{"title":"Word sets","description":"Numbers, counters, days, dates, months, clock time, colours, family, body parts, positions and pronouns: the closed sets you learn whole.","conventions":{"romaji":"kotoba's stored spelling: modified Hepburn, lowercase, no macrons, long vowels as spelled (sou, daijoubu, kirei), wa/o/e particles, っ before ch = t (kotchi). Leading hyphen = attaches to a word.","register":"romaji = casual form, learned first; polite = desu/masu counterpart, or null when there is no register difference.","freqRank":"rank in jiten.moe drama frequency list (CC BY-SA 4.0); freqNote explains tokenizer-split forms. null = no usable rank.","scores":"spread / reach / speakNeed, 1-5, judged.","prereqs":"item ids to learn first.","contrastGroup":"items sharing a group name are learned side by side; their examples share a base sentence."},"stats":{"total":381,"chunks":88,"candidatePool":388},"stages":[{"name":"Stage 1","summary":"67 words in 15 chunks: numbers, counting people, clock time, years and age and 4 more.","items":67,"chunkIds":["s-numbers-1","s-numbers-2","s-people-1","s-clock-2","s-years-1","s-years-2","s-years-3","s-family-1","s-family-2","s-family-3","s-family-4","s-body-2","s-pronouns-2","s-countries-1","s-countries-2"]},{"name":"Stage 2","summary":"92 words in 21 chunks: numbers, counters, clock time, days of the week and 9 more.","items":92,"chunkIds":["s-numbers-3","s-counters-2","s-counters-6","s-clock-1","s-weekdays-1","s-weekdays-2","s-weekdays-3","s-dates-4","s-months-1","s-months-2","s-months-3","s-relative-1","s-dayparts-1","s-seasons-1","s-colors-1","s-body-1","s-body-4","s-pronouns-1","s-pronouns-5","s-taste-1","s-taste-2"]},{"name":"Stage 3","summary":"81 words in 19 chunks: clock time, years and age, days and years around now, parts of the day and 6 more.","items":81,"chunkIds":["s-clock-3","s-years-4","s-relative-2","s-dayparts-3","s-seasons-2","s-seasons-4","s-seasons-5","s-family-8","s-family-10","s-family-11","s-body-3","s-body-5","s-position-2","s-position-3","s-position-5","s-pronouns-3","s-pronouns-4","s-pronouns-6","s-countries-3"]},{"name":"Stage 4","summary":"141 words in 33 chunks: numbers, counting things, counting people, counters and 9 more.","items":141,"chunkIds":["s-numbers-4","s-numbers-5","s-native-1","s-native-2","s-native-3","s-people-2","s-counters-1","s-counters-3","s-counters-4","s-counters-5","s-dates-1","s-dates-2","s-dates-3","s-relative-3","s-dayparts-4","s-seasons-3","s-colors-2","s-colors-3","s-colors-4","s-family-5","s-family-6","s-family-7","s-family-9","s-family-12","s-family-13","s-family-14","s-body-6","s-body-7","s-body-8","s-position-1","s-position-4","s-position-6","s-pronouns-7"]}],"categories":[{"key":"s-numbers","name":"Numbers","scope":"Sino-Japanese numbers 0-10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100 million, with reading variants and sound changes (yon/shi, nana/shichi, sanbyaku, roppyaku, sanzen, hassen)","chunkIds":["s-numbers-1","s-numbers-2","s-numbers-3","s-numbers-4","s-numbers-5"]},{"key":"s-native","name":"Counting things","scope":"Native counting: hitotsu ... tou, ikutsu","chunkIds":["s-native-1","s-native-2","s-native-3"]},{"key":"s-people","name":"Counting people","scope":"Counting people: hitori, futari, sannin ... nannin","chunkIds":["s-people-1","s-people-2"]},{"key":"s-counters","name":"Counters","scope":"Everyday counters and their sound changes: -ko, -hon, -mai, -hiki, -satsu, -dai, -hai, -kai (times), -kai (floor), -ban, -banme, -do, -en, -bai","chunkIds":["s-counters-2","s-counters-6","s-counters-1","s-counters-3","s-counters-4","s-counters-5"]},{"key":"s-clock","name":"Clock time","scope":"Clock time & durations: -ji (yoji, shichiji, kuji), -fun/-pun, han, nanji, -jikan, -funkan, -byou","chunkIds":["s-clock-2","s-clock-1","s-clock-3"]},{"key":"s-weekdays","name":"Days of the week","scope":"Days of the week, nan'youbi, heijitsu","chunkIds":["s-weekdays-1","s-weekdays-2","s-weekdays-3"]},{"key":"s-dates","name":"Dates","scope":"Days of the month: tsuitachi, futsuka ... touka, juuyokka, hatsuka, nijuuyokka, nannichi, -nichikan","chunkIds":["s-dates-4","s-dates-1","s-dates-2","s-dates-3"]},{"key":"s-months","name":"Months","scope":"Months & month counts: ichigatsu ... juunigatsu, nangatsu, ikkagetsu, nankagetsu","chunkIds":["s-months-1","s-months-2","s-months-3"]},{"key":"s-years","name":"Years and age","scope":"Years & age: -nen, -nenkan, -sai (issai, hassai, jussai, hatachi), nansai / oikutsu, -nensei","chunkIds":["s-years-1","s-years-2","s-years-3","s-years-4"]},{"key":"s-relative","name":"Days and years around now","scope":"Relative-time grid words the main list lacks: ototoi, asatte, sensenshuu, saraishuu, ototoshi, sarainen, maiasa, maiban, maishuu, maitsuki, mainen","chunkIds":["s-relative-1","s-relative-2","s-relative-3"]},{"key":"s-dayparts","name":"Parts of the day","scope":"Parts of the day & meals: yuugata, yonaka, gozen, gogo, asagohan, hirugohan, bangohan (asa/hiru/yoru are in the main list)","chunkIds":["s-dayparts-1","s-dayparts-3","s-dayparts-4"]},{"key":"s-seasons","name":"Seasons and weather","scope":"Seasons & weather: haru, natsu, aki, fuyu, hare, kumori, yuki, kaze, taifuu, atatakai, suzushii, mushiatsui","chunkIds":["s-seasons-1","s-seasons-2","s-seasons-4","s-seasons-5","s-seasons-3"]},{"key":"s-colors","name":"Colours","scope":"Colours: aka/akai, ao/aoi, kiiro, shiro/shiroi, kuro/kuroi, chairo, midori, murasaki, pinku, orenji, haiiro, iro","chunkIds":["s-colors-1","s-colors-2","s-colors-3","s-colors-4"]},{"key":"s-family","name":"Family","scope":"Family words, own vs someone else's (chichi/otousan, haha/okaasan, ani/oniisan ...) and the casual home forms (papa, mama, oniichan)","chunkIds":["s-family-1","s-family-2","s-family-3","s-family-4","s-family-8","s-family-10","s-family-11","s-family-5","s-family-6","s-family-7","s-family-9","s-family-12","s-family-13","s-family-14"]},{"key":"s-body","name":"Body","scope":"Body parts: atama, kao, me, mimi, hana, kuchi, ha, kubi, kata, te, ude, yubi, mune, onaka, senaka, koshi, ashi, hiza, kami","chunkIds":["s-body-2","s-body-1","s-body-4","s-body-3","s-body-5","s-body-6","s-body-7","s-body-8"]},{"key":"s-position","name":"Position and direction","scope":"Position & direction the main list lacks: migi, hidari, tonari, yoko, soba, aida, mukou, oku, massugu, kado, kita, minami, higashi, nishi","chunkIds":["s-position-2","s-position-3","s-position-5","s-position-1","s-position-4","s-position-6"]},{"key":"s-pronouns","name":"Pronouns","scope":"Personal pronouns & people-pointers the main list lacks: ore, atashi, anata, kimi, omae, anta, kare, kanojo, aitsu, koitsu, soitsu, yatsu, -ra, wareware","chunkIds":["s-pronouns-2","s-pronouns-1","s-pronouns-5","s-pronouns-3","s-pronouns-4","s-pronouns-6","s-pronouns-7"]},{"key":"s-countries","name":"Countries and languages","scope":"Countries, languages & nationalities: nihon, -go, -jin, amerika, igirisu, chuugoku, kankoku, gaikoku","chunkIds":["s-countries-1","s-countries-2","s-countries-3"]},{"key":"s-taste","name":"Tastes and textures","scope":"Tastes & textures: amai, karai, shoppai, suppai, nigai, mazui, katai, yawarakai","chunkIds":["s-taste-1","s-taste-2"]}],"blocks":[{"id":"s-numbers-1","label":"Zero to five","rationale":"Lets you count and read out numbers up to five.","interference":"Yon and shi both mean four; say yon.","items":[{"id":"s-zero","romaji":"zero","polite":null,"english":"zero","use":"The everyday spoken zero; rei is the formal version used in weather, scores and announcements.","ja":"ゼロ","kana":"ぜろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"batterii mou zero da yo.","ja":"バッテリーもうゼロだよ。","english":"My battery's already at zero."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"batterii ga mou zero desu.","ja":"バッテリーがもうゼロです。","english":"My battery is already at zero."},"freqRank":1631,"score":null,"notes":"Rei (零) is heard in temperatures like rei do (0 degrees). In phone numbers people say zero or maru.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":1},{"id":"s-ichi","romaji":"ichi","polite":null,"english":"one","use":"For counting, prices, times and maths; one thing is hitotsu and one person is hitori.","ja":"一","kana":"いち","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichi kara juu made kazoete.","ja":"一から十まで数えて。","english":"Count from one to ten."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ichi kara juu made kazoete kudasai.","ja":"一から十まで数えてください。","english":"Please count from one to ten."},"freqRank":1128,"score":null,"notes":"Shortens to i- with a doubled sound before many counters: ikko, issai, ippun, ippon.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":2},{"id":"s-ni","romaji":"ni","polite":null,"english":"two","use":null,"ja":"二","kana":"に","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"heya wa nikai da yo.","ja":"部屋は二階だよ。","english":"The room's on the second floor."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"heya wa nikai desu.","ja":"部屋は二階です。","english":"The room is on the second floor."},"freqRank":3046,"score":null,"notes":"Stretched to nii when reading out phone numbers so it isn't missed.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":3},{"id":"s-san","romaji":"san","polite":null,"english":"three","use":null,"ja":"三","kana":"さん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sanji ni au?","ja":"三時に会う？","english":"Want to meet at three?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sanji ni aimasen ka.","ja":"三時に会いませんか。","english":"Shall we meet at three?"},"freqRank":2400,"score":null,"notes":"Softens the next sound: sanbyaku, sanzen, sanbon, sanbai. Not the name suffix -san.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":4},{"id":"s-yon","romaji":"yon","polite":null,"english":"four","use":"The default four; shi appears in shigatsu (April) and when counting ichi, ni, san, shi aloud.","ja":"四","kana":"よん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yonban no basu ni notte.","ja":"四番のバスに乗って。","english":"Take the number four bus."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yonban no basu ni notte kudasai.","ja":"四番のバスに乗ってください。","english":"Please take the number four bus."