":"Before or after sharing something private; naisho! alone refuses to tell.","ja":"ないしょだよ","kana":"ないしょだよ","politeJa":"ないしょですよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, minna ni wa naisho da yo.","ja":"これ、みんなにはないしょだよ。","english":"Don't tell anyone about this."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore, minna ni wa naisho desu yo.","ja":"これ、みんなにはないしょですよ。","english":"Please keep this between us."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":8,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":595},{"id":"p-ittoku-kedo","romaji":"ittoku kedo","polite":null,"english":"just so you know; let me tell you","use":"Flags a warning or something you want on record; can sound pushy.","ja":"言っとくけど","kana":"いっとくけど","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ittoku kedo, watashi wa kankei nai kara ne.","ja":"言っとくけど、私は関係ないからね。","english":"Just so you know, this has nothing to do with me."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3874,"score":4,"notes":"Short for itte oku kedo; the polite version is itte okimasu ga.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":68,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":596},{"id":"p-ochi-nai-n-da-kedo","romaji":"ochi nai n da kedo","polite":"ochi wa nai n desu kedo","english":"there's no punchline, but... (it's just a story)","use":"A disclaimer before or after a story with no big payoff, to head off 'ochi wa?'.","ja":"オチないんだけど","kana":"おちないんだけど","politeJa":"オチはないんですけど","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ochi nai n da kedo, kinou hen na yume mita.","ja":"オチないんだけど、昨日変な夢見た。","english":"There's no punchline, but I had a weird dream last night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ochi wa nai n desu kedo, kinou omoshiroi hito ni aimashita.","ja":"オチはないんですけど、昨日面白い人に会いました。","english":"There's no real punchline, but I met an interesting person yesterday."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Here it's the noun ochi plus nai, not ochinai (doesn't fall); they sound alike.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":4,"n":597}],"stage":3,"range":"594-597","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-tell-7","label":"Things gone wrong","rationale":"Lets you report a lost, broken or missed thing in a story.","interference":"nakushita (lost it) and wasureta (forgot it) get swapped, as do kowareta (broke) and ugokanai (won't run).","items":[{"id":"p-shuuden-nogashita","romaji":"shuuden nogashita","polite":"shuuden o nogashimashita","english":"I missed the last train","use":"A common late-night problem: trains stop around midnight, leaving a taxi, a net cafe or a long walk.","ja":"終電逃した","kana":"しゅうでんのがした","politeJa":"終電を逃しました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yabai, shuuden nogashita. takushii shika nai.","ja":"やばい、終電逃した。タクシーしかない。","english":"Crap, I missed the last train. It's a taxi now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shuuden o nogashita node, takushii de kaerimasu.","ja":"終電を逃したので、タクシーで帰ります。","english":"I missed the last train, so I'll take a taxi home."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"shuuden is the last train; the first one of the day is shihatsu.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":598},{"id":"p-kowareta","romaji":"kowareta","polite":"kowaremashita","english":"it's broken; it broke","use":"Say a thing has broken or stopped working.","ja":"壊れた","kana":"こわれた","politeJa":"壊れました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, sumaho kowareta. gamen ga tsukanai.","ja":"ああ、スマホ壊れた。画面がつかない。","english":"Ugh, my phone's broken. The screen won't turn on."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumaho ga kowaremashita. gamen ga tsukimasen.","ja":"スマホが壊れました。画面がつきません。","english":"My phone broke. The screen won't turn on."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"kowasu is 'break (something)': kowashichatta, 'I broke it'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":397,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":599},{"id":"p-saifu-o-nakushita","romaji":"saifu o nakushita","polite":"saifu o nakushimashita","english":"I've lost my wallet","use":"Tell a friend, staff or the police box (kouban) that your wallet is gone.","ja":"財布をなくした","kana":"さいふをなくした","politeJa":"財布をなくしました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yabai, saifu nakushita kamo. doko da?","ja":"やばい、財布なくしたかも。どこだ？","english":"Oh no, I think I lost my wallet. Where is it?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, saifu o nakushite shimatta n desu ga.","ja":"すみません、財布をなくしてしまったんですが。","english":"Excuse me, I've lost my wallet."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"nakusu is 'lose'; otoshita (dropped it) is just as common.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":4,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":600},{"id":"p-ugokanai","romaji":"ugokanai","polite":"ugokimasen","english":"it won't work; it won't move; it's stuck","use":"For machines that won't run, doors or lids that won't budge, or a body part you can't move.","ja":"動かない","kana":"うごかない","politeJa":"動きません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono kopiiki, mata ugokanai yo.","ja":"このコピー機、また動かないよ。","english":"This copier's not working again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kono kopiiki ga ugokanai n desu ga.","ja":"すみません、このコピー機が動かないんですが。","english":"Excuse me, this copier isn't working."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"For screens and lights that won't come on, use tsukanai.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":675,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":601}],"stage":3,"range":"598-601","category":"Telling what happened"},{"id":"c-feel-14","label":"Feeling refreshed","rationale":"Lets you say something left you feeling better or revived.","interference":"sukkiri (clear, unburdened) and sappari (clean, fresh) sound alike.","items":[{"id":"p-sukkiri-shita","romaji":"sukkiri shita","polite":"sukkiri shimashita","english":"that feels better; I feel refreshed; that cleared things up","use":"After a shower, a good cry, a clean-up or finally getting an answer: anything that clears a heavy or cluttered feeling.","ja":"すっきりした","kana":"すっきりした","politeJa":"すっきりしました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"heya katazuketara, sukkiri shita.","ja":"部屋片付けたら、すっきりした。","english":"I tidied my room and feel so much better."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"heya o katazuketara, sukkiri shimashita.","ja":"部屋を片付けたら、すっきりしました。","english":"I tidied my room and feel much better."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"sappari is close but leans to feeling physically clean or fresh.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":61,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":602},{"id":"p-sappari-shita","romaji":"sappari shita","polite":"sappari shimashita","english":"that's refreshing; I feel clean","use":"After a bath, a haircut or a light, clean-tasting meal.","ja":"さっぱりした","kana":"さっぱりした","politeJa":"さっぱりしました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kami kitte, sugoku sappari shita yo.","ja":"髪切って、すごくさっぱりしたよ。","english":"I got a haircut and feel so fresh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kami o kitte, sugoku sappari shimashita.","ja":"髪を切って、すごくさっぱりしました。","english":"I got a haircut and feel really fresh."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"With a negative it means 'not at all': sappari wakaranai (no idea at all).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":6,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":603},{"id":"p-ikikaetta","romaji":"ikikaetta","polite":null,"english":"I feel alive again; that hit the spot","use":"Said after a cold drink on a hot day, a hot bath or a break; literally 'came back to life'.","ja":"生き返った","kana":"いきかえった","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, tsumetai biiru, ikikaetta!","ja":"ああ、冷たいビール、生き返った！","english":"Ah, an ice-cold beer. I feel alive again!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"In stories it's literal: someone came back to life.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":76,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":604}],"stage":3,"range":"602-604","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-15","label":"Get well wishes","rationale":"Lets you wish a sick friend a quick recovery.","interference":"odaiji ni is only for illness or injury, not a general take care.","items":[{"id":"p-odaiji-ni","romaji":"odaiji ni","polite":null,"english":"get well soon; take care","use":"Said to someone sick or hurt as you part; clinic and pharmacy staff say it as you leave, and you answer arigatou gozaimasu.","ja":"お大事に","kana":"おだいじに","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaze hiita no? odaiji ni ne.","ja":"風邪ひいたの？お大事にね。","english":"You caught a cold? Get well soon."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaze desu ka? douzo odaiji ni.","ja":"風邪ですか？どうぞお大事に。","english":"A cold? Please take care."},"freqRank":3401,"score":4,"notes":"Only for illness or injury, not a general goodbye.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":57,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":605},{"id":"p-hayaku-yoku-natte-ne","romaji":"hayaku yoku natte ne","polite":"hayaku yoku natte kudasai ne","english":"get better soon","use":"To someone sick or injured, as you leave or end a call.","ja":"早く良くなってね","kana":"はやくよくなってね","politeJa":"早く良くなってくださいね","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaze? hayaku yoku natte ne.","ja":"風邪？早く良くなってね。","english":"A cold? Get better soon."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hayaku yoku natte kudasai ne. odaiji ni.","ja":"早く良くなってくださいね。お大事に。","english":"Get well soon. Take care."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"odaiji ni (take care of yourself) is the standard set phrase to anyone unwell.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":606},{"id":"p-yukkuri-yasunde","romaji":"yukkuri yasunde","polite":"yukkuri yasunde kudasai","english":"get some good rest","use":"Said to someone sick, tired, or done with a hard stretch of work.","ja":"ゆっくり休んで","kana":"ゆっくりやすんで","politeJa":"ゆっくり休んでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa hayaku nete, yukkuri yasunde ne.","ja":"今日は早く寝て、ゆっくり休んでね。","english":"Go to bed early tonight and get some good rest."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"konshuu wa taihen deshita ne. yukkuri yasunde kudasai.","ja":"今週は大変でしたね。ゆっくり休んでください。","english":"This week was tough. Please get some good rest."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Yasumu means rest, and also take a day off.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":32,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":607}],"stage":3,"range":"605-607","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-feel-16","label":"Comforting someone upset","rationale":"Lets you comfort a friend who is down or in tears.","interference":"yoshi yoshi is for kids and pets and can sound patronising to an adult.","items":[{"id":"p-genki-dashite","romaji":"genki dashite","polite":"genki o dashite kudasai","english":"cheer up","use":"Said to someone sad or discouraged, often after a failure or a breakup.","ja":"元気出して","kana":"げんきだして","politeJa":"元気を出してください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sonna ni ochikomanaide. genki dashite yo.","ja":"そんなに落ち込まないで。元気出してよ。","english":"Don't be so down. Cheer up."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsugi ga arimasu yo. genki o dashite kudasai.","ja":"次がありますよ。元気を出してください。","english":"There's always next time. Please cheer up."},"freqRank":7639,"score":4,"notes":"Genki here means energy or spirits; genki nai ne means you seem down.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":25,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":608},{"id":"p-ki-o-otosanaide","romaji":"ki o otosanaide","polite":"ki o otosanaide kudasai","english":"don't let it get you down; don't lose heart","use":"Comfort after a failure or disappointment, like a lost game or a rejection.","ja":"気を落とさないで","kana":"きをおとさないで","politeJa":"気を落とさないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsugi ga aru kara, ki o otosanaide.","ja":"次があるから、気を落とさないで。","english":"There's always next time, don't let it get you down."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsugi ga arimasu kara, ki o otosanaide kudasai.","ja":"次がありますから、気を落とさないでください。","english":"There will be a next time, so please don't lose heart."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Friends often say ki ni shinaide (don't worry about it) instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":609},{"id":"p-nakanaide","romaji":"nakanaide","polite":"nakanaide kudasai","english":"don't cry","use":"Said gently to someone crying, often a child or partner.","ja":"泣かないで","kana":"なかないで","politeJa":"泣かないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou nakanaide. watashi ga iru kara.","ja":"もう泣かないで。私がいるから。","english":"Don't cry anymore. I'm here for you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"douka nakanaide kudasai. daijoubu desu kara.","ja":"どうか泣かないでください。大丈夫ですから。","english":"Please don't cry. It's going to be okay."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The -naide ending means don't, as in shinpai shinaide and muri shinaide.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":129,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":610},{"id":"p-yoshi-yoshi","romaji":"yoshi yoshi","polite":null,"english":"there, there; good boy, good girl","use":"Said while patting a crying child or a pet; to an adult only as a joke.","ja":"よしよし","kana":"よしよし","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yoshi yoshi, mou daijoubu da yo.","ja":"よしよし、もう大丈夫だよ。","english":"There, there, it's all right now."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":2100,"score":3,"notes":"A single yoshi! means right!, said when starting something.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":136,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":611}],"stage":3,"range":"608-611","category":"Feelings and empathy"},{"id":"c-plans-8","label":"Maybe next time","rationale":"Lets you leave the door open when you can't or won't commit.","interference":"mata kondo can be a polite no rather than a real promise.","items":[{"id":"p-mata-kondo","romaji":"mata kondo","polite":null,"english":"next time; another time","use":"Puts a plan off to some later time; also the soft way to turn down an invitation.","ja":"また今度","kana":"またこんど","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa muri da kedo, mata kondo ne.","ja":"今日は無理だけど、また今度ね。","english":"I can't today, but next time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa chotto... mata kondo onegai shimasu.","ja":"今日はちょっと…また今度お願いします。","english":"Today's a bit... maybe another time."},"freqRank":3327,"score":4,"notes":"Often a polite no: don't expect a date to follow.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":110,"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":612},{"id":"p-kondo-sasotte","romaji":"kondo sasotte","polite":"kondo sasotte kudasai","english":"invite me next time","use":"Softens a no: you can't make it this time but want to be asked again. Also said when you hear about a fun outing you missed.","ja":"今度誘って","kana":"こんどさそって","politeJa":"今度誘ってください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa muri da kedo, mata kondo sasotte.","ja":"今日は無理だけど、また今度誘って。","english":"I can't today, but invite me next time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"zannen desu. mata kondo sasotte kudasai.","ja":"残念です。また今度誘ってください。","english":"That's a shame. Please invite me next time."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Sasou is 'to invite'; 'sasotte kurete arigatou' is 'thanks for inviting me'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":252,"cv":4,"n":613},{"id":"p-ki-ga-muitara","romaji":"ki ga muitara","polite":null,"english":"if I feel like it","use":"A non-committal maybe about going or doing something; it can work as a polite no.","ja":"気が向いたら","kana":"きがむいたら","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ki ga muitara iku kamo.","ja":"気が向いたら行くかも。","english":"I might go if I feel like it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ki ga muitara, itsu demo asobi ni kite kudasai.","ja":"気が向いたら、いつでも遊びに来てください。","english":"Drop by any time you feel like it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Ki ga muku = to feel inclined. Also an easygoing invite: 'ki ga muitara kite ne' (come if you feel like it).