},"freqRank":5535,"score":null,"notes":"Shi also sounds like 'death', so it's avoided. Four o'clock is yoji and four people is yonin.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":5},{"id":"s-go","romaji":"go","polite":null,"english":"five","use":null,"ja":"五","kana":"ご","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gofun de tsuku yo.","ja":"五分で着くよ。","english":"I'll be there in five minutes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gofun de tsukimasu.","ja":"五分で着きます。","english":"I'll arrive in five minutes."},"freqRank":5741,"score":null,"notes":"Stretched to goo when reading out phone numbers.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":6}],"stage":1,"range":"1-6","category":"Numbers"},{"id":"s-numbers-2","label":"Six to ten","rationale":"Lets you count to ten and say times and ages.","interference":"Nana and shichi both mean seven, kyuu and ku both nine; shichi sounds like ichi.","items":[{"id":"s-roku","romaji":"roku","polite":null,"english":"six","use":null,"ja":"六","kana":"ろく","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"rokuji ni okita.","ja":"六時に起きた。","english":"I got up at six."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"rokuji ni okimashita.","ja":"六時に起きました。","english":"I got up at six."},"freqRank":7793,"score":null,"notes":"Shortens to rop- before h and p sounds: roppyaku, roppon, roppun.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":7},{"id":"s-nana","romaji":"nana","polite":null,"english":"seven","use":"The safe default seven; shichi is standard in shichigatsu (July) and common in shichiji (7 o'clock).","ja":"七","kana":"なな","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanasai no musume ga iru yo.","ja":"七歳の娘がいるよ。","english":"I've got a seven-year-old daughter."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanasai no musume ga imasu.","ja":"七歳の娘がいます。","english":"I have a seven-year-old daughter."},"freqRank":7396,"score":null,"notes":"Shichi is easy to mishear as ichi, which is why people switch to nana.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":8},{"id":"s-hachi","romaji":"hachi","polite":null,"english":"eight","use":null,"ja":"八","kana":"はち","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hachiji ni denwa suru ne.","ja":"八時に電話するね。","english":"I'll call you at eight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hachiji ni denwa shimasu.","ja":"八時に電話します。","english":"I'll call you at eight."},"freqRank":7630,"score":null,"notes":"Shortens to hap- or has- before many counters: happyaku, hassen, happon, hassai.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":9},{"id":"s-kyuu","romaji":"kyuu","polite":null,"english":"nine","use":"The default nine; 9 o'clock is kuji and September is kugatsu.","ja":"九","kana":"きゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiai wa kyuu tai ichi datta.","ja":"試合は九対一だった。","english":"The game finished nine to one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shiai wa kyuu tai ichi deshita.","ja":"試合は九対一でした。","english":"The game finished nine to one."},"freqRank":11631,"score":null,"notes":"Not the same word as kyuu ni (suddenly).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":10},{"id":"s-juu","romaji":"juu","polite":null,"english":"ten","use":null,"ja":"十","kana":"じゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juu en tarinai.","ja":"十円足りない。","english":"I'm ten yen short."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juu en tarimasen.","ja":"十円足りません。","english":"I'm ten yen short."},"freqRank":4640,"score":null,"notes":"Shortens to jup- or jus- before many counters: juppun, juppon, jussai, jukkai.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":11}],"stage":1,"range":"7-11","category":"Numbers"},{"id":"s-people-1","label":"Counting people","rationale":"Lets you say and ask how many people, as at a restaurant door.","interference":"One and two people are hitori and futari, not ichinin and ninin; four is yonin.","items":[{"id":"s-hitori","romaji":"hitori","polite":null,"english":"one person; alone","use":"Counts one person, and with de means on your own: hitori de.","ja":"一人","kana":"ひとり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa hitori de iku yo.","ja":"今日は一人で行くよ。","english":"I'm going on my own today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa hitori de ikimasu.","ja":"今日は一人で行きます。","english":"I'm going alone today."},"freqRank":618,"score":null,"notes":"Not ichinin. Hitorikko is an only child; hitorigurashi is living alone.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":12},{"id":"s-futari","romaji":"futari","polite":null,"english":"two people; the two of them; a couple","use":"Futari de means just the two of us or them.","ja":"二人","kana":"ふたり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"futari de nomi ni ikanai?","ja":"二人で飲みに行かない？","english":"Want to grab a drink, just the two of us?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"futari de nomi ni ikimasen ka.","ja":"二人で飲みに行きませんか。","english":"Shall the two of us go for a drink?"},"freqRank":947,"score":4,"notes":"Not ninin. Often means a couple: futari no jikan = time for the two of them.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":13},{"id":"s-sannin","romaji":"sannin","polite":null,"english":"three people (and from three up: number + -nin)","use":"Regular from three on, except yonin for four.","ja":"三人","kana":"さんにん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sannin de gohan tabeta.","ja":"三人でご飯食べた。","english":"The three of us ate together."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sannin de gohan o tabemashita.","ja":"三人でご飯を食べました。","english":"The three of us had a meal together."},"freqRank":6659,"score":null,"notes":"Seven is nananin or shichinin; nine is kyuunin, rarely kunin.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":14},{"id":"s-yonin","romaji":"yonin","polite":null,"english":"four people","use":"The one irregular count of people from three up.","ja":"四人","kana":"よにん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uchi wa yonin kazoku da yo.","ja":"うちは四人家族だよ。","english":"We're a family of four."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"uchi wa yonin kazoku desu.","ja":"うちは四人家族です。","english":"We are a family of four."},"freqRank":21180,"score":null,"notes":"One n only: not yonnin, and never shinin.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":15},{"id":"s-nannin","romaji":"nannin","polite":null,"english":"how many people","use":"Asks how many people; restaurant staff ask the same thing as nanmei sama desu ka.","ja":"何人","kana":"なんにん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou nannin kuru?","ja":"今日何人来る？","english":"How many people are coming today?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa nannin kimasu ka.","ja":"今日は何人来ますか。","english":"How many people are coming today?"},"freqRank":1565,"score":4,"notes":"The same kanji read nanijin asks someone's nationality.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":16}],"stage":1,"range":"12-16","category":"Counting people"},{"id":"s-clock-2","label":"Minutes and roughly when","rationale":"Lets you give exact minutes, rough times, and how long ago.","interference":"-mae means both 'to the hour' and 'ago'; goro is for times, gurai for amounts.","items":[{"id":"s-fun","romaji":"-fun","polite":null,"english":"minute(s)","use":"Many become -pun: ippun, nifun, sanpun, yonpun, gofun, roppun, nanafun, happun, kyuufun, juppun; what minute or how many is nanpun.","ja":"分","kana":"ふん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ato juppun de tsuku yo.","ja":"あと十分で着くよ。","english":"I'll be there in ten minutes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ato juppun de tsukimasu.","ja":"あと十分で着きます。","english":"I'll arrive in ten minutes."},"freqRank":555,"score":null,"notes":"Thirty past is usually han. -fun also gives lengths of time: juppun kakaru = takes ten minutes.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":17},{"id":"s-goro","romaji":"-goro","polite":null,"english":"around, about (a point in time)","use":"After a time or date: sanji goro, raishuu goro; for amounts use gurai instead.","ja":"ごろ","kana":"ごろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa rokuji goro kaeru ne.","ja":"今日は六時ごろ帰るね。","english":"I'll be home around six today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa rokuji goro kaerimasu.","ja":"今日は六時ごろ帰ります。","english":"I'll be home around six today."},"freqRank":3829,"score":5,"notes":"Goro and goro ni both work: rokuji goro (ni) kaeru.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":18},{"id":"s-sugi","romaji":"-sugi","polite":null,"english":"past, after (a time)","use":"After a time: juuji sugi = just after ten; sanji juppun sugi = ten past three.","ja":"過ぎ","kana":"すぎ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaetta no, juuniji sugi datta yo.","ja":"帰ったの、十二時過ぎだったよ。","english":"I got home after midnight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaetta no wa juuniji sugi deshita.","ja":"帰ったのは十二時過ぎでした。","english":"I got home after midnight."},"freqRank":1868,"score":null,"notes":"After a verb stem, -sugi means 'too much': tabesugi = overeating.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":19},{"id":"s-mae","romaji":"-mae","polite":null,"english":"before; ago; to (the hour)","use":"After a time for 'to' (goji juppun mae = ten to five), after a length of time for 'ago' (mikka mae = three days ago).","ja":"前","kana":"まえ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juppun mae ni deta yo.","ja":"十分前に出たよ。","english":"I left ten minutes ago."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juppun mae ni demashita.","ja":"十分前に出ました。","english":"I left ten minutes ago."},"freqRank":80,"score":null,"notes":"Mae alone also means 'front': eki no mae = in front of the station.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":20}],"stage":1,"range":"17-20","category":"Clock time"},{"id":"s-years-1","label":"Saying your age","rationale":"Lets you give your age and ask someone else's.","interference":"hassai and jussai shrink; twenty is hatachi, not nijuusai.","items":[{"id":"s-sai","romaji":"-sai","polite":null,"english":"years old","use":"issai, nisai, sansai, yonsai, gosai, rokusai, nanasai, hassai, kyuusai, jussai; twenty is hatachi; how old is nansai.","ja":"歳","kana":"さい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"musume, hassai ni natta yo.","ja":"娘、八歳になったよ。","english":"My daughter just turned eight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"musume wa hassai ni narimashita.","ja":"娘は八歳になりました。","english":"My daughter has turned eight."