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":14,"cv":4,"n":614}],"stage":3,"range":"612-614","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-9","label":"Delays and call-backs","rationale":"Lets you handle running late, dropping out, or calling later.","interference":"ato de denwa suru (I'll call) and ato de kakenaosu (I'll call back) overlap.","items":[{"id":"p-chotto-okureru","romaji":"chotto okureru","polite":"sukoshi okuremasu","english":"I'll be a little late","use":"Texted or said before you arrive, usually with gomen and how long.","ja":"ちょっと遅れる","kana":"ちょっとおくれる","politeJa":"少し遅れます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, chotto okureru. juppun gurai.","ja":"ごめん、ちょっと遅れる。10分ぐらい。","english":"Sorry, I'll be a bit late. About ten minutes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, densha ga okurete ite, sukoshi okuremasu.","ja":"すみません、電車が遅れていて、少し遅れます。","english":"Sorry, my train's delayed, so I'll be a little late."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Okureru is also used for trains: densha ga okureteru (the train's late).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":39,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":615},{"id":"p-ikenaku-natta","romaji":"ikenaku natta","polite":"ikenaku narimashita","english":"I can't make it after all","use":"Said to cancel a plan you agreed to, usually with gomen and a short reason.","ja":"行けなくなった","kana":"いけなくなった","politeJa":"行けなくなりました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, kyuu ni shigoto ga haitte ikenaku natta.","ja":"ごめん、急に仕事が入って行けなくなった。","english":"Sorry, something came up at work and I can't make it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, ashita ikenaku narimashita.","ja":"すみません、明日行けなくなりました。","english":"Sorry, I can't make it tomorrow after all."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The -naku natta ending says things changed, which sounds softer than a flat ikenai.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":9,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":616},{"id":"p-ato-de-denwa-suru","romaji":"ato de denwa suru","polite":"ato de denwa shimasu","english":"I'll call you later","use":"Said to friends or family when you can't talk now or want to talk later, often with ne.","ja":"後で電話する","kana":"あとででんわする","politeJa":"後で電話します","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima isogashii kara, ato de denwa suru ne.","ja":"今忙しいから、後で電話するね。","english":"I'm busy now, so I'll call you later."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaigi no ato de denwa shimasu.","ja":"会議の後で電話します。","english":"I'll call you after the meeting."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To a client or senior, ato de odenwa shimasu is the humble version.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":65,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":617},{"id":"p-ato-de-kakenaosu","romaji":"ato de kakenaosu","polite":"ato de kakenaoshimasu","english":"I'll call you back later","use":"Said when you can't talk right now; usually with ne.","ja":"後でかけ直す","kana":"あとでかけなおす","politeJa":"後でかけ直します","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, ima densha. ato de kakenaosu ne.","ja":"ごめん、今電車。後でかけ直すね。","english":"Sorry, I'm on the train. I'll call you back later."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, ima te ga hanasenai node, ato de kakenaoshimasu.","ja":"すみません、今手が離せないので、後でかけ直します。","english":"Sorry, I'm tied up right now, so I'll call you back later."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Kakenaosu means call again; kakeru alone means make a call.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":187,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":618},{"id":"p-saki-ni-ittete","romaji":"saki ni ittete","polite":"saki ni itte ite kudasai","english":"go on ahead; go without me","use":"Said when you'll catch up later; the other person may answer jaa, matteru ne.","ja":"先に行ってて","kana":"さきにいってて","politeJa":"先に行っていてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"wasuremono shita. saki ni ittete!","ja":"忘れ物した。先に行ってて！","english":"I forgot something. Go on ahead!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, saki ni itte ite kudasai. sugu oikakemasu.","ja":"すみません、先に行っていてください。すぐ追いかけます。","english":"Sorry, please go on ahead. I'll catch up soon."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Don't mix it up with osaki ni, which you say when you leave before others.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":18,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":619}],"stage":3,"range":"615-619","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-plans-10","label":"End of the night","rationale":"Lets you suggest leaving, offer a ride home, or order one more.","interference":"mou ippai (one more drink) is not onaka ippai (I'm full).","items":[{"id":"p-sorosoro-ikou-ka","romaji":"sorosoro ikou ka","polite":"sorosoro ikimashou ka","english":"shall we get going?","use":"Suggests to the group that it's time to leave, or to move on to the next place.","ja":"そろそろ行こうか","kana":"そろそろいこうか","politeJa":"そろそろ行きましょうか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou juuji da. sorosoro ikou ka.","ja":"もう十時だ。そろそろ行こうか。","english":"It's already ten. Shall we get going?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou juuji desu ne. sorosoro ikimashou ka.","ja":"もう十時ですね。そろそろ行きましょうか。","english":"It's already ten. Shall we get going?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Swap the verb: sorosoro kaerou ka (shall we head home?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":17,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":620},{"id":"p-shuuden-daijoubu","romaji":"shuuden daijoubu?","polite":"shuuden daijoubu desu ka?","english":"are you okay for the last train?","use":"Asked late in the evening so nobody gets stranded; answer with your cut-off, e.g. 'juuichiji made daijoubu'.","ja":"終電大丈夫？","kana":"しゅうでんだいじょうぶ？","politeJa":"終電大丈夫ですか？","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou juuji sugiteru kedo, shuuden daijoubu?","ja":"もう10時過ぎてるけど、終電大丈夫？","english":"It's past ten. Are you okay for the last train?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sorosoro jikan desu kedo, shuuden daijoubu desu ka?","ja":"そろそろ時間ですけど、終電大丈夫ですか？","english":"It's getting late. Will you make the last train?"},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Shuuden = the last train of the night; missing it means a taxi, a karaoke booth or an all-nighter.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":4,"n":621},{"id":"p-okuru-yo","romaji":"okuru yo","polite":"okurimasu yo","english":"I'll walk you home; I'll drive you","use":"Offers to see someone home or to the station at the end of the night; the polite refusal is 'ii yo, daijoubu'.","ja":"送るよ","kana":"おくるよ","politeJa":"送りますよ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou osoi kara, eki made okuru yo.","ja":"もう遅いから、駅まで送るよ。","english":"It's late, so I'll walk you to the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kuruma de ie made okurimasu yo.","ja":"車で家まで送りますよ。","english":"I'll drive you home."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Okuru also means 'to send': 'shashin okuru ne' is 'I'll send you the photos'.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":522,"cv":4,"n":622},{"id":"p-mou-ippai","romaji":"mou ippai","polite":null,"english":"one more (drink); another glass","use":"Orders or offers another glass or bowl; add kudasai to staff.","ja":"もう一杯","kana":"もういっぱい","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou ippai nomou yo.","ja":"もう一杯飲もうよ。","english":"Let's have one more."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, biiru mou ippai kudasai.","ja":"すみません、ビールもう一杯ください。","english":"Excuse me, another beer, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Ippai on its own also means full or lots; the mou tells you it's one more.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":99,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":623}],"stage":3,"range":"620-623","category":"Plans and invitations"},{"id":"c-banter-6","label":"Spoilers and killjoys","rationale":"Lets you handle someone spoiling the fun or the mood.","interference":"nori warui (no fun) has nothing to do with noru meaning to ride.","items":[{"id":"p-netabare-shinaide","romaji":"netabare shinaide","polite":"netabare shinaide kudasai","english":"no spoilers!","use":"Stops someone before they give away the plot of a show, film or game.","ja":"ネタバレしないで","kana":"ねたばれしないで","politeJa":"ネタバレしないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mada mitenai kara, netabare shinaide!","ja":"まだ見てないから、ネタバレしないで！","english":"I haven't seen it yet, so no spoilers!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mada yonde inai node, netabare shinaide kudasai.","ja":"まだ読んでいないので、ネタバレしないでください。","english":"I haven't read it yet, so please don't spoil it."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Netabare is the noun 'spoiler'; 'netabare chuui' is a spoiler warning.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":4,"n":624},{"id":"p-nori-warui","romaji":"nori warui","polite":null,"english":"you're no fun","use":"Grumbled at someone who won't join in or play along; the opposite is 'nori ii' (up for anything).","ja":"ノリ悪い","kana":"のりわるい","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"e, mou kaeru no? nori warui naa.","ja":"え、もう帰るの？ノリ悪いなあ。","english":"What, you're leaving already? You're no fun."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Nori is the group's vibe or momentum; 'nori de' means 'on impulse, in the moment'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":4,"cv":4,"n":625},{"id":"p-kuuki-yonde","romaji":"kuuki yonde","polite":null,"english":"read the room","use":"Tells someone they're missing the group's mood, like joking at a serious moment.","ja":"空気読んで","kana":"くうきよんで","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima sono hanashi? chotto kuuki yonde yo.","ja":"今その話？ちょっと空気読んでよ。","english":"That topic, now? Read the room a bit."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Someone who can't read the room is 'kuuki yomenai', once shortened to the slang 'KY'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":7,"cv":4,"n":626}],"stage":3,"range":"624-626","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-banter-7","label":"Hey, cut that out","rationale":"Lets you recognise rough calls to stop or pay attention.","interference":"These are mostly for hearing; kora and iikagen ni shiro sound like scolding.","items":[{"id":"p-nani-yatten-no","romaji":"nani yatten no","polite":"nani yatteru n desu ka","english":"what are you doing?!","use":"Said in shock or annoyance when you catch someone doing something odd or wrong.","ja":"何やってんの","kana":"なにやってんの","politeJa":"何やってるんですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto, nani yatten no! abunai yo.","ja":"ちょっと、何やってんの！危ないよ。","english":"Hey, what are you doing?! That's dangerous."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chotto, nani yatteru n desu ka! abunai desu yo.","ja":"ちょっと、何やってるんですか！危ないですよ。","english":"Hey, what are you doing? That's dangerous."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"For a neutral 'what are you up to?', ask nani shiteru no?","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":233,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":627},{"id":"p-oioi","romaji":"oioi","polite":null,"english":"hey, hey; come on; whoa, whoa","use":"Mild protest when someone does something careless or over the top.","ja":"おいおい","kana":"おいおい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oioi, sore ore no biiru da yo.","ja":"おいおい、それ俺のビールだよ。","english":"Hey, hey, that's my beer."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":929,"score":3,"notes":"Softer and more joking than a single oi.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":643,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":628},{"id":"p-oi","romaji":"oi","polite":null,"english":"hey!","use":"Calls or warns someone sharply; normal between close male friends, rude otherwise.","ja":"おい","kana":"おい","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["rough","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oi, chotto matte yo.","ja":"おい、ちょっと待ってよ。","english":"Hey, wait a sec."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":127,"score":3,"notes":"To get a stranger's attention say sumimasen instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":629},{"id":"p-kora","romaji":"kora","polite":null,"english":"hey! (scolding); stop that!","use":"An adult catching a child or pet misbehaving; playful between friends.","ja":"こら","kana":"こら","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kora! sonna tokoro ni nobotcha dame!","ja":"こら！そんなところに登っちゃダメ！","english":"Hey! You can't climb up there!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1288,"score":3,"notes":"Don't use it to call adults; ooi is the neutral calling 'hey'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":630},{"id":"p-iikagen-ni-shiro","romaji":"iikagen ni shiro","polite":"iikagen ni shite kudasai","english":"knock it off!; that's enough!","use":"Angry order to stop something that has gone on too long.","ja":"いいかげんにしろ","kana":"いいかげんにしろ","politeJa":"いい加減にしてください","pos":"phrase","flags":["rough","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iikagen ni shiro, nankaime da!","ja":"いいかげんにしろ、何回目だ！","english":"Knock it off! How many times is this?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou iikagen ni shite kudasai.","ja":"もういい加減にしてください。","english":"Please, that's enough now."},"freqRank":3353,"score":3,"notes":"iikagen ni shite is the softer everyday version.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":37,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":631}],"stage":3,"range":"627-631","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-banter-8","label":"Rough comebacks","rationale":"Lets you recognise harsh retorts and how hard they hit.","interference":"baka ja nai no can be fond or cutting depending on tone, and shiru ka is ruder than shiranai.","items":[{"id":"p-uzai","romaji":"uzai","polite":null,"english":"so annoying; you're such a pain","use":"Snapped at someone or something irritating; teens toss it at friends, but it stings, so learn to recognise it first.","ja":"うざい","kana":"うざい","politeJa":null,"pos":"i-adj","flags":["rough","slang","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nankai mo kikanaide yo, uzai.","ja":"何回も聞かないでよ、うざい。","english":"Stop asking me over and over, it's so annoying."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":6901,"score":4,"notes":"Short for uzattai. Much harsher than 'urusai' (shut up, noisy) and rude to anyone you're not close to.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":54,"cv":4,"n":632},{"id":"p-baka-ja-nai-no","romaji":"baka ja nai no","polite":null,"english":"are you an idiot?; don't be silly","use":"Between close friends it's a laughing 'don't be ridiculous'; said coldly it's a real insult.","ja":"バカじゃないの","kana":"ばかじゃないの","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"fuyu ni umi de oyogu? baka ja nai no.","ja":"冬に海で泳ぐ？バカじゃないの。","english":"Swim in the sea in winter? Are you crazy?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Tone decides whether it's affectionate or a fight; keep it for people you're close to.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":57,"cv":4,"n":633},{"id":"p-shiru-ka","romaji":"shiru ka","polite":null,"english":"how should I know!; who cares!","use":"Snapped back in anger.","ja":"知るか","kana":"しるか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["rough","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sonna no shiru ka yo!","ja":"そんなの知るかよ！","english":"How should I know that!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4107,"score":3,"notes":"Even plain shiranai can sound cold; wakaranai is the safe 'I don't know'.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":281,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":634},{"id":"p-fuzaken-na","romaji":"fuzaken na","polite":null,"english":"don't mess with me; you've got to be kidding","use":"Angry outburst at something unfair or insulting; hear it in films, don't use it.","ja":"ふざけんな","kana":"ふざけんな","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["rough","masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"fuzaken na, imasara muri da yo.","ja":"ふざけんな、今さら無理だよ。","english":"Are you kidding me? It's way too late now."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1682,"score":3,"notes":"From fuzakeru (to fool around); fuzakenaide (stop messing around) is milder.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":239,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":635}],"stage":3,"range":"632-635","category":"Teasing and banter"},{"id":"c-social-17","label":"Replying to kindness","rationale":"Lets you accept or politely decline someone's fuss over you.","interference":"enryo naku accepts, while okamai naku declines.","items":[{"id":"p-ki-o-tsukawanaide","romaji":"ki o tsukawanaide","polite":"ki o tsukawanaide kudasai","english":"don't go to any trouble; you didn't have to","use":"Said when someone fusses over you or brings a gift; it's polite modesty, so still accept with thanks.","ja":"気を使わないで","kana":"きをつかわないで","politeJa":"気を使わないでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sonna ni ki o tsukawanaide yo.","ja":"そんなに気を使わないでよ。","english":"Oh, you didn't need to go to all that trouble."