},"freqRank":625,"score":4,"notes":"Often written 才 in casual writing.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":21},{"id":"s-nansai","romaji":"nansai","polite":null,"english":"how old","use":"The plain way to ask an age; with an adult you don't know well, oikutsu desu ka is softer.","ja":"何歳","kana":"なんさい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"inu, ima nansai ni natta no?","ja":"犬、今何歳になったの？","english":"How old is your dog now?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"inu wa ima nansai ni narimashita ka?","ja":"犬は今何歳になりましたか？","english":"How old is your dog now?"},"freqRank":5706,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":22},{"id":"s-oikutsu","romaji":"oikutsu","polite":null,"english":"how old (polite); how many (polite)","use":"The polite way to ask someone's age, also used warmly with small children.","ja":"おいくつ","kana":"おいくつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"boku, oikutsu?","ja":"僕、おいくつ？","english":"How old are you, little guy?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":null,"score":null,"notes":"Plain ikutsu asks 'how many', or 'how old' to a child.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":23},{"id":"s-hatachi","romaji":"hatachi","polite":null,"english":"twenty years old","use":"The special word for age twenty; drinking and smoking become legal at hatachi.","ja":"二十歳","kana":"はたち","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"osake wa hatachi ni natte kara ne.","ja":"お酒は二十歳になってからね。","english":"No alcohol until you're twenty."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"osake wa hatachi ni natte kara desu.","ja":"お酒は二十歳になってからです。","english":"Alcohol is for those twenty and over."},"freqRank":3986,"score":4,"notes":"Twenty-one goes back to the pattern: nijuuissai.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":24}],"stage":1,"range":"21-24","category":"Years and age"},{"id":"s-years-2","label":"Counting years","rationale":"Lets you give a year, say how many years, and name a school year.","interference":"Four years is yonen, not yonnen; nannen can mean 'what year' or 'how many years'.","items":[{"id":"s-nen","romaji":"-nen","polite":null,"english":"year (in dates); years (how long)","use":"ichinen, ninen, sannen, yonen, gonen, rokunen, nananen, hachinen, kyuunen, juunen; in dates, nisen nijuurokunen = 2026.","ja":"年","kana":"ねん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite, mou sannen ni naru.","ja":"日本に来て、もう三年になる。","english":"It's been three years since I came to Japan."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite, mou sannen ni narimasu.","ja":"日本に来て、もう三年になります。","english":"It's been three years since I came to Japan."},"freqRank":155,"score":null,"notes":"Four years is yonen, not yonnen. For a length of time, -kan is optional: sannen or sannenkan.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":25},{"id":"s-nannen","romaji":"nannen","polite":null,"english":"what year; how many years","use":"Nannen umare = what year were you born, a common indirect way to ask age.","ja":"何年","kana":"なんねん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ne, nannen umare na no?","ja":"ね、何年生まれなの？","english":"Hey, what year were you born?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nannen umare desu ka?","ja":"何年生まれですか？","english":"What year were you born?"},"freqRank":1099,"score":3,"notes":"Nannen mo = for many years.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":26},{"id":"s-nenkan","romaji":"-nenkan","polite":null,"english":"for ... years (length of time)","use":"Stresses the span: sannenkan = for three years; same sound changes as -nen (yonenkan).","ja":"年間","kana":"ねんかん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gonenkan kaigai ni sundeta.","ja":"五年間海外に住んでた。","english":"I lived abroad for five years."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gonenkan kaigai ni sunde imashita.","ja":"五年間海外に住んでいました。","english":"I lived abroad for five years."},"freqRank":1074,"score":4,"notes":"Nenkan alone means 'per year': nenkan hyakuman en = a million yen a year.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":27},{"id":"s-nensei","romaji":"-nensei","polite":null,"english":"year or grade (in school or university)","use":"ichinensei, ninensei, sannensei, yonensei ...; daigaku yonensei = final-year university student; which year is nannensei.","ja":"年生","kana":"ねんせい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"imouto, ima koukou ninensei da yo.","ja":"妹、今高校二年生だよ。","english":"My little sister's in her second year of high school."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"imouto wa ima koukou ninensei desu.","ja":"妹は今高校二年生です。","english":"My younger sister is in her second year of high school."},"freqRank":5711,"score":null,"notes":"The count restarts at each school: shougaku rokunensei, then chuugaku ichinensei.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":28}],"stage":1,"range":"25-28","category":"Years and age"},{"id":"s-years-3","label":"Comparing ages","rationale":"Lets you talk about age, being the same age, or someone's decade.","interference":"nijuudai (in one's twenties) vs hatachi (exactly twenty).","items":[{"id":"s-nenrei","romaji":"nenrei","polite":null,"english":"age","use":"The formal word, used on forms, in rules and in news; in conversation people mostly say toshi.","ja":"年齢","kana":"ねんれい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nenrei kankei nai yo.","ja":"年齢関係ないよ。","english":"Age doesn't matter."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nenrei wa kankei arimasen.","ja":"年齢は関係ありません。","english":"Age doesn't matter."},"freqRank":2076,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":29},{"id":"s-onaidoshi","romaji":"onaidoshi","polite":null,"english":"the same age","use":"Said of people born in the same year, a quick bond in Japan: onaidoshi da ne = we're the same age.","ja":"同い年","kana":"おないどし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ee, onaidoshi nan da!","ja":"えー、同い年なんだ！","english":"Oh, we're the same age!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ee, onaidoshi nan desu ne!","ja":"えー、同い年なんですね！","english":"Oh, we're the same age!"},"freqRank":5046,"score":3,"notes":"Older is toshiue, younger is toshishita.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":30},{"id":"s-nijuudai","romaji":"nijuudai","polite":null,"english":"in one's twenties; the 20s","use":"Swap the number for any decade: sanjuudai = thirties, yonjuudai = forties.","ja":"二十代","kana":"にじゅうだい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tabun nijuudai kouhan kana.","ja":"たぶん二十代後半かな。","english":"Probably in their late twenties."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tabun nijuudai kouhan da to omoimasu.","ja":"たぶん二十代後半だと思います。","english":"I think they're in their late twenties."},"freqRank":4498,"score":null,"notes":"Zenhan = early, kouhan = late: sanjuudai zenhan = early thirties.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":31}],"stage":1,"range":"29-31","category":"Years and age"},{"id":"s-family-1","label":"Mum and dad","rationale":"Lets you talk to and about your parents and other people's.","interference":"haha and chichi are your own parents to outsiders; okaasan and otousan are others' parents, or yours to their face.","items":[{"id":"s-okaasan","romaji":"okaasan","polite":null,"english":"mother; Mum","use":"For someone else's mother, and for your own mum when talking to her or at home.","ja":"お母さん","kana":"おかあさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okaasan, kyou no gohan nani?","ja":"お母さん、今日のご飯何？","english":"Mum, what's for dinner today?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okaasan wa ogenki desu ka?","ja":"お母さんはお元気ですか？","english":"How is your mother?"},"freqRank":340,"score":5,"notes":"With outsiders in polite talk, call your own mother haha.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":32},{"id":"s-otousan","romaji":"otousan","polite":null,"english":"father; Dad","use":"For someone else's father, and for your own dad when talking to him or at home.","ja":"お父さん","kana":"おとうさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otousan, ashita no shiai mi ni kuru?","ja":"お父さん、明日の試合見に来る？","english":"Dad, are you coming to my game tomorrow?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"otousan mo kimasu ka?","ja":"お父さんも来ますか？","english":"Is your father coming too?"},"freqRank":386,"score":5,"notes":"With outsiders in polite talk, call your own father chichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":33},{"id":"s-haha","romaji":"haha","polite":"okaasan","english":"my mother; mother","use":"Your own mother when talking to people outside the family; someone else's mother is okaasan.","ja":"母","kana":"はは","politeJa":"お母さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"haha ga kyou kotchi ni kuru n da.","ja":"母が今日こっちに来るんだ。","english":"My mum's coming here today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"haha wa toukyou ni sunde imasu.","ja":"母は東京に住んでいます。","english":"My mother lives in Tokyo."},"freqRank":706,"score":4,"notes":"Calling your own mother okaasan to a teacher or boss sounds childish.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":34},{"id":"s-chichi","romaji":"chichi","polite":"otousan","english":"my father; father","use":"Your own father when talking to people outside the family; someone else's father is otousan.","ja":"父","kana":"ちち","politeJa":"お父さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chichi wa mada shigoto da yo","ja":"父はまだ仕事だよ","english":"My dad's still at work."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chichi wa ginkou de hataraite imasu","ja":"父は銀行で働いています","english":"My father works at a bank."},"freqRank":697,"score":4,"notes":"Calling your own father otousan to a teacher or boss sounds childish.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":35}],"stage":1,"range":"32-35","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-2","label":"Family and parents","rationale":"Lets you talk about your family and parents as a group.","interference":"ryoushin is your own parents; goryoushin is someone else's.","items":[{"id":"s-kazoku","romaji":"kazoku","polite":"gokazoku","english":"family","use":"Your own family or families in general; someone else's family is gokazoku.","ja":"家族","kana":"かぞく","politeJa":"ご家族","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shuumatsu wa kazoku to sugosu","ja":"週末は家族と過ごす","english":"I'm spending the weekend with my family."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kazoku wa yonin desu","ja":"家族は四人です","english":"There are four of us in my family."},"freqRank":343,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":36},{"id":"s-oya","romaji":"oya","polite":"oyagosan","english":"parent; parents","use":"One or both parents, often parents in general; someone else's parents are oyagosan.","ja":"親","kana":"おや","politeJa":"親御さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yabai, oya ni bareta","ja":"やばい、親にバレた","english":"Oh no, my parents found out."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oya ni soudan shimashita","ja":"親に相談しました","english":"I talked it over with my parents."},"freqRank":491,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":37},{"id":"s-ryoushin","romaji":"ryoushin","polite":"goryoushin","english":"parents; my parents","use":"Both your parents; someone else's are goryoushin.","ja":"両親","kana":"りょうしん","politeJa":"ご両親","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ryoushin ni denwa shinakya","ja":"両親に電話しなきゃ","english":"I need to call my parents."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ryoushin wa oosaka ni sunde imasu","ja":"両親は大阪に住んでいます","english":"My parents live in Osaka."},"freqRank":1289,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":38},{"id":"s-goryoushin","romaji":"goryoushin","polite":null,"english":"(your) parents; someone's parents","use":"Someone else's parents; the polite form of ryoushin.","ja":"ご両親","kana":"ごりょうしん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kanojo no goryoushin ni au n da","ja":"彼女のご両親に会うんだ","english":"I'm meeting my girlfriend's parents."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goryoushin wa ogenki desu ka?","ja":"ご両親はお元気ですか？","english":"How are your parents?"},"freqRank":2122,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":39}],"stage":1,"range":"36-39","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-3","label":"Older brother and sister","rationale":"Lets you mention your older siblings and ask about someone else's.","interference":"ani and ane are your own; oniisan and oneesan are others', or yours to their face.","items":[{"id":"s-ani","romaji":"ani","polite":"oniisan","english":"my older brother","use":"Your own older brother when talking to others; someone else's is oniisan.","ja":"兄","kana":"あに","politeJa":"お兄さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ani wa ima amerika ni iru","ja":"兄は今アメリカにいる","english":"My big brother's in America now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ani ga hitori imasu","ja":"兄が一人います","english":"I have one older brother."},"freqRank":1701,"score":4,"notes":"To his face you say oniichan or his name, never ani.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":40},{"id":"s-oniisan","romaji":"oniisan","polite":null,"english":"older brother; young man","use":"Someone else's older brother, or what you call your own to his face.","ja":"お兄さん","kana":"おにいさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oniisan wa ima nansai?","ja":"お兄さんは今何歳？","english":"How old is your brother now?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oniisan wa ima nansai desu ka?","ja":"お兄さんは今何歳ですか？","english":"How old is your brother now?"},"freqRank":2038,"score":4,"notes":"Shop staff and strangers also use it to call a young man.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":41},{"id":"s-ane","romaji":"ane","polite":"oneesan","english":"my older sister","use":"Your own older sister when talking to others; someone else's is oneesan.","ja":"姉","kana":"あね","politeJa":"お姉さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ane ga raigetsu kekkon suru n da","ja":"姉が来月結婚するんだ","english":"My big sister's getting married next month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ane wa kangoshi desu","ja":"姉は看護師です","english":"My older sister is a nurse."},"freqRank":2454,"score":4,"notes":"To her face you say oneechan or her name, never ane.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":42},{"id":"s-oneesan","romaji":"oneesan","polite":null,"english":"older sister; young woman","use":"Someone else's older sister, or what you call your own to her face.","ja":"お姉さん","kana":"おねえさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oneesan tte yasashii ne","ja":"お姉さんって優しいね","english":"Your sister's so kind."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oneesan wa doko ni sunde imasu ka?","ja":"お姉さんはどこに住んでいますか？","english":"Where does your sister live?"},"freqRank":2046,"score":4,"notes":"Also a friendly way to call a young woman, such as shop staff.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":43}],"stage":1,"range":"40-43","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-4","label":"Siblings and younger ones","rationale":"Lets you say how many siblings you have and which ones.","interference":"otouto (younger brother) starts like otousan (father).","items":[{"id":"s-kyoudai","romaji":"kyoudai","polite":"gokyoudai","english":"siblings; brothers","use":"Brothers and sisters in general; the kanji says brothers but it covers sisters too.","ja":"兄弟","kana":"きょうだい","politeJa":"ご兄弟","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyoudai wa nannin iru no?","ja":"兄弟は何人いるの？","english":"How many brothers and sisters do you have?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyoudai ga futari imasu","ja":"兄弟が二人います","english":"I have two siblings."},"freqRank":2424,"score":4,"notes":"Someone else's siblings are gokyoudai; hitorikko means an only child.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":44},{"id":"s-imouto","romaji":"imouto","polite":"imoutosan","english":"younger sister; my little sister","use":"Your own younger sister; someone else's is imoutosan.","ja":"妹","kana":"いもうと","politeJa":"妹さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"imouto ga kaze hiichatta","ja":"妹が風邪ひいちゃった","english":"My little sister caught a cold."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"imouto wa koukousei desu","ja":"妹は高校生です","english":"My younger sister is in high school."},"freqRank":1296,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":45},{"id":"s-otouto","romaji":"otouto","polite":"otoutosan","english":"younger brother; my little brother","use":"Your own younger brother; someone else's is otoutosan.","ja":"弟","kana":"おとうと","politeJa":"弟さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otouto to geemu shiteta","ja":"弟とゲームしてた","english":"I was playing games with my little brother."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"otouto wa daigakusei desu","ja":"弟は大学生です","english":"My younger brother is a university student."},"freqRank":1446,"score":4,"notes":"Don't mix it up with otousan (father).","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":46},{"id":"s-imoutosan","romaji":"imoutosan","polite":null,"english":"(your) younger sister","use":"Someone else's younger sister.","ja":"妹さん","kana":"いもうとさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"imoutosan wa ima ikutsu?","ja":"妹さんは今いくつ？","english":"How old's your little sister now?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"imoutosan wa ogenki desu ka?","ja":"妹さんはお元気ですか？","english":"How is your sister?"},"freqRank":4233,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":47}],"stage":1,"range":"44-47","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-body-2","label":"Head and shoulders","rationale":"Lets you say where it hurts above the chest.","interference":"kami (hair) sounds like kami (paper, god).","items":[{"id":"s-atama","romaji":"atama","polite":null,"english":"head","use":null,"ja":"頭","kana":"あたま","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa zutto atama itai","ja":"今日はずっと頭痛い","english":"I've had a headache all day."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa zutto atama ga itai desu","ja":"今日はずっと頭が痛いです","english":"I've had a headache all day."},"freqRank":375,"score":null,"notes":"Atama ii means smart; atama ni kuru means to get mad.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":48},{"id":"s-kami","romaji":"kami","polite":null,"english":"hair (on the head)","use":null,"ja":"髪","kana":"かみ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"are, kami mijikaku shita?","ja":"あれ、髪短くした？","english":"Oh, did you cut your hair short?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kami o mijikaku shimashita ka?","ja":"髪を短くしましたか？","english":"Did you cut your hair short?"},"freqRank":1752,"score":null,"notes":"Same sound as kami (paper; god). Body hair is ke.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":49},{"id":"s-kubi","romaji":"kubi","polite":null,"english":"neck","use":null,"ja":"首","kana":"くび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sumaho no misugi de kubi ga itai","ja":"スマホの見すぎで首が痛い","english":"My neck hurts from too much phone time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumaho no misugi de kubi ga itai desu","ja":"スマホの見すぎで首が痛いです","english":"My neck hurts from too much phone time."},"freqRank":1362,"score":null,"notes":"Kubi ni naru means to get fired.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":50},{"id":"s-kata","romaji":"kata","polite":null,"english":"shoulder; shoulders","use":null,"ja":"肩","kana":"かた","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigoto de kata kotta naa","ja":"仕事で肩凝ったなあ","english":"My shoulders are so stiff from work."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigoto de kata ga kotte imasu","ja":"仕事で肩が凝っています","english":"My shoulders are stiff from work."},"freqRank":1811,"score":null,"notes":"Kata ga koru, stiff shoulders, is a very common complaint.