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"douzo ki o tsukawanaide kudasai.","ja":"どうぞ気を使わないでください。","english":"Please don't go to any trouble."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Formal set version: douzo okizukai naku. Ki o tsukau means to be considerate or fuss over someone.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":24,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":636},{"id":"p-enryo-naku","romaji":"enryo naku","polite":"enryo naku itadakimasu","english":"without holding back; I'll gladly take it","use":"Said when accepting an offer after the host insists, or to urge someone: enryo naku itte (just tell me).","ja":"遠慮なく","kana":"えんりょなく","politeJa":"遠慮なくいただきます","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, enryo naku moratte iku ne.","ja":"じゃあ、遠慮なくもらっていくね。","english":"Well then, I'll gladly take it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa, enryo naku itadakimasu.","ja":"では、遠慮なくいただきます。","english":"Well then, I'll gladly accept."},"freqRank":3314,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":87,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":637},{"id":"p-okamai-naku","romaji":"okamai naku","polite":null,"english":"please don't go to any trouble","use":"A guest's polite line when the host offers tea or food.","ja":"おかまいなく","kana":"おかまいなく","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, douzo okamai naku. sugu kaerimasu kara.","ja":"あ、どうぞおかまいなく。すぐ帰りますから。","english":"Oh, please don't trouble yourself. I'm leaving soon."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":7474,"score":3,"notes":"The host usually brings tea anyway; just thank them.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":50,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":638},{"id":"p-goshinpai-naku","romaji":"goshinpai naku","polite":null,"english":"don't worry (about me); no need to worry","use":"A polite way to turn down someone's concern or offer of help, often with people you don't know well.","ja":"ご心配なく","kana":"ごしんぱいなく","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hitori de kaeremasu kara, goshinpai naku.","ja":"一人で帰れますから、ご心配なく。","english":"I can get home on my own, so don't worry."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3875,"score":3,"notes":"It can sound a bit cool, like I've got this; shinpai shinaide is warmer.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":126,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":639}],"stage":3,"range":"636-639","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-18","label":"Thanks for everything","rationale":"Lets you thank someone at the end of work, a stay or a stretch of time.","interference":"otsukaresama deshita thanks effort and does not mean \"you are tired\".","items":[{"id":"p-otsukaresama-deshita","romaji":"otsukaresama deshita","polite":null,"english":"good work today; thanks for your hard work","use":"Said when work or an event ends, especially to someone leaving; the answer to osaki ni shitsurei shimasu.","ja":"お疲れ様でした","kana":"おつかれさまでした","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa nagai ichinichi deshita ne. otsukaresama deshita.","ja":"今日は長い一日でしたね。お疲れ様でした。","english":"Long day today. Good work."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual: otsukare. Also said after a match, a show or a long trip.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":73,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":640},{"id":"p-iroiro-arigatou","romaji":"iroiro arigatou","polite":"iroiro arigatou gozaimashita","english":"thanks for everything","use":"Thanks for help over a stretch of time, often when someone leaves or a trip ends.","ja":"いろいろありがとう","kana":"いろいろありがとう","politeJa":"いろいろありがとうございました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono isshuukan, iroiro arigatou ne.","ja":"この一週間、いろいろありがとうね。","english":"Thanks for everything this week."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono isshuukan, iroiro arigatou gozaimashita.","ja":"この一週間、いろいろありがとうございました。","english":"Thank you for everything this week."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":48,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":641},{"id":"p-osewa-ni-narimashita","romaji":"osewa ni narimashita","polite":null,"english":"thank you for all your help (at the end)","use":"Said when a stay, job or course of care ends: to a host family, your old boss, hospital staff.","ja":"お世話になりました","kana":"おせわになりました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sannenkan, hontou ni osewa ni narimashita.","ja":"三年間、本当にお世話になりました。","english":"Thank you so much for these three years."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The ongoing form, osewa ni natte imasu, opens work emails and calls.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":34,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":642}],"stage":3,"range":"640-642","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-19","label":"Leaving and coming home","rationale":"Lets you use the set phrases at the door of a shared home.","interference":"tadaima is said by the one arriving, okaeri by the one at home.","items":[{"id":"p-tadaima","romaji":"tadaima","polite":null,"english":"I'm home; I'm back","use":"Called out as you walk in the door at home; whoever is in answers okaeri.","ja":"ただいま","kana":"ただいま","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tadaima! aa, onaka suita.","ja":"ただいま！あー、お腹すいた。","english":"I'm home! Man, I'm starving."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tadaima modorimashita. nanika arimashita ka?","ja":"ただいま戻りました。何かありましたか？","english":"I'm back. Did anything come up?"},"freqRank":479,"score":5,"notes":"At work, tadaima modorimashita when you return to the office. In announcements tadaima means 'right now'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":450,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":643},{"id":"p-okaeri","romaji":"okaeri","polite":null,"english":"welcome home; welcome back","use":"The answer to tadaima, said by whoever is home; also to a friend back from a trip.","ja":"おかえり","kana":"おかえり","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okaeri! gohan dekiteru yo.","ja":"おかえり！ご飯できてるよ。","english":"Welcome home! Dinner's ready."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1014,"score":4,"notes":"Okaerinasai is the fuller, softer form.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":461,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":644},{"id":"p-ittekimasu","romaji":"ittekimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'm off; see you later (when leaving)","use":"Said by the person leaving home, or the office for a while; the others answer itterasshai.","ja":"行ってきます","kana":"いってきます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, ittekimasu! yuugata ni wa kaeru ne.","ja":"じゃあ、行ってきます！夕方には帰るね。","english":"Okay, I'm off! I'll be back by evening."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ginkou ni ittekimasu. sanjuppun de modorimasu.","ja":"銀行に行ってきます。三十分で戻ります。","english":"I'm popping out to the bank. Back in thirty minutes."},"freqRank":1800,"score":4,"notes":"It stays in -masu even with family. Only when you're coming back; it means 'I'll go and come back'.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":72,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":645},{"id":"p-itterasshai","romaji":"itterasshai","polite":"itterasshaimase","english":"see you later; have a good day (to someone leaving)","use":"The answer to ittekimasu, said by whoever stays behind; hotel staff say the -mase form to guests heading out.","ja":"いってらっしゃい","kana":"いってらっしゃい","politeJa":"いってらっしゃいませ","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itterasshai! ame furu kara kasa motte itte ne.","ja":"いってらっしゃい！雨降るから傘持っていってね。","english":"See you! It's going to rain, so take an umbrella."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itterasshaimase. oki o tsukete.","ja":"いってらっしゃいませ。お気をつけて。","english":"Have a good day. Take care."},"freqRank":1460,"score":4,"notes":"Not a general goodbye: only to someone who will come back.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":88,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":646},{"id":"p-okaerinasai","romaji":"okaerinasai","polite":null,"english":"welcome home; welcome back","use":"Fuller, warmer form of okaeri; parents, partners, inn staff and coworkers say it to someone returning.","ja":"お帰りなさい","kana":"おかえりなさい","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okaerinasai. tsukareta deshou, ofuro waiteru yo.","ja":"おかえりなさい。疲れたでしょう、お風呂沸いてるよ。","english":"Welcome home. You must be tired; the bath's ready."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okaerinasai. shutchou wa ikaga deshita ka?","ja":"おかえりなさい。出張はいかがでしたか？","english":"Welcome back. How was the business trip?"},"freqRank":4722,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":163,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":647}],"stage":3,"range":"643-647","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-20","label":"Begging a favour","rationale":"Lets you plead hard for help or forgiveness.","interference":"tanomu kara and onegai dakara mean the same, and both are stronger than tanomu yo.","items":[{"id":"p-onegai-dakara","romaji":"onegai dakara","polite":"onegai desu kara","english":"please, I'm begging you","use":"Emotional plea, usually before stop, listen or don't go.","ja":"お願いだから","kana":"おねがいだから","politeJa":"お願いですから","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"onegai dakara, hanashi kiite.","ja":"お願いだから、話聞いて。","english":"Please, just listen to me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"onegai desu kara, yamete kudasai.","ja":"お願いですから、やめてください。","english":"Please, I'm begging you, stop."},"freqRank":3157,"score":3,"notes":"Softer than tanomu kara and used by everyone.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":421,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":648},{"id":"p-tanomu-kara","romaji":"tanomu kara","polite":null,"english":"please, I'm begging you","use":"Desperate or exasperated plea to a friend or family member to stop or do something.","ja":"頼むから","kana":"たのむから","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tanomu kara, mou yamete.","ja":"頼むから、もうやめて。","english":"Please, I'm begging you, just stop."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3731,"score":3,"notes":"Stronger than tanomu yo. Onegai dakara is the softer version anyone can use.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":482,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":649},{"id":"p-yurushite","romaji":"yurushite","polite":"yurushite kudasai","english":"forgive me","use":"Pleading with someone close after hurting them, or a playful 'go easy on me'.","ja":"許して","kana":"ゆるして","politeJa":"許してください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hontou ni gomen. onegai, yurushite.","ja":"本当にごめん。お願い、許して。","english":"I'm really sorry. Please forgive me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hontou ni sumimasen deshita. douka yurushite kudasai.","ja":"本当にすみませんでした。どうか許してください。","english":"I'm truly sorry. Please forgive me."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Heavy for everyday slips, where gomen is enough.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":897,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":650}],"stage":3,"range":"648-650","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-21","label":"Polite apologies","rationale":"Lets you apologise formally to someone outside your circle.","interference":"doumo sumimasen can also mean thank you so much.","items":[{"id":"p-shitsurei-shimashita","romaji":"shitsurei shimashita","polite":null,"english":"excuse me; sorry (for that)","use":"Light polite apology for a small slip: bumping someone, a wrong number, walking into the wrong room.","ja":"失礼しました","kana":"しつれいしました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, heya o machigaemashita. shitsurei shimashita.","ja":"あ、部屋を間違えました。失礼しました。","english":"Oh, wrong room. Excuse me."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1557,"score":4,"notes":"Shitsurei shimasu (present) is for entering, leaving or hanging up.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":151,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":651},{"id":"p-sumimasen-deshita","romaji":"sumimasen deshita","polite":null,"english":"I'm sorry (for what I did)","use":"Apologizing for something already done, like a mistake at work or being rude.","ja":"すみませんでした","kana":"すみませんでした","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou wa sumimasen deshita. chotto iisugimashita.","ja":"昨日はすみませんでした。ちょっと言いすぎました。","english":"Sorry about yesterday. I said too much."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Plain sumimasen also means excuse me and thanks; the -deshita form is only an apology.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":71,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":652},{"id":"p-doumo-sumimasen","romaji":"doumo sumimasen","polite":null,"english":"I'm so sorry; thank you so much","use":"A stronger sumimasen to staff, strangers or anyone you've put out: a real apology, or thanks that admits you caused trouble.","ja":"どうもすみません","kana":"どうもすみません","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"wazawaza todokete kudasatte, doumo sumimasen.","ja":"わざわざ届けてくださって、どうもすみません。","english":"Thank you so much for bringing it all this way."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":16075,"score":4,"notes":"The situation tells you whether it's thanks or sorry; often it's both.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":6,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":653},{"id":"p-osoku-natte-sumimasen","romaji":"osoku natte sumimasen","polite":null,"english":"sorry I'm late; sorry for the slow reply","use":"Said on arriving late, or at the start of a late reply to a message or email.","ja":"遅くなってすみません","kana":"おそくなってすみません","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"osoku natte sumimasen, michi ga konde imashita.","ja":"遅くなってすみません、道が混んでいました。","english":"Sorry I'm late, the roads were busy."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"With friends: osoku natte gomen. For a message: henji ga osoku natte sumimasen.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":654},{"id":"p-moushiwake-nai","romaji":"moushiwake nai","polite":"moushiwake arimasen","english":"I'm sorry; I feel terrible","use":"Plain-form apology, often from men or older people to friends, family or juniors.","ja":"申し訳ない","kana":"もうしわけない","politeJa":"申し訳ありません","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"isogashii no ni, moushiwake nai na.","ja":"忙しいのに、申し訳ないな。","english":"Sorry to put you out when you're busy."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oisogashii no ni, moushiwake arimasen.","ja":"お忙しいのに、申し訳ありません。","english":"I'm sorry to trouble you when you're busy."},"freqRank":769,"score":3,"notes":"Also 'I feel bad': kare ni moushiwake nai (I feel bad toward him).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":732,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":655}],"stage":3,"range":"651-655","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-social-22","label":"Holiday greetings","rationale":"Lets you greet friends at Christmas and New Year.","interference":"yoi otoshi o is said before New Year, akemashite omedetou only after.","items":[{"id":"p-akemashite-omedetou","romaji":"akemashite omedetou","polite":"akemashite omedetou gozaimasu","english":"happy New Year","use":"Said from January 1 into early January, the first time you see someone; never before New Year.","ja":"あけましておめでとう","kana":"あけましておめでとう","politeJa":"あけましておめでとうございます","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"akemashite omedetou! kotoshi mo yoroshiku ne.","ja":"あけましておめでとう！今年もよろしくね。","english":"Happy New Year! Here's to another year."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"akemashite omedetou gozaimasu. kotoshi mo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"あけましておめでとうございます。今年もよろしくお願いします。","english":"Happy New Year. I look forward to another year with you."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Friends shorten it to akeome.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":9,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":656},{"id":"p-merii-kurisumasu","romaji":"merii kurisumasu","polite":null,"english":"Merry Christmas","use":"Said among friends and couples; in Japan Christmas Eve is a date night, not a family holiday.","ja":"メリークリスマス","kana":"めりーくりすます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"merii kurisumasu! kore, purezento da yo.","ja":"メリークリスマス！これ、プレゼントだよ。","english":"Merry Christmas! Here's your present."