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":51}],"stage":1,"range":"48-51","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-pronouns-2","label":"He, she, that person","rationale":"Lets you point to and talk about other people.","interference":"kare and kanojo usually mean boyfriend and girlfriend, not just he and she.","items":[{"id":"s-ano-hito","romaji":"ano hito","polite":"ano kata","english":"that person; he; she","use":"The everyday way to say he or she about someone over there or not present.","ja":"あの人","kana":"あのひと","politeJa":"あの方","pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nee, ano hito dare?","ja":"ねえ、あの人誰？","english":"Hey, who's that?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano hito wa dare desu ka?","ja":"あの人は誰ですか？","english":"Who is that person?"},"freqRank":384,"score":5,"notes":"Some wives say ano hito for their husband.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":52},{"id":"s-kanojo","romaji":"kanojo","polite":null,"english":"she; her; girlfriend","use":"In casual talk it usually means girlfriend; as 'she' it can sound distant.","ja":"彼女","kana":"かのじょ","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ima kanojo to ka iru no?","ja":"今彼女とかいるの？","english":"Got a girlfriend at the moment?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ima kanojo wa imasu ka?","ja":"今彼女はいますか？","english":"Do you have a girlfriend at the moment?"},"freqRank":273,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":53},{"id":"s-kare","romaji":"kare","polite":null,"english":"he; him; boyfriend","use":"In casual talk it often means boyfriend; for 'he', people usually use the name or ano hito.","ja":"彼","kana":"かれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"senshuu kare to wakareta n da","ja":"先週彼と別れたんだ","english":"I broke up with my boyfriend last week."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"senshuu kare to wakaremashita","ja":"先週彼と別れました","english":"I broke up with my boyfriend last week."},"freqRank":282,"score":3,"notes":"Kareshi is the plainer word for boyfriend; they is karera.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":54},{"id":"s-kono-hito","romaji":"kono hito","polite":"kono kata","english":"this person; this guy","use":"Points at someone beside you or in a photo.","ja":"この人","kana":"このひと","politeJa":"この方","pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shashin no kono hito, shitteru?","ja":"写真のこの人、知ってる？","english":"Do you know this person in the photo?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shashin no kono hito o shitte imasu ka?","ja":"写真のこの人を知っていますか？","english":"Do you know this person in the photo?"},"freqRank":466,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":55},{"id":"s-sono-hito","romaji":"sono hito","polite":"sono kata","english":"that person (just mentioned)","use":"Refers back to someone just mentioned, or someone near the listener.","ja":"その人","kana":"そのひと","politeJa":"その方","pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sono hito, namae nante iu no?","ja":"その人、名前何て言うの？","english":"What's that person's name?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono hito no namae wa nan desu ka?","ja":"その人の名前は何ですか？","english":"What's that person's name?"},"freqRank":811,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":56},{"id":"s-ano-ko","romaji":"ano ko","polite":null,"english":"that kid; that girl","use":"For a child or a young person, often a girl; warm or neutral.","ja":"あの子","kana":"あのこ","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano ko, sugoku kawaii ne","ja":"あの子、すごくかわいいね","english":"That girl's really cute."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano ko wa totemo kawaii desu ne","ja":"あの子はとてもかわいいですね","english":"That girl is very cute."},"freqRank":484,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":57}],"stage":1,"range":"52-57","category":"Pronouns"},{"id":"s-countries-1","label":"Japan, nationality, language","rationale":"Say who is Japanese, what you speak, and build any nationality or language.","interference":"-jin is the person, -go the language; English is eigo, not igirisugo.","items":[{"id":"s-nihon","romaji":"nihon","polite":null,"english":"Japan","use":"nippon is the formal or sporty version, as on national teams.","ja":"日本","kana":"にほん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon kite dore gurai?","ja":"日本来てどれぐらい？","english":"How long have you been in Japan?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite dore gurai desu ka?","ja":"日本に来てどれぐらいですか？","english":"How long have you been in Japan?"},"freqRank":632,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":58},{"id":"s-nihonjin","romaji":"nihonjin","polite":null,"english":"Japanese person","use":null,"ja":"日本人","kana":"にほんじん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare, nihonjin ja nai n da.","ja":"彼、日本人じゃないんだ。","english":"Oh, he isn't Japanese."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kare wa nihonjin ja nai n desu.","ja":"彼は日本人じゃないんです。","english":"He isn't Japanese, actually."},"freqRank":2805,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":59},{"id":"s-eigo","romaji":"eigo","polite":null,"english":"English (the language)","use":null,"ja":"英語","kana":"えいご","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eigo de itte mo ii?","ja":"英語で言ってもいい？","english":"Can I say it in English?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eigo de itte mo ii desu ka?","ja":"英語で言ってもいいですか？","english":"May I say it in English?"},"freqRank":2574,"score":null,"notes":"Not igirisugo, even though English comes from igirisu.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":60},{"id":"s-jin","romaji":"-jin","polite":null,"english":"person from (a country)","use":"Add to a country for nationality: amerikajin, kankokujin.","ja":"〜人","kana":"じん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare, amerikajin da yo.","ja":"彼、アメリカ人だよ。","english":"He's American."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kare wa amerikajin desu.","ja":"彼はアメリカ人です。","english":"He is American."},"freqRank":2557,"score":null,"notes":"nanijin? is blunt; doko kara kita no? is friendlier.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":61},{"id":"s-go-2","romaji":"-go","polite":null,"english":"language (of a country)","use":"Add to a country for its language: nihongo, chuugokugo, kankokugo.","ja":"〜語","kana":"ご","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kankokugo mo hanaseru no?","ja":"韓国語も話せるの？","english":"You can speak Korean too?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kankokugo mo hanasemasu ka?","ja":"韓国語も話せますか？","english":"Can you speak Korean as well?"},"freqRank":157,"score":null,"notes":"nanigo? = what language?","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":62}],"stage":1,"range":"58-62","category":"Countries and languages"},{"id":"s-countries-2","label":"Common country names","rationale":"Say where you and other people are from.","interference":"igirisu (the UK) isn't guessable from 'England'.","items":[{"id":"s-amerika","romaji":"amerika","polite":null,"english":"America; the US","use":"The everyday name for the US; beikoku is the news word.","ja":"アメリカ","kana":"アメリカ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"amerika ni sundeta koto aru.","ja":"アメリカに住んでたことある。","english":"I've lived in America before."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"amerika ni sunde ita koto ga arimasu.","ja":"アメリカに住んでいたことがあります。","english":"I have lived in America before."},"freqRank":1616,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":63},{"id":"s-chuugoku","romaji":"chuugoku","polite":null,"english":"China","use":null,"ja":"中国","kana":"ちゅうごく","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"raigetsu, chuugoku ni shutchou nan da.","ja":"来月、中国に出張なんだ。","english":"I've got a work trip to China next month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"raigetsu, chuugoku ni shutchou ni ikimasu.","ja":"来月、中国に出張に行きます。","english":"I'm going to China on business next month."},"freqRank":4256,"score":null,"notes":"Chinese food is chuuka. Also the name of a region of western Japan.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":64},{"id":"s-kankoku","romaji":"kankoku","polite":null,"english":"South Korea","use":"Means South Korea; North Korea is kitachousen.","ja":"韓国","kana":"かんこく","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kankoku ryokou, dou datta?","ja":"韓国旅行、どうだった？","english":"How was your trip to Korea?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kankoku ryokou wa dou deshita ka?","ja":"韓国旅行はどうでしたか？","english":"How was your trip to Korea?"},"freqRank":5455,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":65},{"id":"s-igirisu","romaji":"igirisu","polite":null,"english":"Britain; the UK","use":"Covers the UK and England alike; British people are igirisujin.","ja":"イギリス","kana":"イギリス","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"igirisu tte, ame ooi n desho?","ja":"イギリスって、雨多いんでしょ？","english":"Britain gets a lot of rain, right?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"igirisu wa ame ga ooi n desu yo ne?","ja":"イギリスは雨が多いんですよね？","english":"It rains a lot in Britain, doesn't it?"},"freqRank":5426,"score":null,"notes":"Not guessable from 'England'; eikoku is the news word.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":true,"n":66},{"id":"s-oosutoraria","romaji":"oosutoraria","polite":null,"english":"Australia","use":null,"ja":"オーストラリア","kana":"オーストラリア","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oosutoraria kara kita n da.","ja":"オーストラリアから来たんだ。","english":"I'm from Australia."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa oosutoraria kara kimashita.","ja":"私はオーストラリアから来ました。","english":"I'm from Australia."},"freqRank":10832,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":67}],"stage":1,"range":"63-67","category":"Countries and languages"},{"id":"s-numbers-3","label":"Building bigger numbers","rationale":"Lets you say any number up to 9,999.","interference":"Juuni (12) and nijuu (20) swap the same two parts.","items":[{"id":"s-juuichi","romaji":"juuichi","polite":null,"english":"eleven (and 11-19: ten plus the digit)","use":"Teens are ten plus the digit, with the same yon, nana and kyuu choices as the digits.","ja":"十一","kana":"じゅういち","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juuichiji made aiteru yo.","ja":"十一時まで開いてるよ。","english":"It's open till eleven."