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"merii kurisumasu. kore, purezento desu.","ja":"メリークリスマス。これ、プレゼントです。","english":"Merry Christmas. This is a present for you."},"freqRank":10578,"score":3,"notes":"Friends shorten it to merikuri.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":136,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":657},{"id":"p-yoi-otoshi-o","romaji":"yoi otoshi o","polite":"yoi otoshi o omukae kudasai","english":"have a good New Year","use":"Said in late December when parting from someone you won't see again before New Year.","ja":"よいお年を","kana":"よいおとしを","politeJa":"よいお年をお迎えください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ja, mata rainen. yoi otoshi o!","ja":"じゃ、また来年。よいお年を！","english":"See you next year. Have a good New Year!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa, mata rainen. yoi otoshi o omukae kudasai.","ja":"では、また来年。よいお年をお迎えください。","english":"See you next year, then. Have a happy New Year."},"freqRank":30064,"score":3,"notes":"From January 1 on, switch to akemashite omedetou.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":658},{"id":"p-kotoshi-mo-yoroshiku-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"kotoshi mo yoroshiku onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"I look forward to another year with you","use":"New Year greeting said right after akemashite omedetou; answer with the same words, or kochira koso (same here).","ja":"今年もよろしくお願いします","kana":"ことしもよろしくおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"akeome! kotoshi mo yoroshiku ne.","ja":"あけおめ！今年もよろしくね。","english":"Happy New Year! Here's to another year."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kochira koso, kotoshi mo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"こちらこそ、今年もよろしくお願いします。","english":"Same here, I look forward to another year with you."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Friends shorten it to kotoshi mo yoroshiku (ne).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":659},{"id":"p-kotoshi-mo-osewa-ni-narimashita","romaji":"kotoshi mo osewa ni narimashita","polite":null,"english":"thanks for everything this year","use":"Year-end thanks to coworkers, neighbors, and friends, usually followed by yoi otoshi o.","ja":"今年もお世話になりました","kana":"ことしもおせわになりました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kotoshi mo osewa ni narimashita. mata rainen ne!","ja":"今年もお世話になりました。また来年ね！","english":"Thanks for everything this year. See you next year!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kotoshi mo osewa ni narimashita. rainen mo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.","ja":"今年もお世話になりました。来年もよろしくお願いします。","english":"Thank you for everything this year. I look forward to next year."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Close friends might just say kotoshi mo arigatou.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":660}],"stage":3,"range":"656-660","category":"Greetings, thanks and sorry"},{"id":"c-errands-1","label":"Asking and declining politely","rationale":"Ask if something is okay, offer something, ask a favour or turn an offer down in any polite setting.","interference":"Kekkou desu usually means no thanks rather than great, and yoroshii desu ka is just a politer ii desu ka.","items":[{"id":"p-ii-desu-ka","romaji":"ii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"is it okay?; may I?","use":"Asks permission or checks something is fine; put the thing first (koko, ii desu ka?) or a -te mo verb (suwatte mo ii desu ka?).","ja":"いいですか","kana":"いいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, koko suwatte mo ii desu ka?","ja":"すみません、ここ座ってもいいですか？","english":"Excuse me, is it okay if I sit here?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Casual is just ii? with a rising tone. Yes is hai, douzo; a no usually starts with chotto...","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":918,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":661},{"id":"p-kekkou-desu","romaji":"kekkou desu","polite":null,"english":"no, thank you; that's fine","use":"Firm, polite no to staff, salespeople or a host offering more; add iie or a reason to sound warmer.","ja":"結構です","kana":"けっこうです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"iie, kekkou desu. mou juubun itadakimashita.","ja":"いいえ、結構です。もう十分いただきました。","english":"No, thank you. I've had plenty."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Can sound cold to friends; use daijoubu instead. Kekkou also means quite: kekkou oishii (pretty tasty).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":402,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":662},{"id":"p-ikaga-desu-ka","romaji":"ikaga desu ka","polite":null,"english":"would you like some?; how about it?; how is it?","use":"Polite offer or check-in from staff or a host (fukuro wa ikaga desu ka?); answer onegai shimasu or daijoubu desu.","ja":"いかがですか","kana":"いかがですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"koohii no okawari, ikaga desu ka?","ja":"コーヒーのおかわり、いかがですか？","english":"Would you like more coffee?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual version: dou? Staff also say ikaga deshou ka, and ikaga deshita ka (how was it?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":206,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":663},{"id":"p-onegai-dekimasu-ka","romaji":"onegai dekimasu ka","polite":null,"english":"could you do that for me?; could I ask for...?","use":"Polite request to staff, colleagues or strangers, after naming the thing or task.","ja":"お願いできますか","kana":"おねがいできますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, kopii onegai dekimasu ka?","ja":"これ、コピーお願いできますか？","english":"Could you make a copy of this for me?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":5132,"score":4,"notes":"Casual version: onegai dekiru?","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":65,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":664},{"id":"p-yoroshii-desu-ka","romaji":"yoroshii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"would that be all right?; may I?","use":"Very polite ii desu ka; you hear it from staff checking an order, and can use it with bosses and strangers.","ja":"よろしいですか","kana":"よろしいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira de yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"こちらでよろしいですか？","english":"Will this one be all right?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Staff also say yoroshii deshou ka, softer still.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":245,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":665}],"stage":4,"range":"661-665","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-2","label":"Eating out with friends","rationale":"Get a meal or drinks with friends going, from the first beer to splitting the bill.","interference":"Okawari (a refill) and okaikei (the bill) both start with o-ka and get swapped.","items":[{"id":"p-toriaezu-biiru","romaji":"toriaezu biiru","polite":"toriaezu biiru onegai shimasu","english":"beer to start","use":"The classic first order at an izakaya so the group can toast quickly; food comes after.","ja":"とりあえずビール","kana":"とりあえずビール","politeJa":"とりあえずビールお願いします","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"minna, toriaezu biiru de ii?","ja":"みんな、とりあえずビールでいい？","english":"Beer to start for everyone?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"toriaezu biiru mittsu onegai shimasu.","ja":"とりあえずビール三つお願いします。","english":"Three beers to start, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Toriaezu alone means for now: toriaezu ikou (let's just go for now).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":0,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":666},{"id":"p-okawari","romaji":"okawari","polite":null,"english":"seconds; a refill","use":"Asks for another bowl of rice or a refill, or offers one (okawari wa?).","ja":"お代わり","kana":"おかわり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okawari aru yo. iru?","ja":"おかわりあるよ。いる？","english":"There's seconds. Want some?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, gohan no okawari onegai shimasu.","ja":"すみません、ご飯のおかわりお願いします。","english":"Excuse me, could I get more rice?"},"freqRank":3640,"score":3,"notes":"Okawari jiyuu means free refills. As a verb: okawari suru.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":73,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":667},{"id":"p-okaikei-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"okaikei onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"the bill, please","use":"Asks restaurant or bar staff for the bill; at many places you then pay at the register (reji) by the exit.","ja":"お会計お願いします","kana":"おかいけいおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, okaikei onegai shimasu.","ja":"すみません、お会計お願いします。","english":"Excuse me, could we get the bill?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Okanjou onegai shimasu is also common at izakaya.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":22,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":668},{"id":"p-betsubetsu-de-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"betsubetsu de onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"separate bills, please","use":"Asks to pay separately at the register; staff may ask goissho de yoroshii desu ka? (together?).","ja":"別々でお願いします","kana":"べつべつでおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okaikei wa betsubetsu de onegai shimasu.","ja":"お会計は別々でお願いします。","english":"We'll pay separately, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Splitting the total evenly among friends is warikan.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":10,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":669},{"id":"p-chuumon-ii-desu-ka","romaji":"chuumon ii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"can we order?","use":"Calls staff over when you're ready to order; start with sumimasen!","ja":"注文いいですか","kana":"ちゅうもんいいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, chuumon ii desu ka?","ja":"すみません、注文いいですか？","english":"Excuse me, can we order?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Many places have a call button on the table instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":670}],"stage":4,"range":"666-670","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-3","label":"Ordering food","rationale":"Pick dishes, ask what's good, get water and say you're done ordering.","interference":"Ijou desu (that's all) is easy to mix with ii desu (no thanks).","items":[{"id":"p-kore-kudasai","romaji":"kore kudasai","polite":null,"english":"I'll have this, please","use":"The simplest way to buy or order: point at the thing at a counter, stall or menu.","ja":"これください","kana":"これください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore to kore, kudasai.","ja":"これとこれ、ください。","english":"This and this, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Add a count: kore futatsu kudasai (two of these).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":7,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":671},{"id":"p-kore-ni-shimasu","romaji":"kore ni shimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll take this one; I'll have this","use":"Tells staff your choice after looking or comparing; works for food orders too.","ja":"これにします","kana":"これにします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, kore ni shimasu.","ja":"じゃあ、これにします。","english":"Okay, I'll go with this one."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"X ni suru means decide on X. Casual version: kore ni suru.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":672},{"id":"p-osusume-wa-nan-desu-ka","romaji":"osusume wa nan desu ka","polite":null,"english":"what do you recommend?","use":"Ask staff at a restaurant or shop; casual version is osusume wa?","ja":"おすすめは何ですか","kana":"おすすめはなんですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, osusume wa nan desu ka?","ja":"すみません、おすすめは何ですか？","english":"Excuse me, what do you recommend?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Menus mark recommended dishes as osusume.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":673},{"id":"p-omizu-kudasai","romaji":"omizu kudasai","polite":null,"english":"water, please","use":"Asks staff for water; it's free, and some places have you pour it yourself (serufu saabisu).","ja":"お水ください","kana":"おみずください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, omizu futatsu kudasai.","ja":"すみません、お水二つください。","english":"Excuse me, two waters, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":674},{"id":"p-ijou-desu","romaji":"ijou desu","polite":null,"english":"that's all","use":"Ends your order at a restaurant or counter; staff and speakers also use it to end a talk or report.","ja":"以上です","kana":"いじょうです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"biiru futatsu to edamame, ijou desu.","ja":"ビール二つと枝豆、以上です。","english":"Two beers and edamame. That's all."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Staff may check with ijou de yoroshii desu ka? (will that be all?).","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":186,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":675}],"stage":4,"range":"671-675","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-4","label":"Table or takeaway","rationale":"Say how many you are, whether you're eating in or taking it away, and ask for a bigger portion.","interference":"Tennai de (eat in) and mochikaeri de (take away) are easy to swap.","items":[{"id":"p-futari-desu","romaji":"futari desu","polite":null,"english":"two people; a table for two","use":"Answer at the restaurant door when staff ask nanmeisama desu ka? (how many?).","ja":"二人です","kana":"ふたりです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"futari desu. kauntaa demo ii desu.","ja":"二人です。カウンターでもいいです。","english":"Two of us. The counter's fine."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"One is hitori desu, three is sannin desu. Holding up fingers works too.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":17,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":676},{"id":"p-tennai-de","romaji":"tennai de","polite":"tennai de onegai shimasu","english":"to eat in, please; for here","use":"Answer at a cafe or fast-food counter when asked if you're eating here; the opposite is mochikaeri de.","ja":"店内で","kana":"てんないで","politeJa":"店内でお願いします","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tennai de, aisu koohii hitotsu.","ja":"店内で、アイスコーヒー一つ。","english":"For here, one iced coffee."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tennai de onegai shimasu.","ja":"店内でお願いします。","english":"For here, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":677},{"id":"p-mochikaeri-de","romaji":"mochikaeri de","polite":"mochikaeri de onegai shimasu","english":"to take away, please","use":"Answer at a cafe or fast-food counter when staff ask if you're eating in (tennai de omeshiagari desu ka?).","ja":"持ち帰りで","kana":"もちかえりで","politeJa":"持ち帰りでお願いします","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, mochikaeri de.","ja":"これ、持ち帰りで。","english":"This one to go."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mochikaeri de onegai shimasu.","ja":"持ち帰りでお願いします。","english":"To take away, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Staff say omochikaeri; chains also use teikuauto.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":12,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":678},{"id":"p-oomori-de","romaji":"oomori de","polite":"oomori de onegai shimasu","english":"a large portion, please","use":"Asks for an extra-large serving of rice or noodles, often for a small extra charge.","ja":"大盛りで","kana":"おおもりで","politeJa":"大盛りでお願いします","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gyuudon hitotsu, oomori de.","ja":"牛丼一つ、大盛りで。","english":"One beef bowl, large."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gohan wa oomori de onegai shimasu.","ja":"ご飯は大盛りでお願いします。","english":"A large serving of rice, please."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Normal size is namimori; a smaller one is sukuname.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":679}],"stage":4,"range":"676-679","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-5","label":"Paying at the till","rationale":"Ask the price, check card and tax, and get a receipt when you pay.","interference":"Ryoushuusho is the formal receipt for expenses, not the till slip reshiito.","items":[{"id":"p-ikura-desu-ka","romaji":"ikura desu ka","polite":null,"english":"how much is it?","use":"Point at or name the item first: kore, ikura desu ka?","ja":"いくらですか","kana":"いくらですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kore ikura desu ka?","ja":"すみません、これいくらですか？","english":"Excuse me, how much is this?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual version: ikura? Prices come back as numbers plus en: sen en is 1,000 yen.