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juuichiji made aite imasu.","ja":"十一時まで開いています。","english":"It's open until eleven."},"freqRank":32821,"score":null,"notes":"Juuyon is the usual 14; juushichi and juunana are both common for 17.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":68},{"id":"s-nijuu","romaji":"nijuu","polite":null,"english":"twenty (and the tens: digit times ten)","use":"Tens put the digit before juu, and use yon, nana and kyuu.","ja":"二十","kana":"にじゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou nijuugo da yo.","ja":"もう二十五だよ。","english":"I'm already twenty-five."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou nijuugosai desu.","ja":"もう二十五歳です。","english":"I'm already twenty-five."},"freqRank":15429,"score":null,"notes":"Age 20 is usually hatachi rather than nijussai.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":69},{"id":"s-hyaku","romaji":"hyaku","polite":null,"english":"a hundred","use":"Hyaku alone means one hundred; no ichi in front.","ja":"百","kana":"ひゃく","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hyaku en de kaeru yo.","ja":"百円で買えるよ。","english":"You can get it for a hundred yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hyaku en de kaemasu.","ja":"百円で買えます。","english":"You can buy it for a hundred yen."},"freqRank":6351,"score":null,"notes":"Changes after 3, 6 and 8: sanbyaku, roppyaku, happyaku. A hyaku en shoppu is a 100-yen shop.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":70},{"id":"s-sen","romaji":"sen","polite":null,"english":"a thousand","use":"Sen alone means one thousand; issen is only heard inside issenman (ten million).","ja":"千","kana":"せん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sen en kashite.","ja":"千円貸して。","english":"Lend me a thousand yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sen en kashite kuremasen ka.","ja":"千円貸してくれませんか。","english":"Could you lend me a thousand yen?"},"freqRank":6764,"score":null,"notes":"Changes after 3 and 8: sanzen, hassen. How many thousand is nanzen.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":71}],"stage":2,"range":"68-71","category":"Numbers"},{"id":"s-counters-2","label":"How many times","rationale":"Lets you say how often something happened and ask how many times.","interference":"-kai and -do mean the same here; ikkai is also 'ground floor'.","items":[{"id":"s-kai","romaji":"-kai","polite":null,"english":"times (how often)","use":"ikkai, nikai, sankai, yonkai, gokai, rokkai, nanakai, hakkai, kyuukai, jukkai; mou ikkai = one more time.","ja":"回","kana":"かい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gomen, mou ikkai itte.","ja":"ごめん、もう一回言って。","english":"Sorry, say that again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sumimasen, mou ikkai itte kudasai.","ja":"すみません、もう一回言ってください。","english":"Sorry, could you say that again?"},"freqRank":2366,"score":5,"notes":"Sounds the same as -kai for floors, so ikkai is also 'ground floor'. -do means the same and is a bit more formal.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":72},{"id":"s-nankai","romaji":"nankai","polite":null,"english":"how many times","use":"Nankai mo = many times, over and over.","ja":"何回","kana":"なんかい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono eiga, nankai mita?","ja":"この映画、何回見た？","english":"How many times have you seen this movie?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono eiga, nankai mimashita ka?","ja":"この映画、何回見ましたか？","english":"How many times have you seen this movie?"},"freqRank":2121,"score":4,"notes":"In a building, nankai (or nangai) also asks 'which floor'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":73},{"id":"s-do","romaji":"-do","polite":null,"english":"times (occurrences); degrees","use":"Like -kai but a bit more formal, with no sound changes: ichido, nido, sando ... juudo; mou ichido = once more.","ja":"度","kana":"ど","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichido ano mise ni itte mitai na.","ja":"一度あの店に行ってみたいな。","english":"I'd like to try that place sometime."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ichido ano mise ni itte mitai desu.","ja":"一度あの店に行ってみたいです。","english":"I'd like to try that place sometime."},"freqRank":427,"score":4,"notes":"Ichido alone often means 'sometime, at least once'. Also degrees: sanjuu-do = 30 degrees.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":74},{"id":"s-nando","romaji":"nando","polite":null,"english":"how many times; what temperature","use":"Mostly heard as nando mo, 'again and again', often with some annoyance.","ja":"何度","kana":"なんど","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nando mo itta desho.","ja":"何度も言ったでしょ。","english":"I've told you again and again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nando mo iimashita yo.","ja":"何度も言いましたよ。","english":"I've told you many times."},"freqRank":677,"score":3,"notes":"A little more formal than nankai.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":75}],"stage":2,"range":"72-75","category":"Counters"},{"id":"s-counters-6","label":"Set count expressions","rationale":"Lets you say double, a few times, never once, and overnight.","interference":"nibai (twice as much) vs nikai (twice); nandoka (a few times) vs nando mo (again and again).","items":[{"id":"s-bai","romaji":"bai","polite":null,"english":"double; times as much","use":"Bai alone means double (bai ni naru = doubles); nibai, sanbai ... = two, three times as much.","ja":"倍","kana":"ばい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nedan ga bai ni natta n da yo.","ja":"値段が倍になったんだよ。","english":"The price doubled."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nedan ga bai ni natta n desu.","ja":"値段が倍になったんです。","english":"The price has doubled."},"freqRank":2290,"score":3,"notes":"Don't mix with -kai: nibai is twice as much, nikai is twice (two times).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":76},{"id":"s-nandoka","romaji":"nandoka","polite":null,"english":"a few times; several times","use":"A vague count like 'a couple of times'; casual speech also says nankai ka.","ja":"何度か","kana":"なんどか","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"soko, nandoka itta koto aru yo.","ja":"そこ、何度か行ったことあるよ。","english":"I've been there a few times."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"soko ni wa nandoka itta koto ga arimasu.","ja":"そこには何度か行ったことがあります。","english":"I've been there a few times."},"freqRank":3451,"score":4,"notes":"Not nando mo, which means 'again and again'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":77},{"id":"s-ichido-mo","romaji":"ichido mo","polite":null,"english":"never once; (not) even once","use":"Always with a negative verb: ichido mo nai = never.","ja":"一度も","kana":"いちども","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":["needs-negative"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sushi, ichido mo tabeta koto nai no?","ja":"寿司、一度も食べたことないの？","english":"You've never had sushi, not even once?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sushi o ichido mo tabeta koto ga nai n desu ka?","ja":"寿司を一度も食べたことがないんですか？","english":"You've never had sushi, not even once?"},"freqRank":4407,"score":4,"notes":"Casual speech also says ikkai mo with the same meaning.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":78},{"id":"s-hitoban","romaji":"hitoban","polite":null,"english":"one night; overnight","use":"Hitobanjuu = all night long.","ja":"一晩","kana":"ひとばん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hitoban nereba naoru yo.","ja":"一晩寝れば治るよ。","english":"A night's sleep will fix it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitoban nereba naorimasu yo.","ja":"一晩寝れば治りますよ。","english":"A night's sleep will fix it."},"freqRank":4437,"score":3,"notes":"For hotel stays, count nights with -haku: ippaku, nihaku.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":79}],"stage":2,"range":"76-79","category":"Counters"},{"id":"s-clock-1","label":"Telling the hour","rationale":"Lets you ask and tell the time to the half hour, morning or afternoon.","interference":"yoji, shichiji and kuji break the number pattern; nanji (what time) vs nanjikan (how many hours).","items":[{"id":"s-ji","romaji":"-ji","polite":null,"english":"o'clock","use":"ichiji, niji, sanji, yoji, goji, rokuji, shichiji, hachiji, kuji, juuji, juuichiji, juuniji; 4, 7 and 9 are the traps.","ja":"時","kana":"じ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita, yoji ni eki de ne.","ja":"明日、四時に駅でね。","english":"Tomorrow, four o'clock at the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita wa yoji ni eki de aimashou.","ja":"明日は四時に駅で会いましょう。","english":"Let's meet at the station at four tomorrow."},"freqRank":3641,"score":4,"notes":"Ichiji alone can also mean 'for a while, temporarily': ichiji teishi = pause.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":80},{"id":"s-nanji","romaji":"nanji","polite":null,"english":"what time","use":"Nanji ni = at what time; nanji made = until what time.","ja":"何時","kana":"なんじ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou, nanji ni kaette kuru?","ja":"今日、何時に帰ってくる？","english":"What time are you coming home today?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa nanji ni kaette kimasu ka?","ja":"今日は何時に帰ってきますか？","english":"What time will you be home today?"},"freqRank":2675,"score":null,"notes":"Nanjikan is a different question: 'how many hours'.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":81},{"id":"s-han","romaji":"han","polite":null,"english":"half past; and a half","use":"After -ji for half past (sanji han); after other units for 'and a half' (ichijikan han).","ja":"半","kana":"はん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shichiji han ni okoshite.","ja":"七時半に起こして。","english":"Wake me up at half past seven."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shichiji han ni okoshite kudasai.","ja":"七時半に起こしてください。","english":"Please wake me up at half past seven."},"freqRank":3285,"score":5,"notes":"Half of something is hanbun, not han.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":82},{"id":"s-gozen","romaji":"gozen","polite":null,"english":"a.m.; morning","use":"Goes before the time: gozen juuji = 10 a.m.; gozenchuu = during the morning.","ja":"午前","kana":"ごぜん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaigi, gozen juuji kara da yo.","ja":"会議、午前十時からだよ。","english":"The meeting starts at 10 a.m."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaigi wa gozen juuji kara desu.","ja":"会議は午前十時からです。","english":"The meeting starts at 10 a.m."},"freqRank":3249,"score":null,"notes":"In casual talk, asa juuji is just as common.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":83},{"id":"s-gogo","romaji":"gogo","polite":null,"english":"p.m.; afternoon","use":"Goes before the time: gogo sanji = 3 p.m.; on its own it means 'the afternoon'.","ja":"午後","kana":"ごご","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gogo sanji goro ni iku ne.","ja":"午後三時ごろに行くね。","english":"I'll come around 3 p.m."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gogo sanji goro ni ikimasu.","ja":"午後三時ごろに行きます。","english":"I'll come around 3 p.m."},"freqRank":1394,"score":null,"notes":"Evening times are often said with yoru: yoru hachiji = 8 p.m.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":84}],"stage":2,"range":"80-84","category":"Clock time"},{"id":"s-weekdays-1","label":"Monday to Thursday","rationale":"Lets you name the first four days of the week.","interference":"Getsu in getsuyoubi is the same moon word as -gatsu in month names.","items":[{"id":"s-getsuyoubi","romaji":"getsuyoubi","polite":null,"english":"Monday","use":"Add ni for a specific Monday (getsuyoubi ni); add wa for every Monday or as a topic.","ja":"月曜日","kana":"げつようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata getsuyoubi kara shigoto da yo.","ja":"また月曜日から仕事だよ。","english":"Back to work on Monday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mata getsuyoubi kara shigoto desu.","ja":"また月曜日から仕事です。","english":"It's back to work on Monday."},"freqRank":7009,"score":null,"notes":"Literally 'moon day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":85},{"id":"s-kayoubi","romaji":"kayoubi","polite":null,"english":"Tuesday","use":null,"ja":"火曜日","kana":"かようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kayoubi no yoru, hima?","ja":"火曜日の夜、暇？","english":"Are you free Tuesday night?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kayoubi no yoru wa aite imasu ka?","ja":"火曜日の夜は空いていますか？","english":"Are you free on Tuesday night?"},"freqRank":10948,"score":null,"notes":"Literally 'fire day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":86},{"id":"s-suiyoubi","romaji":"suiyoubi","polite":null,"english":"Wednesday","use":null,"ja":"水曜日","kana":"すいようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suiyoubi made ni okuru ne.","ja":"水曜日までに送るね。","english":"I'll send it by Wednesday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"suiyoubi made ni okurimasu.","ja":"水曜日までに送ります。","english":"I'll send it by Wednesday."},"freqRank":9033,"score":null,"notes":"Literally 'water day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":87},{"id":"s-mokuyoubi","romaji":"mokuyoubi","polite":null,"english":"Thursday","use":null,"ja":"木曜日","kana":"もくようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mokuyoubi wa itsumo jimu ni iku.","ja":"木曜日はいつもジムに行く。","english":"I always go to the gym on Thursdays."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mokuyoubi wa itsumo jimu ni ikimasu.","ja":"木曜日はいつもジムに行きます。","english":"I always go to the gym on Thursdays."},"freqRank":9692,"score":null,"notes":"Literally 'tree day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":88}],"stage":2,"range":"85-88","category":"Days of the week"},{"id":"s-weekdays-2","label":"Friday to Sunday","rationale":"Finishes the week and lets you ask which day something is on.","interference":"Nan'youbi asks the weekday; nannichi asks the date.","items":[{"id":"s-kinyoubi","romaji":"kin'youbi","polite":null,"english":"Friday","use":null,"ja":"金曜日","kana":"きんようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kin'youbi, nomi ni ikanai?","ja":"金曜日、飲みに行かない？","english":"Want to go for drinks on Friday?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kin'youbi, nomi ni ikimasen ka?","ja":"金曜日、飲みに行きませんか？","english":"Would you like to go for drinks on Friday?"},"freqRank":5937,"score":null,"notes":"Literally 'gold day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":89},{"id":"s-doyoubi","romaji":"doyoubi","polite":null,"english":"Saturday","use":null,"ja":"土曜日","kana":"どようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"doyoubi wa osoku made neteru yo.","ja":"土曜日は遅くまで寝てるよ。","english":"I sleep in on Saturdays."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"doyoubi wa osoku made nete imasu.","ja":"土曜日は遅くまで寝ています。","english":"I sleep in on Saturdays."},"freqRank":4290,"score":5,"notes":"Literally 'earth day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":90},{"id":"s-nichiyoubi","romaji":"nichiyoubi","polite":null,"english":"Sunday","use":null,"ja":"日曜日","kana":"にちようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kondo no nichiyoubi, nani suru?","ja":"今度の日曜日、何する？","english":"What are you doing this Sunday?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kondo no nichiyoubi wa nani o shimasu ka?","ja":"今度の日曜日は何をしますか？","english":"What are you doing this Sunday?"},"freqRank":3736,"score":5,"notes":"Literally 'sun day'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":91},{"id":"s-nanyoubi","romaji":"nan'youbi","polite":null,"english":"what day of the week","use":null,"ja":"何曜日","kana":"なんようび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsugi no shiken tte nan'youbi?","ja":"次の試験って何曜日？","english":"What day is the next exam?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsugi no shiken wa nan'youbi desu ka?","ja":"次の試験は何曜日ですか？","english":"What day of the week is the next exam?"},"freqRank":25673,"score":null,"notes":"For the date, ask nannichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":92}],"stage":2,"range":"89-92","category":"Days of the week"},{"id":"s-weekdays-3","label":"Weekdays and days off","rationale":"Lets you use the short day names and talk about workdays versus days off.","interference":"Kyuujitsu (any day off) vs shukujitsu (public holiday).","items":[{"id":"s-nichiyou","romaji":"nichiyou","polite":null,"english":"Sunday (short form)","use":"Any day name can drop -bi in speech: getsuyou, kayou, suiyou, mokuyou, kin'you, doyou.","ja":"日曜","kana":"にちよう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nichiyou nara aiteru yo.","ja":"日曜なら空いてるよ。","english":"Sunday works for me."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nichiyou nara aite imasu.","ja":"日曜なら空いています。","english":"I'm free on Sunday."},"freqRank":3853,"score":4,"notes":"Donichi means Saturday and Sunday together.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":93},{"id":"s-heijitsu","romaji":"heijitsu","polite":null,"english":"weekday; Monday to Friday","use":"Pairs with shuumatsu (weekend); opening hours and train times often differ between them.","ja":"平日","kana":"へいじつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"heijitsu wa isogashii kara, shuumatsu ni shiyou.","ja":"平日は忙しいから、週末にしよう。","english":"Weekdays are busy, so let's do the weekend."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"heijitsu wa isogashii node, shuumatsu ni shimashou.","ja":"平日は忙しいので、週末にしましょう。","english":"I'm busy on weekdays, so let's make it the weekend."},"freqRank":7577,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":94},{"id":"s-kyuujitsu","romaji":"kyuujitsu","polite":null,"english":"day off; holiday","use":"Any non-working day, weekends included; yasumi is the more everyday word.","ja":"休日","kana":"きゅうじつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyuujitsu wa nani shiteru no?","ja":"休日は何してるの？","english":"What do you do on your days off?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyuujitsu wa nani o shite imasu ka?","ja":"休日は何をしていますか？","english":"What do you do on your days off?"},"freqRank":4849,"score":3,"notes":"A national public holiday is shukujitsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":95}],"stage":2,"range":"93-95","category":"Days of the week"},{"id":"s-dates-4","label":"Counting days","rationale":"Lets you say how many days something lasts.","interference":"Ichinichi (one day) vs tsuitachi (the 1st).","items":[{"id":"s-ichinichijuu","romaji":"ichinichijuu","polite":null,"english":"all day long","use":null,"ja":"一日中","kana":"いちにちじゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou wa ichinichijuu neteta.","ja":"昨日は一日中寝てた。","english":"I slept all day yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou wa ichinichijuu nete imashita.","ja":"昨日は一日中寝ていました。","english":"I slept all day yesterday."},"freqRank":4447,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":96},{"id":"s-nichikan","romaji":"-nichikan","polite":null,"english":"for ... days (length of time)","use":"Takes the irregular day forms: futsukakan, mikkakan, yokkakan, tookakan; one day is ichinichi, not tsuitachi.","ja":"日間","kana":"にちかん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mikkakan zutto ame datta.","ja":"三日間ずっと雨だった。","english":"It rained for three days straight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mikkakan zutto ame deshita.","ja":"三日間ずっと雨でした。","english":"It rained for three days straight."},"freqRank":null,"score":null,"notes":"-kan is often dropped: mikka yasunda (took three days off).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":97},{"id":"s-suujitsu","romaji":"suujitsu","polite":null,"english":"a few days; several days","use":"A bit formal; in casual talk people often say nisannichi (two or three days).","ja":"数日","kana":"すうじつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suujitsu de naoru tte.","ja":"数日で治るって。","english":"They said it'll heal in a few days."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"suujitsu de naoru sou desu.","ja":"数日で治るそうです。","english":"I'm told it will heal in a few days."