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":680},{"id":"p-kaado-tsukaemasu-ka","romaji":"kaado tsukaemasu ka","polite":null,"english":"can I pay by card?","use":"Ask before ordering or at the till; small places may be cash only.","ja":"カード使えますか","kana":"カードつかえますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kaado tsukaemasu ka?","ja":"すみません、カード使えますか？","english":"Excuse me, do you take cards?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Genkin dake desu means cash only.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":681},{"id":"p-kaado-de-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"kaado de onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"by card, please","use":"Answer at the till when staff ask how you'll pay (oshiharai wa?).","ja":"カードでお願いします","kana":"カードでおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, kaado de onegai shimasu.","ja":"あ、カードでお願いします。","english":"Oh, by card, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Cash is genkin de. If staff ask ikkai barai de yoroshii desu ka (one payment?), just say hai.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":682},{"id":"p-zeikomi-desu-ka","romaji":"zeikomi desu ka","polite":null,"english":"does that include tax?","use":"Checks a price tag or quote; prices are shown either with tax (zeikomi) or without (zeinuki).","ja":"税込みですか","kana":"ぜいこみですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono nedan, zeikomi desu ka?","ja":"この値段、税込みですか？","english":"Does this price include tax?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":683},{"id":"p-ryoushuusho-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"ryoushuusho onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"a receipt, please (official one)","use":"Asks for a formal receipt for expenses at shops, restaurants and taxis; staff may then ask what name to write.","ja":"領収書お願いします","kana":"りょうしゅうしょおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, ryoushuusho onegai shimasu.","ja":"すみません、領収書お願いします。","english":"Excuse me, could I get a receipt?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"A reshiito is the printed till slip; a ryoushuusho is the formal one for claiming expenses.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":684}],"stage":4,"range":"680-684","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-6","label":"Finding your way","rationale":"Ask for the toilet or directions, say you're lost, and tell a driver or crowd where you're getting off.","interference":"Koko doko (where am I?) sounds close to koko de ii desu (here is fine), and orimasu is also the humble word for 'to be' at work.","items":[{"id":"p-toire-wa-doko-desu-ka","romaji":"toire wa doko desu ka","polite":null,"english":"where's the toilet?","use":"Ask staff in shops, restaurants and stations; casual is toire doko?","ja":"トイレはどこですか","kana":"トイレはどこですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka?","ja":"すみません、トイレはどこですか？","english":"Excuse me, where's the toilet?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Otearai is a politer word for toilet. At someone's home: toire karite mo ii desu ka?","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":19,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":685},{"id":"p-dou-ikeba-ii-desu-ka","romaji":"dou ikeba ii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"how do I get there?","use":"Ask a stranger or staff for directions after naming the place: X made dou ikeba ii desu ka?","ja":"どう行けばいいですか","kana":"どういけばいいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, eki made dou ikeba ii desu ka?","ja":"すみません、駅までどう行けばいいですか？","english":"Excuse me, how do I get to the station?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"With friends: dou ikeba ii? Simpler still: eki wa doko desu ka? (where's the station?).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":14,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":686},{"id":"p-michi-ni-mayotta","romaji":"michi ni mayotta","polite":"michi ni mayoimashita","english":"I'm lost; I got lost","use":"Tell a passer-by or a friend on the phone that you don't know where you are.","ja":"道に迷った","kana":"みちにまよった","politeJa":"道に迷いました","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, michi ni mayotta. chotto okureru.","ja":"ごめん、道に迷った。ちょっと遅れる。","english":"Sorry, I got lost. I'll be a bit late."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, michi ni mayotte shimatte, sukoshi okuremasu.","ja":"すみません、道に迷ってしまって、少し遅れます。","english":"Sorry, I got lost, so I'll be a little late."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"mayou alone also means 'can't decide': dotchi ni suru ka mayotteru.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":113,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":687},{"id":"p-koko-doko","romaji":"koko doko?","polite":"koko wa doko desu ka","english":"where am I?; where is this?","use":"Muttered on waking up somewhere strange or getting lost; ask strangers with the polite form.","ja":"ここどこ？","kana":"ここどこ","politeJa":"ここはどこですか","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"are, koko doko? machigaeta kamo.","ja":"あれ、ここどこ？間違えたかも。","english":"Huh, where am I? I might've gone the wrong way."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, koko wa doko desu ka? chizu de oshiete kudasai.","ja":"すみません、ここはどこですか？地図で教えてください。","english":"Excuse me, where is this? Could you show me on the map?"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":301,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":688},{"id":"p-koko-de-ii-desu","romaji":"koko de ii desu","polite":null,"english":"here is fine","use":"Tells a taxi driver to stop, or tells someone walking or driving you that they needn't go further.","ja":"ここでいいです","kana":"ここでいいです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, koko de ii desu. arigatou gozaimasu.","ja":"あ、ここでいいです。ありがとうございます。","english":"Oh, here's fine. Thank you."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Clearer to a taxi driver: koko de tomete kudasai (please stop here).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":4,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":689},{"id":"p-orimasu","romaji":"orimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'm getting off (on a crowded train or bus)","use":"Said aloud to the people in your way as your stop comes, so they make room.","ja":"降ります","kana":"おります","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, orimasu! chotto tooshite kudasai.","ja":"すみません、降ります！ちょっと通してください。","english":"Excuse me, getting off! Let me through, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":183446,"score":3,"notes":"From oriru (get off). In a crowd, sumimasen alone also works.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":18,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":690}],"stage":4,"range":"685-690","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-7","label":"Emergencies","rationale":"Shout about an earthquake, say where it hurts and call for help or an ambulance.","interference":"None.","items":[{"id":"p-jishin-da","romaji":"jishin da","polite":"jishin desu","english":"it's an earthquake!; earthquake!","use":"Shouted when the shaking starts; announcements and teachers use jishin desu.","ja":"地震だ","kana":"じしんだ","politeJa":"地震です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, jishin da! hayaku tsukue no shita ni!","ja":"あっ、地震だ！早く机の下に！","english":"Whoa, earthquake! Quick, under the table!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"jishin desu! tsukue no shita ni haitte kudasai!","ja":"地震です！机の下に入ってください！","english":"Earthquake! Get under your desks!"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The early-warning alert on phones and TV says jishin desu, jishin desu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":22,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":691},{"id":"p-koko-ga-itai","romaji":"koko ga itai","polite":"koko ga itai desu","english":"it hurts here","use":"Point and say it at a clinic or pharmacy; the doctor asks doko ga itai desu ka? (where does it hurt?).","ja":"ここが痛い","kana":"ここがいたい","politeJa":"ここが痛いです","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou kara koko ga itai n da.","ja":"昨日からここが痛いんだ。","english":"It's been hurting here since yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou kara koko ga itai n desu.","ja":"昨日からここが痛いんです。","english":"It's been hurting here since yesterday."},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"itai! alone is 'ouch!'; swap koko for a body part: atama ga itai (my head hurts).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":3,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":692},{"id":"p-tasukete","romaji":"tasukete","polite":"tasukete kudasai","english":"help!","use":"Shout for help in danger; to a friend it can also be a jokey 'help me out'.","ja":"助けて","kana":"たすけて","politeJa":"助けてください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dareka tasukete! hito ga taoreta!","ja":"誰か助けて！人が倒れた！","english":"Somebody help! Someone's collapsed!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, tasukete kudasai! hito ga taoremashita!","ja":"すみません、助けてください！人が倒れました！","english":"Excuse me, please help! Someone's collapsed!"},"freqRank":1592,"score":3,"notes":"For everyday help with a task, tetsudatte (give me a hand) is more natural.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":5259,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":693},{"id":"p-kyuukyuusha-o-yonde","romaji":"kyuukyuusha o yonde","polite":"kyuukyuusha o yonde kudasai","english":"call an ambulance","use":"Ask a bystander to call; the number in Japan is 119, which also reaches the fire service.","ja":"救急車を呼んで","kana":"きゅうきゅうしゃをよんで","politeJa":"救急車を呼んでください","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hayaku kyuukyuusha o yonde! ishiki ga nai.","ja":"早く救急車を呼んで！意識がない。","english":"Quick, call an ambulance! She's unconscious."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kyuukyuusha o yonde kudasai!","ja":"すみません、救急車を呼んでください！","english":"Excuse me, please call an ambulance!"},"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Police is 110 (keisatsu); 119 is ambulance and fire.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":57,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":694}],"stage":4,"range":"691-694","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-8","label":"Just browsing","rationale":"Keep shop staff at bay, try things on and leave without buying.","interference":"Chotto kangaemasu and ato de mata kimasu both usually mean no sale, not a real promise to come back.","items":[{"id":"p-miteru-dake-desu","romaji":"miteru dake desu","polite":null,"english":"I'm just looking","use":"Answer to a shop assistant who asks if you're looking for something.","ja":"見てるだけです","kana":"みてるだけです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, daijoubu desu. miteru dake desu.","ja":"あ、大丈夫です。見てるだけです。","english":"Oh, I'm fine. Just looking."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Also means I'm only watching when someone asks you to join in.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":118,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":695},{"id":"p-chotto-kangaemasu","romaji":"chotto kangaemasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll think about it","use":"Polite way to leave without buying or to end a sales pitch; it usually means no.","ja":"ちょっと考えます","kana":"ちょっとかんがえます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou desu ne... chotto kangaemasu.","ja":"そうですね…ちょっと考えます。","english":"Hmm... I'll think about it."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casual version: chotto kangaete miru.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":696},{"id":"p-ato-de-mata-kimasu","romaji":"ato de mata kimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll come back later","use":"Polite way to leave a shop or counter without buying now.","ja":"あとでまた来ます","kana":"あとでまたきます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, ato de mata kimasu.","ja":"すみません、あとでまた来ます。","english":"Sorry, I'll come back later."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casual version: mata kuru ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":16,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":697},{"id":"p-shichaku-shite-mo-ii-desu-ka","romaji":"shichaku shite mo ii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"can I try this on?","use":"Ask a clothes-shop assistant before taking things to the fitting room (shichakushitsu).","ja":"試着してもいいですか","kana":"しちゃくしてもいいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, kore shichaku shite mo ii desu ka?","ja":"すみません、これ試着してもいいですか？","english":"Excuse me, can I try this on?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Staff usually answer douzo, kochira e (sure, this way).","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":698}],"stage":4,"range":"695-698","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-9","label":"Bags and wrapping","rationale":"Accept or refuse a bag or receipt and say whether it needs gift wrapping.","interference":"Daijoubu desu here means no thanks, so fukuro wa daijoubu desu turns the bag down.","items":[{"id":"p-fukuro-wa-daijoubu-desu","romaji":"fukuro wa daijoubu desu","polite":null,"english":"I don't need a bag","use":"Answer when the cashier asks if you want a bag; daijoubu here means no thanks.","ja":"袋は大丈夫です","kana":"ふくろはだいじょうぶです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"a, fukuro wa daijoubu desu.","ja":"あ、袋は大丈夫です。","english":"Oh, I don't need a bag."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Bags cost a few yen, so you'll be asked at most tills.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":699},{"id":"p-fukuro-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"fukuro onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"a bag, please","use":"Asks for a bag at the till; it usually costs a few yen.","ja":"袋お願いします","kana":"ふくろおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"fukuro onegai shimasu. hitotsu de ii desu.","ja":"袋お願いします。一つでいいです。","english":"A bag, please. Just one is fine."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":700},{"id":"p-reshiito-wa-daijoubu-desu","romaji":"reshiito wa daijoubu desu","polite":null,"english":"I don't need the receipt","use":"Said when the cashier hands over or offers the receipt.","ja":"レシートは大丈夫です","kana":"レシートはだいじょうぶです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"reshiito wa daijoubu desu. arigatou gozaimasu.","ja":"レシートは大丈夫です。ありがとうございます。","english":"I don't need the receipt. Thank you."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"A formal receipt for expenses is a ryoushuusho.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":701},{"id":"p-kono-mama-de-ii-desu","romaji":"kono mama de ii desu","polite":null,"english":"it's fine as it is","use":"Tells staff you don't need a bag, wrapping or a box; also works for anything you'd leave unchanged.","ja":"このままでいいです","kana":"このままでいいです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sugu tsukau node, kono mama de ii desu.","ja":"すぐ使うので、このままでいいです。","english":"I'll use it right away, so it's fine as it is."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Kono mama means like this, unchanged.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":702},{"id":"p-purezento-you-desu","romaji":"purezento you desu","polite":null,"english":"it's a gift","use":"Tells staff the item is a present so they wrap it; they often ask gojitaku you desu ka? (is it for yourself?) first.","ja":"プレゼント用です","kana":"プレゼントようです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"purezento you desu. tsutsunde moraemasu ka?","ja":"プレゼント用です。包んでもらえますか？","english":"It's a present. Could you wrap it?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Here -you means for, not seems.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":2,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":703}],"stage":4,"range":"699-703","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-10","label":"Around the office","rationale":"Greet coworkers, head home before others and come back from going out.","interference":"Gokurousama goes to juniors or workers, so saying it to a senior instead of otsukaresama is rude.","items":[{"id":"p-otsukaresama-desu","romaji":"otsukaresama desu","polite":null,"english":"hello; thanks for your hard work (between coworkers)","use":"The all-purpose work greeting: passing a coworker, starting a call or message, coming back to the office.","ja":"お疲れ様です","kana":"おつかれさまです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otsukaresama desu. kaigi, mou hajimatte imasu ka?","ja":"お疲れ様です。会議、もう始まっていますか？","english":"Hi. Has the meeting started yet?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"Friends say otsukare after a club, a shift or a long day.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":90,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":704},{"id":"p-osaki-ni-shitsurei-shimasu","romaji":"osaki ni shitsurei shimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll be leaving now, before you","use":"Said to coworkers still working when you leave; they answer otsukaresama deshita.","ja":"お先に失礼します","kana":"おさきにしつれいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa kore de, osaki ni shitsurei shimasu.","ja":"今日はこれで、お先に失礼します。","english":"That's it for me today. I'll head off before you."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4718,"score":4,"notes":"Also for leaving a party or meeting early.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":8,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":705},{"id":"p-tadaima-modorimashita","romaji":"tadaima modorimashita","polite":null,"english":"I'm back (at work)","use":"Said on walking back into the office after going out; colleagues answer okaerinasai or otsukaresama desu.","ja":"ただいま戻りました","kana":"ただいまもどりました","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tadaima modorimashita. nanika arimashita ka?","ja":"ただいま戻りました。何かありましたか？","english":"I'm back. Did anything come up?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"At home just say tadaima.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":1,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":706},{"id":"p-gokurousama-desu","romaji":"gokurousama desu","polite":null,"english":"thanks for your trouble (to workers, juniors)","use":"Said to delivery drivers, guards or juniors doing a job for you; not to your boss.","ja":"ご苦労様です","kana":"ごくろうさまです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"samui naka, gokurousama desu.","ja":"寒い中、ご苦労様です。","english":"Thanks for coming out in the cold."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Said upward it sounds bossy; to anyone above you, use otsukaresama desu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":145,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":707},{"id":"p-gokurousan","romaji":"gokurousan","polite":"gokurousama desu","english":"thanks for your trouble; good job","use":"Casual thanks from a boss or older person to someone below them; you'll mostly hear it.","ja":"ご苦労さん","kana":"ごくろうさん","politeJa":"ご苦労様です","pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa gokurousan. mou agatte ii yo.","ja":"今日はご苦労さん。もう上がっていいよ。","english":"Thanks for today. You can head home now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ame no naka, gokurousama desu.","ja":"雨の中、ご苦労様です。","english":"Thanks for coming out in the rain."},"freqRank":3055,"score":3,"notes":"Only from higher to lower; never say it to your boss.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":55,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":708}],"stage":4,"range":"704-708","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-11","label":"Staff making you wait","rationale":"Understand staff saying certainly, one moment, coming, and here you are.","interference":"Tadaima ukagaimasu (coming right away) is not tadaima, I'm home.","items":[{"id":"p-kashikomarimashita","romaji":"kashikomarimashita","polite":null,"english":"certainly; understood","use":"Staff's reply when they take your order or request; no answer needed.","ja":"かしこまりました","kana":"かしこまりました","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["formal","humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kashikomarimashita. shoushou omachi kudasai.","ja":"かしこまりました。少々お待ちください。","english":"Certainly. One moment, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1506,"score":4,"notes":"At work you can say it to a boss or client; wakarimashita is the everyday version.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":249,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":709},{"id":"p-shoushou-omachi-kudasai","romaji":"shoushou omachi kudasai","polite":null,"english":"one moment, please","use":"Staff say it before checking something or going to get it; just say hai and wait.","ja":"少々お待ちください","kana":"しょうしょうおまちください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zaiko o kakunin shimasu node, shoushou omachi kudasai.","ja":"在庫を確認しますので、少々お待ちください。","english":"I'll check our stock, so one moment, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":5,"notes":"The casual version is chotto matte. On the phone it means you're being put on hold.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":98,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":710},{"id":"p-omatase-shimashita","romaji":"omatase shimashita","polite":null,"english":"sorry to keep you waiting; here you are","use":"Staff say it when they bring your order or come back to you, even after a short wait.","ja":"お待たせしました","kana":"おまたせしました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omatase shimashita. raamen to gyouza desu.","ja":"お待たせしました。ラーメンと餃子です。","english":"Here you are. Ramen and gyoza."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":855,"score":4,"notes":"Say it yourself when you join someone who has been waiting; with friends just omatase.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":83,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":711},{"id":"p-tadaima-ukagaimasu","romaji":"tadaima ukagaimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll be right with you; coming right away","use":"Staff call it back when you say sumimasen! and they're busy; just wait a moment.","ja":"ただいま伺います","kana":"ただいまうかがいます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hai, tadaima ukagaimasu. shoushou omachi kudasai!","ja":"はい、ただいま伺います。少々お待ちください！","english":"Yes, I'll be right with you. One moment, please!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Tadaima here means right now, not the I'm-home greeting. Ukagau is the humble verb for come or visit.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":2,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":712}],"stage":4,"range":"709-712","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-12","label":"Staff greetings","rationale":"Recognise the welcome, take your time and come again lines staff say as you arrive and leave.","interference":"Omachi shite orimashita (we were expecting you) gets mixed with omatase shimashita (sorry to keep you waiting).","items":[{"id":"p-irasshaimase","romaji":"irasshaimase","polite":null,"english":"welcome (in shops)","use":"Called out by staff as you walk into a shop or restaurant; customers don't reply, a nod is enough.","ja":"いらっしゃいませ","kana":"いらっしゃいませ","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"irasshaimase! nanmeisama desu ka?","ja":"いらっしゃいませ！何名様ですか？","english":"Welcome! How many in your party?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":803,"score":4,"notes":"At someone's home you'll hear irasshai (come on in).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":148,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":713},{"id":"p-goyukkuri-douzo","romaji":"goyukkuri douzo","polite":null,"english":"enjoy your meal; enjoy your stay; take your time","use":"Staff say it after serving food or showing you to a room; no reply needed, a nod or doumo is fine.","ja":"ごゆっくりどうぞ","kana":"ごゆっくりどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira koohii desu. goyukkuri douzo.","ja":"こちらコーヒーです。ごゆっくりどうぞ。","english":"Here's your coffee. Enjoy."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often shortened to just goyukkuri. A host says it to guests at home too.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":109,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":714},{"id":"p-mata-okoshi-kudasai","romaji":"mata okoshi kudasai","polite":null,"english":"please come again","use":"Staff say it as you leave a shop or restaurant; no reply needed, or gochisousama deshita after a meal.","ja":"またお越しください","kana":"またおこしください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"arigatou gozaimashita. mata okoshi kudasai.","ja":"ありがとうございました。またお越しください。","english":"Thank you very much. Please come again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often heard as mata okoshi kudasaimase, even more polite.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":12,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":715},{"id":"p-omachi-shite-orimashita","romaji":"omachi shite orimashita","polite":null,"english":"we've been expecting you; welcome","use":"Hotel or restaurant staff say it once they confirm your booking; a nod or yoroshiku onegai shimasu is fine.","ja":"お待ちしておりました","kana":"おまちしておりました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tanaka-sama desu ne. omachi shite orimashita.","ja":"田中様ですね。お待ちしておりました。","english":"Mr. Tanaka? We've been expecting you."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The casual equivalent between friends is matteta yo (I was waiting for you).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":20,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":716},{"id":"p-okoshi","romaji":"okoshi","polite":null,"english":"coming; visit (honorific)","use":"Staff and hosts use it about your coming: yoku okoshi kudasaimashita (thanks for coming), mata no okoshi o omachi shite orimasu (please come again).","ja":"お越し","kana":"おこし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata no okoshi o omachi shite orimasu.","ja":"またのお越しをお待ちしております。","english":"We look forward to seeing you again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4129,"score":3,"notes":"Never use it about yourself; for your own visit say ukagaimasu.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":124,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":717}],"stage":4,"range":"713-717","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-13","label":"Getting seated","rationale":"Answer the questions and directions staff give as they seat you.","interference":"Kochira e douzo (this way) is easy to confuse with kochira no reji e douzo (this register).","items":[{"id":"p-nanmeisama-desu-ka","romaji":"nanmeisama desu ka","polite":null,"english":"how many people?; how many in your party?","use":"The first thing restaurant staff ask; answer with the number, hitori desu or futari desu, and hold up fingers.","ja":"何名様ですか","kana":"なんめいさまですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"irasshaimase. nanmeisama desu ka?","ja":"いらっしゃいませ。何名様ですか？","english":"Welcome. How many people?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also heard as nanmeisama deshou ka. Watch the counting: hitori, futari, then sannin, yonin.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":3,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":718},{"id":"p-kochira-e-douzo","romaji":"kochira e douzo","polite":null,"english":"this way, please","use":"Staff say it while leading you to a seat or room; just follow them.","ja":"こちらへどうぞ","kana":"こちらへどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oseki e goannai shimasu. kochira e douzo.","ja":"お席へご案内します。こちらへどうぞ。","english":"I'll show you to your table. This way, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"You can say it too when guiding a guest. Kochira is the polite word for this way (casual kotchi).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":90,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":719},{"id":"p-osuki-na-seki-e-douzo","romaji":"osuki na seki e douzo","polite":null,"english":"sit anywhere you like","use":"Staff say it when there are free tables; just pick one.","ja":"お好きな席へどうぞ","kana":"おすきなせきへどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ohitori desu ne. osuki na seki e douzo.","ja":"お一人ですね。お好きな席へどうぞ。","english":"Just one? Sit anywhere you like."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":2,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":720},{"id":"p-goyoyaku-wa-sarete-imasu-ka","romaji":"goyoyaku wa sarete imasu ka","polite":null,"english":"do you have a reservation?","use":"Asked at a restaurant door or hotel desk; answer hai, then your name + desu, or iie.","ja":"ご予約はされていますか","kana":"ごよやくはされていますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"irasshaimase. goyoyaku wa sarete imasu ka?","ja":"いらっしゃいませ。ご予約はされていますか？","english":"Welcome. Do you have a reservation?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Also heard as goyoyaku wa gozaimasu ka?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":7,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":721}],"stage":4,"range":"718-721","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-14","label":"Staff taking your order","rationale":"Follow the waiter asking if you're ready, what you'll drink, whether that's all and if they can clear plates.","interference":"The two gochuumon questions differ only at the end: okimari (ready to order?) versus ijou de yoroshii (is that all?).","items":[{"id":"p-gochuumon-wa-okimari-desu-ka","romaji":"gochuumon wa okimari desu ka","polite":null,"english":"are you ready to order?","use":"A waiter asks when they come to the table; answer hai, or mou sukoshi (a little more time).","ja":"ご注文はお決まりですか","kana":"ごちゅうもんはおきまりですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shitsurei shimasu. gochuumon wa okimari desu ka?","ja":"失礼します。ご注文はお決まりですか？","english":"Excuse me. Are you ready to order?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"In many places you call the waiter yourself with sumimasen! or a call button on the table.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":12,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":722},{"id":"p-onomimono-wa-ikaga-nasaimasu-ka","romaji":"onomimono wa ikaga nasaimasu ka","polite":null,"english":"what would you like to drink?; would you like a drink?","use":"A waiter asks after you order food; answer X o onegai shimasu, or kekkou desu (no thanks).","ja":"お飲み物はいかがなさいますか","kana":"おのみものはいかがなさいますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"onomimono wa ikaga nasaimasu ka? hotto to aisu ga gozaimasu.","ja":"お飲み物はいかがなさいますか？ホットとアイスがございます。","english":"What would you like to drink? We have hot or iced."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Ikaga nasaimasu ka (how would you like it?) also comes with other choices, like size or sauce.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":27,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":723},{"id":"p-gochuumon-wa-ijou-de-yoroshii-desu-ka","romaji":"gochuumon wa ijou de yoroshii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"will that be all?; is that everything?","use":"Staff check after you order; answer hai, or add something.","ja":"ご注文は以上でよろしいですか","kana":"ごちゅうもんはいじょうでよろしいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kashikomarimashita. gochuumon wa ijou de yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"かしこまりました。ご注文は以上でよろしいですか？","english":"Certainly. Will that be all?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Often shortened to ijou de yoroshii desu ka? Ijou means that's all.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":724},{"id":"p-osage-shite-mo-yoroshii-desu-ka","romaji":"osage shite mo yoroshii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"may I take your plate?; may I clear this?","use":"A waiter asks before clearing dishes; answer hai, onegai shimasu, or mada desu (not yet).","ja":"お下げしてもよろしいですか","kana":"おさげしてもよろしいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira, osage shite mo yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"こちら、お下げしてもよろしいですか？","english":"May I take this away?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Sageru here means to clear away.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":2,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":725},{"id":"p-gochuumon","romaji":"gochuumon","polite":null,"english":"your order","use":"Staff's polite word for your order; for your own order you just say chuumon.","ja":"ご注文","kana":"ごちゅうもん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gochuumon wa okimari desu ka?","ja":"ご注文はお決まりですか？","english":"Are you ready to order?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4417,"score":4,"notes":"To ask for more time: mou sukoshi matte kudasai.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":118,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":726}],"stage":4,"range":"722-726","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-15","label":"Convenience store questions","rationale":"Answer the cashier's quick questions about heating, bags, chopsticks and points cards.","interference":"Otsuke shimasu ka (shall I add one?) is easy to confuse with omochi desu ka (do you have one?).","items":[{"id":"p-atatamemasu-ka","romaji":"atatamemasu ka","polite":null,"english":"shall I heat it up?","use":"Convenience-store staff ask about bento and other food; answer onegai shimasu, or daijoubu desu (no thanks).","ja":"温めますか","kana":"あたためますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira no obentou, atatamemasu ka?","ja":"こちらのお弁当、温めますか？","english":"Shall I heat up this bento?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also heard as oatatame shimasu ka? Daijoubu desu here means no thanks.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":727},{"id":"p-fukuro-wa-otsuke-shimasu-ka","romaji":"fukuro wa otsuke shimasu ka","polite":null,"english":"do you need a bag?","use":"Cashiers ask because bags cost a few yen; answer onegai shimasu, or daijoubu desu (no thanks).","ja":"袋はお付けしますか","kana":"ふくろはおつけしますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"fukuro wa otsuke shimasu ka? san en ni narimasu.","ja":"袋はお付けしますか？3円になります。","english":"Do you need a bag? It's 3 yen."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also heard as fukuro wa goriyou desu ka? or fukuro irimasu ka?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":728},{"id":"p-ohashi-wa-otsuke-shimasu-ka","romaji":"ohashi wa otsuke shimasu ka","polite":null,"english":"do you need chopsticks?","use":"Asked at convenience stores and takeout counters; answer onegai shimasu, or daijoubu desu (no thanks).","ja":"お箸はお付けしますか","kana":"おはしはおつけしますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"obentou futatsu desu ne. ohashi wa otsuke shimasu ka?","ja":"お弁当二つですね。お箸はお付けしますか？","english":"Two bentos, right? Do you need chopsticks?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"The same pattern comes for spoons: supuun wa otsuke shimasu ka?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":729},{"id":"p-pointo-kaado-wa-omochi-desu-ka","romaji":"pointo kaado wa omochi desu ka","polite":null,"english":"do you have a points card?","use":"Asked at almost every register; answer nai desu, or hand the card over.","ja":"ポイントカードはお持ちですか","kana":"ポイントカードはおもちですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"irasshaimase. pointo kaado wa omochi desu ka?","ja":"いらっしゃいませ。ポイントカードはお持ちですか？","english":"Hello. Do you have a points card?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Omochi desu ka (do you have?) also comes up for tickets, coupons and receipts.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":730},{"id":"p-shiiru-de-ii-desu-ka","romaji":"shiiru de ii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"is a sticker okay? (instead of a bag)","use":"When you buy one small item, the cashier offers to mark it paid with a sticker instead of bagging it; answer hai.","ja":"シールでいいですか","kana":"シールでいいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira, shiiru de ii desu ka?","ja":"こちら、シールでいいですか？","english":"Is a sticker okay for this?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Also heard as teepu de yoroshii desu ka? (tape).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":731}],"stage":4,"range":"727-731","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-16","label":"Staff taking payment","rationale":"Follow the cashier through payment method, money handed over, change and one bill or one payment.","interference":"Goissho (one bill for the group) and ikkatsu (one card payment, no instalments) both sound like 'all at once'.","items":[{"id":"p-oshiharai-wa-dou-saremasu-ka","romaji":"oshiharai wa dou saremasu ka","polite":null,"english":"how would you like to pay?","use":"Asked at the register; answer kaado de, genkin de (cash), or an app name + de.","ja":"お支払いはどうされますか","kana":"おしはらいはどうされますか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zenbu de sanzen en desu. oshiharai wa dou saremasu ka?","ja":"全部で3000円です。お支払いはどうされますか？","english":"That's 3,000 yen altogether. How would you like to pay?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Also heard as oshiharai houhou wa? (payment method?).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":1,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":732},{"id":"p-oazukari-shimasu","romaji":"oazukari shimasu","polite":null,"english":"out of (the amount you hand over); I'll take that for you","use":"The cashier says it with the money you handed over: sen en oazukari shimasu means out of 1,000 yen.","ja":"お預かりします","kana":"おあずかりします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichiman en oazukari shimasu.","ja":"一万円お預かりします。","english":"Out of 10,000 yen."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Also said when staff take your coat, bag or card to hold for you.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":25,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":733},{"id":"p-okaeshi-desu","romaji":"okaeshi desu","polite":null,"english":"here's your change","use":"The cashier says the amount first, then okaeshi desu, as they hand you the change.","ja":"お返しです","kana":"おかえしです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sanbyaku nijuu en no okaeshi desu.","ja":"320円のお返しです。","english":"Here's 320 yen in change."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Okaeshi also means a return gift for a present you received.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":32,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":734},{"id":"p-goissho-de-yoroshii-desu-ka","romaji":"goissho de yoroshii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"all on one bill?; all together?","use":"Asked at the register when a group pays; answer hai, or betsubetsu de (separately).","ja":"ご一緒でよろしいですか","kana":"ごいっしょでよろしいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okaikei wa goissho de yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"お会計はご一緒でよろしいですか？","english":"Will that be on one bill?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"In shops it can also mean all in one bag?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":16,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":735},{"id":"p-ikkatsu-de-yoroshii-desu-ka","romaji":"ikkatsu de yoroshii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"in one payment? (paying by card)","use":"Asked when you pay by credit card, since installments are an option; answer hai.","ja":"一括でよろしいですか","kana":"いっかつでよろしいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaado de desu ne. ikkatsu de yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"カードでですね。一括でよろしいですか？","english":"By card, then. In one payment?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Bunkatsu means installments; you almost always want ikkatsu.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":736}],"stage":4,"range":"732-736","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-17","label":"At the counter","rationale":"Respond when you're called up to the counter and asked if it's for here or to go.","interference":"Omeshiagari (eating, honorific) hides the plain tennai de you answer with.","items":[{"id":"p-tennai-de-omeshiagari-desu-ka","romaji":"tennai de omeshiagari desu ka","polite":null,"english":"for here?; are you eating in?","use":"Asked at fast-food and café counters; answer hai, or mochikaeri de (to go).","ja":"店内でお召し上がりですか","kana":"てんないでおめしあがりですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tennai de omeshiagari desu ka, omochikaeri desu ka?","ja":"店内でお召し上がりですか、お持ち帰りですか？","english":"For here or to go?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Meshiagaru is the respectful verb for eat and drink.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":3,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":737},{"id":"p-omochikaeri-desu-ka","romaji":"omochikaeri desu ka","polite":null,"english":"to go?; takeaway?","use":"Asked at fast-food, café and bento counters; answer hai, or tennai de (for here).","ja":"お持ち帰りですか","kana":"おもちかえりですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omochikaeri desu ka? fukuro ni oire shimasu ne.","ja":"お持ち帰りですか？袋にお入れしますね。","english":"To go? I'll put it in a bag."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To ask for it yourself, say mochikaeri de onegai shimasu. Some places say teikuauto.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":3,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":738},{"id":"p-tsugi-no-kata-douzo","romaji":"tsugi no kata douzo","polite":null,"english":"next, please","use":"Called out at a counter, register or clinic when it's your turn; step forward.","ja":"次の方どうぞ","kana":"つぎのかたどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omatase shimashita. tsugi no kata douzo.","ja":"お待たせしました。次の方どうぞ。","english":"Thanks for waiting. Next, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Kata is the polite word for person, as in ano kata (that person).","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":28,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":739},{"id":"p-kochira-no-reji-e-douzo","romaji":"kochira no reji e douzo","polite":null,"english":"this register, please; I can help you over here","use":"A cashier opening another till calls the next customer over; go to that register.","ja":"こちらのレジへどうぞ","kana":"こちらのレジへどうぞ","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otsugi no okyakusama, kochira no reji e douzo.","ja":"お次のお客様、こちらのレジへどうぞ。","english":"Next customer, over at this register, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Reji means the cash register or checkout.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":0,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":740}],"stage":4,"range":"737-740","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-18","label":"Shop staff approaching","rationale":"Recognise staff offering help or inviting you to look, so you can answer with miteru dake desu.","interference":"Nanika osagashi (looking for something?) and nanika goyou (need anything?) are near twins.","items":[{"id":"p-nanika-osagashi-desu-ka","romaji":"nanika osagashi desu ka","polite":null,"english":"are you looking for something?; can I help you find anything?","use":"Shop staff ask it while you browse; answer miteru dake desu (just looking) or name what you want.","ja":"何かお探しですか","kana":"なにかおさがしですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"irasshaimase. nanika osagashi desu ka?","ja":"いらっしゃいませ。何かお探しですか？","english":"Hello. Are you looking for anything?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":32,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":741},{"id":"p-goran-kudasai","romaji":"goran kudasai","polite":null,"english":"please take a look","use":"Shop staff, guides and presenters say it to point you at something; also common in announcements.","ja":"ご覧ください","kana":"ごらんください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira no shashin o goran kudasai.","ja":"こちらの写真をご覧ください。","english":"Please take a look at this photo."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3189,"score":3,"notes":"The respectful form of mite kudasai. Douzo goran kudasai means feel free to look around.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":59,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":742},{"id":"p-nanika-goyou-desu-ka","romaji":"nanika goyou desu ka","polite":null,"english":"can I help you?; what do you need?","use":"Staff or a receptionist ask it when you walk up, or someone asks it at the door; say what you want.","ja":"何かご用ですか","kana":"なにかごようですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, nanika goyou desu ka?","ja":"すみません、何かご用ですか？","english":"Excuse me, can I help you?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3619,"score":3,"notes":"Goyou means your business or errand. From a stranger it can sound cool, like what do you want here?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":743},{"id":"p-maido","romaji":"maido","polite":"maido arigatou gozaimasu","english":"thanks as always; hi there (shopkeeper's greeting)","use":"Shopkeepers say maido arigatou gozaimasu to customers; in Osaka a bare maido! is a friendly hello.","ja":"毎度","kana":"まいど","politeJa":"毎度ありがとうございます","pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maido! kyou wa nani ni suru?","ja":"毎度！今日は何にする？","english":"Hi there! What'll it be today?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maido arigatou gozaimasu. mata okoshi kudasai.","ja":"毎度ありがとうございます。またお越しください。","english":"Thank you as always. Please come again."},"freqRank":4684,"score":3,"notes":"Literally every time. Maido ari is the clipped market-stall version.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":null,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":744}],"stage":4,"range":"741-744","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-19","label":"Formal replies at work","rationale":"Answer a request or instruction at work with understood, I'll check, I'll consider it or you're right.","interference":"Kentou shimasu often means a polite no, unlike kakunin shimasu, which promises a real check.","items":[{"id":"p-shouchi-shimashita","romaji":"shouchi shimashita","polite":null,"english":"understood; certainly, will do","use":"A polite yes to an instruction or request at work or from a customer.","ja":"承知しました","kana":"しょうちしました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shouchi shimashita. ashita made ni okurimasu.","ja":"承知しました。明日までに送ります。","english":"Understood. I'll send it by tomorrow."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Wakarimashita is fine with coworkers; kashikomarimashita is the shop-staff version.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":142,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":745},{"id":"p-kakunin-shimasu","romaji":"kakunin shimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll check","use":"Said when you need to look something up or ask someone before answering; staff say it a lot.","ja":"確認します","kana":"かくにんします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumimasen, chotto kakunin shimasu ne.","ja":"すみません、ちょっと確認しますね。","english":"Sorry, let me just check."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"Casual: chotto mite miru. Staff often say kakunin itashimasu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":105,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":746},{"id":"p-kentou-shimasu","romaji":"kentou shimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll think it over; we'll consider it","use":"A business reply to a proposal or sales pitch; often a soft no.","ja":"検討します","kana":"けんとうします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sou desu ne, chotto kentou shimasu.","ja":"そうですね、ちょっと検討します。","english":"Hmm, let me think it over."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Don't read it as a yes; a real yes sounds like zehi or onegai shimasu.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":19,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":747},{"id":"p-ossharu-toori-desu","romaji":"ossharu toori desu","polite":null,"english":"you're quite right; exactly as you say","use":"Respectful agreement to a boss, client or customer, often before an apology or a fix.","ja":"おっしゃるとおりです","kana":"おっしゃるとおりです","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ossharu toori desu. sugu ni naoshimasu.","ja":"おっしゃるとおりです。すぐに直します。","english":"You're quite right. I'll fix it right away."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3442,"score":3,"notes":"ossharu is the respectful form of iu (say). Among friends, sono toori is enough.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":17,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":748},{"id":"p-oyaku-ni-tateru","romaji":"oyaku ni tateru","polite":"oyaku ni tatemasu","english":"be of help (humble)","use":"Humble way to talk about your own help, usually in oyaku ni tatete ureshii (glad I could help).","ja":"お役に立てる","kana":"おやくにたてる","politeJa":"お役に立てます","pos":"expression","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oyaku ni tatete yokatta. mata itsu demo itte ne.","ja":"お役に立ててよかった。またいつでも言ってね。","english":"Glad I could help. Ask me anytime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oyaku ni tatete ureshii desu. mata itsu demo douzo.","ja":"お役に立ててうれしいです。またいつでもどうぞ。","english":"I'm glad I could help. Feel free to ask anytime."},"freqRank":4131,"score":3,"notes":"Plain yaku ni tatsu means 'be useful': kono apuri, yaku ni tatsu yo.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":25,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":749}],"stage":4,"range":"745-749","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-20","label":"Asking favours formally","rationale":"Open and soften a request to someone senior or a stranger in a formal setting.","interference":"Osoreirimasu works as both thanks and excuse me, much like sumimasen.","items":[{"id":"p-onegai-itashimasu","romaji":"onegai itashimasu","polite":null,"english":"please (very polite)","use":"Humble version of onegai shimasu for requests at work, on the phone and from staff.","ja":"お願いいたします","kana":"おねがいいたします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kochira no shorui, yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.","ja":"こちらの書類、よろしくお願いいたします。","english":"Please take care of these documents."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3103,"score":4,"notes":"Onegai shimasu is enough in daily life.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":45,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":750},{"id":"p-oisogashii-tokoro-sumimasen","romaji":"oisogashii tokoro sumimasen","polite":null,"english":"sorry to bother you when you're busy","use":"Opens a request or question to a coworker, a clerk or a teacher.","ja":"お忙しいところすみません","kana":"おいそがしいところすみません","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oisogashii tokoro sumimasen, chotto ii desu ka?","ja":"お忙しいところすみません、ちょっといいですか？","english":"Sorry to bother you, do you have a moment?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"A set opener; say it even if they don't look busy.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":13,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":751},{"id":"p-otesuu-desu-ga","romaji":"otesuu desu ga","polite":null,"english":"sorry to trouble you, but...","use":"Polite lead-in before asking a client, staff member or stranger to do something; common in business emails, on forms and in announcements.","ja":"お手数ですが","kana":"おてすうですが","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otesuu desu ga, kochira ni onamae o onegai shimasu.","ja":"お手数ですが、こちらにお名前をお願いします。","english":"Sorry to trouble you, but could you write your name here?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":32443,"score":3,"notes":"Otesuu o okake shimasu means sorry for the trouble I'm causing. With friends say warui kedo instead.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":1,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":752},{"id":"p-osoreirimasu","romaji":"osoreirimasu","polite":null,"english":"thank you; excuse me (very polite)","use":"Staff and business people use it for thanks or before asking a favour; you'll mostly hear it.","ja":"恐れ入ります","kana":"おそれいります","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"osoreirimasu ga, onamae o ukagatte mo yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"恐れ入りますが、お名前を伺ってもよろしいですか？","english":"Excuse me, may I ask your name?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":5294,"score":3,"notes":"Osoreirimasu ga at the start works like a very polite sumimasen ga.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":59,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":753}],"stage":4,"range":"750-753","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-21","label":"Formal apologies","rationale":"Apologise seriously at work or to a customer for a mistake or trouble caused.","interference":"Moushiwake arimasen and gozaimasen are the same apology; gozaimasen is the politer staff form.","items":[{"id":"p-moushiwake-arimasen","romaji":"moushiwake arimasen","polite":null,"english":"I'm very sorry (formal)","use":"A serious apology at work or to customers, for a mistake or an inconvenience.","ja":"申し訳ありません","kana":"もうしわけありません","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hontou ni moushiwake arimasen. sugu ni naoshimasu.","ja":"本当に申し訳ありません。すぐに直します。","english":"I'm truly sorry. I'll fix it right away."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":786,"score":3,"notes":"Stronger than sumimasen; the right level for your own work mistakes.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":613,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":754},{"id":"p-gomeiwaku-o-okake-shimashita","romaji":"gomeiwaku o okake shimashita","polite":null,"english":"sorry for the trouble I caused","use":"Apology to coworkers or neighbours after you caused them trouble: a sick day, a mistake, noise.","ja":"ご迷惑をおかけしました","kana":"ごめいわくをおかけしました","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou wa yasunde shimatte, gomeiwaku o okake shimashita.","ja":"昨日は休んでしまって、ご迷惑をおかけしました。","english":"Sorry for the trouble my day off caused yesterday."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Meiwaku is trouble or nuisance. Casual: meiwaku kakete gomen.","listLinks":[],"role":"say","count":17,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":755},{"id":"p-moushiwake-gozaimasen","romaji":"moushiwake gozaimasen","polite":null,"english":"we're deeply sorry (very formal)","use":"Staff to customers, and in official apologies and announcements.","ja":"申し訳ございません","kana":"もうしわけございません","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omatase shite, moushiwake gozaimasen.","ja":"お待たせして、申し訳ございません。","english":"We're very sorry to keep you waiting."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1441,"score":3,"notes":"You'll hear it far more than you say it; moushiwake arimasen is enough for you.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":110,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":756}],"stage":4,"range":"754-756","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-22","label":"Business phone calls","rationale":"Open a business call, ask who's calling and promise to call back.","interference":"Orikaeshi (call back) sounds like okaeshi (your change).","items":[{"id":"p-itsumo-arigatou-gozaimasu","romaji":"itsumo arigatou gozaimasu","polite":null,"english":"thanks as always","use":"Thanks for continuing help: staff to regular customers, or you to a coworker or delivery driver you see often.","ja":"いつもありがとうございます","kana":"いつもありがとうございます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsumo arigatou gozaimasu. kyou wa nan ni shimasu ka?","ja":"いつもありがとうございます。今日は何にしますか？","english":"Thanks for coming again. What'll it be today?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":4,"notes":"To family or friends: itsumo arigatou ne.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":757},{"id":"p-osewa-ni-natte-orimasu","romaji":"osewa ni natte orimasu","polite":null,"english":"thanks for your continued support (business greeting)","use":"Opens almost every work phone call or email to a client or partner; the other side answers kochira koso osewa ni natte orimasu.","ja":"お世話になっております","kana":"おせわになっております","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":["formal","humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsumo osewa ni natte orimasu. tanaka desu.","ja":"いつもお世話になっております。田中です。","english":"Hello, it's Tanaka. Thanks as always for your support."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4097,"score":4,"notes":"The past form osewa ni narimashita thanks someone who looked after you, e.g. when you leave a host family or a job.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":5,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":758},{"id":"p-odenwa-arigatou-gozaimasu","romaji":"odenwa arigatou gozaimasu","polite":null,"english":"thank you for calling","use":"How shops and companies answer the phone, followed by their name; reply with your name and what you want.","ja":"お電話ありがとうございます","kana":"おでんわありがとうございます","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"odenwa arigatou gozaimasu. sakura shokudou desu.","ja":"お電話ありがとうございます。さくら食堂です。","english":"Thank you for calling. This is Sakura Diner."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Not used on personal calls, where people answer with moshimoshi.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":4,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":759},{"id":"p-dochira-sama-desu-ka","romaji":"dochirasama desu ka","polite":null,"english":"who is this?; may I ask who's calling?","use":"Asked politely on the phone or at the door when the person is unknown; answer with your name + desu.","ja":"どちら様ですか","kana":"どちらさまですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shitsurei desu ga, dochirasama desu ka?","ja":"失礼ですが、どちら様ですか？","english":"Excuse me, but may I ask who's calling?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4086,"score":3,"notes":"The casual dare? sounds blunt to a stranger. Business calls often use dochirasama deshou ka.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":72,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":760},{"id":"p-orikaeshi-odenwa-shimasu","romaji":"orikaeshi odenwa shimasu","polite":null,"english":"I'll call you back; we'll return your call","use":"Business phrase: staff say it when the person you want is out, and you can use it at work too.","ja":"折り返しお電話します","kana":"おりかえしおでんわします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tantousha ga modorimashitara, orikaeshi odenwa shimasu.","ja":"担当者が戻りましたら、折り返しお電話します。","english":"When the person in charge is back, we'll call you back."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Casual: orikaesu ne. Orikaeshi denwa kudasai means please call me back.","listLinks":[],"role":"both","count":47,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":761}],"stage":4,"range":"757-761","category":"Errands and service"},{"id":"c-errands-23","label":"At the clinic desk","rationale":"Follow reception at a clinic or office asking what's wrong, your name and your insurance card.","interference":"Okake kudasai (have a seat) is easy to mix with omachi kudasai (please wait).","items":[{"id":"p-kyou-wa-dou-saremashita-ka","romaji":"kyou wa dou saremashita ka","polite":null,"english":"what brings you in today?; what seems to be the problem?","use":"The doctor's opening question; answer with your symptom, like nodo ga itai n desu (my throat hurts).","ja":"今日はどうされましたか","kana":"きょうはどうされましたか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"konnichiwa. kyou wa dou saremashita ka?","ja":"こんにちは。今日はどうされましたか？","english":"Hello. What brings you in today?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Dou shita no? is what a friend would ask: what's wrong?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":13,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":762},{"id":"p-onamae-o-ukagatte-mo-yoroshii-desu-ka","romaji":"onamae o ukagatte mo yoroshii desu ka","polite":null,"english":"may I have your name?","use":"Reception, phone staff or a booking desk asks it; answer with your family name + desu.","ja":"お名前を伺ってもよろしいですか","kana":"おなまえをうかがってもよろしいですか","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":["humble"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kakunin shimasu node, onamae o ukagatte mo yoroshii desu ka?","ja":"確認しますので、お名前を伺ってもよろしいですか？","english":"May I have your name so I can check?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Ukagau here is the humble verb for ask; a friend would just say namae wa?","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":1,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":763},{"id":"p-hokenshou-o-onegai-shimasu","romaji":"hokenshou o onegai shimasu","polite":null,"english":"your health insurance card, please","use":"Clinic or pharmacy reception asks for it when you check in; hand over the card.","ja":"保険証をお願いします","kana":"ほけんしょうをおねがいします","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hajimete desu ka? hokenshou o onegai shimasu.","ja":"初めてですか？保険証をお願いします。","english":"Is this your first visit? Your insurance card, please."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":3,"notes":"Many clinics now take the My Number card instead: mainanbaa kaado.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":2,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":764},{"id":"p-okake-kudasai","romaji":"okake kudasai","polite":null,"english":"please have a seat","use":"Staff, hosts or interviewers invite you to sit; say shitsurei shimasu as you sit down.","ja":"おかけください","kana":"おかけください","politeJa":null,"pos":"phrase","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"douzo, kochira ni okake kudasai.","ja":"どうぞ、こちらにおかけください。","english":"Please, have a seat here."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":13683,"score":3,"notes":"Casual: suwatte. In waiting rooms you'll hear okake ni natte omachi kudasai.","listLinks":[],"role":"hear","count":19,"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":765}],"stage":4,"range":"762-765","category":"Errands and service"}],"cuts":[{"id":"cut-ikaga","romaji":"ikaga","ja":"いかが","english":"how (polite); how about","freqRank":840,"score":3,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"The word inside いかがですか; that entry covers it and notes ikaga deshou ka and ikaga deshita ka."},{"id":"cut-kinchou","romaji":"kinchou","ja":"緊張","english":"nervous, tense","freqRank":1107,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicates 緊張する; the phrase entry covers it."},{"id":"cut-dou-shitara-ii","romaji":"dou shitara ii","ja":"どうしたらいい","english":"what should I do?","freqRank":1424,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of どうしたらいい？ (same phrase without the question mark)."},{"id":"cut-gokurousama","romaji":"gokurousama","ja":"ご苦労さま","english":"thanks for your trouble","freqRank":1560,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-kono-yarou","romaji":"kono yarou","ja":"この野郎","english":"you bastard","freqRank":1593,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-goyukkuri","romaji":"goyukkuri","ja":"ごゆっくり","english":"take your time, enjoy","freqRank":1875,"score":3,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of ごゆっくりどうぞ; the short form is mentioned in that entry's notes."},{"id":"cut-yaa","romaji":"yaa","ja":"やあ","english":"hi there","freqRank":2078,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-nanika-atta-no","romaji":"nanika atta no","ja":"何かあったの","english":"did something happen?","freqRank":2087,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of 何かあった？ with the softening no; mentioned in that entry's notes."},{"id":"cut-ussu","romaji":"ussu","ja":"うっす","english":"hey (casual, male)","freqRank":2248,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-baka-yarou","romaji":"baka yarou","ja":"バカ野郎","english":"you idiot","freqRank":2412,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-gobusata","romaji":"gobusata","ja":"ご無沙汰","english":"long time no contact","freqRank":2483,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-kouei","romaji":"kouei","ja":"光栄","english":"an honour","freqRank":2549,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-shikkari-shiro","romaji":"shikkari shiro","ja":"しっかりしろ","english":"pull yourself together","freqRank":2754,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-onaka-suku","romaji":"onaka suku","ja":"おなかすく","english":"get hungry","freqRank":2781,"score":5,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Dictionary form of お腹すいた; the phrase is said as onaka suita, and onaka suiteru? is covered in that entry's notes."},{"id":"cut-sumanakatta","romaji":"sumanakatta","ja":"すまなかった","english":"I'm sorry (rough, male)","freqRank":2899,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-kono-tabi","romaji":"kono tabi","ja":"この度","english":"on this occasion (formal)","freqRank":3253,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-tadaima","romaji":"tadaima","ja":"ただ今","english":"I'm home","freqRank":3280,"score":5,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of ただいま (same phrase, kanji spelling)."},{"id":"cut-nandemo-nai","romaji":"nandemo nai","ja":"なんでもない","english":"it's nothing","freqRank":3461,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of 何でもない (same phrase written in kana)."},{"id":"cut-otsure","romaji":"otsure","ja":"お連れ","english":"your companion (polite)","freqRank":3837,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-osawagase","romaji":"osawagase","ja":"お騒がせ","english":"sorry for the fuss","freqRank":3964,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-nantoka-naru","romaji":"nantoka naru","ja":"なんとかなる","english":"it'll work out","freqRank":3997,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of なんとかなるよ, the same phrase without yo."},{"id":"cut-itterasshai","romaji":"itterasshai","ja":"行ってらっしゃい","english":"see you, take care","freqRank":4091,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of いってらっしゃい (same phrase, kanji spelling)."},{"id":"cut-dou-demo-ii","romaji":"dou demo ii","ja":"どうでも","english":"whatever, I don't care","freqRank":4222,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Tokenizer fragment of どうでもいい, which is kept."},{"id":"cut-kyoushuku","romaji":"kyoushuku","ja":"恐縮","english":"I'm much obliged (business)","freqRank":4774,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-gomen-kudasai","romaji":"gomen kudasai","ja":"ごめんください","english":"hello? anyone home?","freqRank":4972,"score":2,"verdict":"less-common","reason":"Judged 2 of 5 for everyday use."},{"id":"cut-mou-ii-yo","romaji":"mou ii yo","ja":"もういいよ","english":"forget it / that's enough","freqRank":null,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of もういい with sentence-final yo."},{"id":"cut-yasumi-no-hi-wa-nani-shiteru-no","romaji":"yasumi no hi wa nani shiteru no?","ja":"休みの日は何してるの？","english":"what do you do on your days off?","freqRank":null,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of 休みの日は何してる？ (same question with an added no)."},{"id":"cut-nee-kiita","romaji":"nee, kiita?","ja":"ねえ、聞いた？","english":"hey, did you hear (about...)?","freqRank":null,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of 聞いた？ with the filler ねえ in front; the 聞いた？ entry's example uses it."},{"id":"cut-are-da-yo-are","romaji":"are da yo, are","ja":"あれだよ、あれ","english":"you know, that thing... (when the word won't come)","freqRank":null,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of ほら、あれ: the same word-search filler built on are; noted and used in that entry's example."}]}