},"freqRank":3024,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":98}],"stage":2,"range":"96-98","category":"Dates"},{"id":"s-months-1","label":"January to June","rationale":"Lets you name the first six months.","interference":"April is shigatsu, never yongatsu.","items":[{"id":"s-ichigatsu","romaji":"ichigatsu","polite":null,"english":"January","use":null,"ja":"一月","kana":"いちがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichigatsu wa sugoku samui yo.","ja":"一月はすごく寒いよ。","english":"January is really cold."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ichigatsu wa totemo samui desu.","ja":"一月はとても寒いです。","english":"January is very cold."},"freqRank":48087,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix with shichigatsu (July) by ear.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":99},{"id":"s-nigatsu","romaji":"nigatsu","polite":null,"english":"February","use":null,"ja":"二月","kana":"にがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nigatsu ni nihon ni iku n da.","ja":"二月に日本に行くんだ。","english":"I'm going to Japan in February."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nigatsu ni nihon ni ikimasu.","ja":"二月に日本に行きます。","english":"I'm going to Japan in February."},"freqRank":50388,"score":null,"notes":"Nikagetsu is two months, not February.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":100},{"id":"s-sangatsu","romaji":"sangatsu","polite":null,"english":"March","use":null,"ja":"三月","kana":"さんがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sangatsu ni sotsugyou suru n da.","ja":"三月に卒業するんだ。","english":"I graduate in March."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sangatsu ni sotsugyou shimasu.","ja":"三月に卒業します。","english":"I graduate in March."},"freqRank":21734,"score":null,"notes":"The Japanese school and business year ends in March.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":101},{"id":"s-shigatsu","romaji":"shigatsu","polite":null,"english":"April","use":null,"ja":"四月","kana":"しがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigatsu kara atarashii shigoto nan da.","ja":"四月から新しい仕事なんだ。","english":"I start a new job in April."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigatsu kara atarashii shigoto desu.","ja":"四月から新しい仕事です。","english":"I'm starting a new job in April."},"freqRank":48745,"score":null,"notes":"Never yongatsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":102},{"id":"s-gogatsu","romaji":"gogatsu","polite":null,"english":"May","use":null,"ja":"五月","kana":"ごがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gogatsu wa tenki ga ii ne.","ja":"五月は天気がいいね。","english":"The weather's nice in May."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gogatsu wa tenki ga ii desu ne.","ja":"五月は天気がいいですね。","english":"The weather is nice in May, isn't it?"},"freqRank":26950,"score":null,"notes":"Golden Week holidays fall at the start of May.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":103},{"id":"s-rokugatsu","romaji":"rokugatsu","polite":null,"english":"June","use":null,"ja":"六月","kana":"ろくがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"rokugatsu wa ame bakkari da yo.","ja":"六月は雨ばっかりだよ。","english":"It rains all the time in June."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"rokugatsu wa ame bakari desu.","ja":"六月は雨ばかりです。","english":"It rains a lot in June."},"freqRank":69201,"score":null,"notes":"The rainy season (tsuyu) month.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":104}],"stage":2,"range":"99-104","category":"Months"},{"id":"s-months-2","label":"July to December","rationale":"Lets you name the last six months.","interference":"Shichigatsu (July) sounds close to ichigatsu (January); September is kugatsu, never kyuugatsu.","items":[{"id":"s-shichigatsu","romaji":"shichigatsu","polite":null,"english":"July","use":null,"ja":"七月","kana":"しちがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shichigatsu no owari ni natsuyasumi ga hajimaru.","ja":"七月の終わりに夏休みが始まる。","english":"Summer break starts at the end of July."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shichigatsu no owari ni natsuyasumi ga hajimarimasu.","ja":"七月の終わりに夏休みが始まります。","english":"Summer break starts at the end of July."},"freqRank":54573,"score":null,"notes":"Never nanagatsu; easy to mishear as ichigatsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":105},{"id":"s-hachigatsu","romaji":"hachigatsu","polite":null,"english":"August","use":null,"ja":"八月","kana":"はちがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hachigatsu wa atsukute muri.","ja":"八月は暑くて無理。","english":"August is unbearably hot."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hachigatsu wa atsukute taihen desu.","ja":"八月は暑くて大変です。","english":"August is really hot and hard going."},"freqRank":54415,"score":null,"notes":"The Obon holidays fall in mid-August.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":106},{"id":"s-kugatsu","romaji":"kugatsu","polite":null,"english":"September","use":null,"ja":"九月","kana":"くがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kugatsu ni natte mo mada atsui ne.","ja":"九月になってもまだ暑いね。","english":"It's September and still hot."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kugatsu ni natte mo mada atsui desu ne.","ja":"九月になってもまだ暑いですね。","english":"It's still hot even in September, isn't it?"},"freqRank":57329,"score":null,"notes":"Never kyuugatsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":107},{"id":"s-juugatsu","romaji":"juugatsu","polite":null,"english":"October","use":null,"ja":"十月","kana":"じゅうがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juugatsu ni hikkoshi suru yotei.","ja":"十月に引っ越しする予定。","english":"I'm planning to move in October."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juugatsu ni hikkoshi suru yotei desu.","ja":"十月に引っ越しする予定です。","english":"I'm planning to move in October."},"freqRank":50983,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":108},{"id":"s-juuichigatsu","romaji":"juuichigatsu","polite":null,"english":"November","use":null,"ja":"十一月","kana":"じゅういちがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juuichigatsu ni naru to kouyou ga kirei da yo.","ja":"十一月になると紅葉がきれいだよ。","english":"In November the autumn leaves are beautiful."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juuichigatsu ni naru to kouyou ga kirei desu yo.","ja":"十一月になると紅葉がきれいですよ。","english":"The autumn leaves are beautiful in November."},"freqRank":82099,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":109},{"id":"s-juunigatsu","romaji":"juunigatsu","polite":null,"english":"December","use":null,"ja":"十二月","kana":"じゅうにがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juunigatsu wa nomikai ga ooi n da yo.","ja":"十二月は飲み会が多いんだよ。","english":"There are lots of drinking parties in December."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juunigatsu wa nomikai ga ooi desu.","ja":"十二月は飲み会が多いです。","english":"December has a lot of drinking parties."},"freqRank":78646,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":110}],"stage":2,"range":"105-110","category":"Months"},{"id":"s-months-3","label":"Asking and counting months","rationale":"Lets you ask the month and say how many months something takes.","interference":"Nigatsu (February) vs nikagetsu (two months).","items":[{"id":"s-nangatsu","romaji":"nangatsu","polite":null,"english":"what month","use":"Months are just the number + -gatsu, except 4, 7 and 9: shigatsu, shichigatsu, kugatsu.","ja":"何月","kana":"なんがつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tanjoubi tte nangatsu datta?","ja":"誕生日って何月だった？","english":"What month is your birthday again?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tanjoubi wa nangatsu desu ka?","ja":"誕生日は何月ですか？","english":"What month is your birthday?"},"freqRank":35296,"score":null,"notes":"Nankagetsu asks how many months.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":111},{"id":"s-kagetsu","romaji":"-kagetsu","polite":null,"english":"months (counter for length of time)","use":"ikkagetsu, nikagetsu, sankagetsu, yonkagetsu, gokagetsu, rokkagetsu, nanakagetsu, hachikagetsu (or hakkagetsu), kyuukagetsu, jukkagetsu; how many: nankagetsu.","ja":"か月","kana":"かげつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite mada ikkagetsu da yo.","ja":"日本に来てまだ一か月だよ。","english":"I've only been in Japan a month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nihon ni kite mada ikkagetsu desu.","ja":"日本に来てまだ一か月です。","english":"It's only been a month since I came to Japan."},"freqRank":2021,"score":4,"notes":"Nikagetsu (two months) and nigatsu (February) are the classic mix-up.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":112},{"id":"s-hantoshi","romaji":"hantoshi","polite":null,"english":"half a year; six months","use":"More natural in talk than rokkagetsu.","ja":"半年","kana":"はんとし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hantoshi mae ni hajimeta n da.","ja":"半年前に始めたんだ。","english":"I started six months ago."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hantoshi mae ni hajimemashita.","ja":"半年前に始めました。","english":"I started half a year ago."},"freqRank":1425,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":113}],"stage":2,"range":"111-113","category":"Months"},{"id":"s-relative-1","label":"Nearby days and nights","rationale":"Lets you point to last night, tonight, the other day and two days either side of today.","interference":"Ototoi (day before yesterday) vs ototoshi (year before last).","items":[{"id":"s-konya","romaji":"kon'ya","polite":null,"english":"tonight","use":null,"ja":"今夜","kana":"こんや","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kon'ya wa nomou yo.","ja":"今夜は飲もうよ。","english":"Let's drink tonight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kon'ya wa nomimashou.","ja":"今夜は飲みましょう。","english":"Let's have a drink tonight."},"freqRank":770,"score":3,"notes":"Konban is the more everyday word in conversation.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":114},{"id":"s-kono-mae","romaji":"kono mae","polite":null,"english":"the other day; last time","use":null,"ja":"この前","kana":"このまえ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono mae itta mise, oishikatta ne.","ja":"この前行った店、美味しかったね。","english":"That place we went to the other day was good, huh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono mae itta mise wa oishikatta desu ne.","ja":"この前行った店は美味しかったですね。","english":"The restaurant we went to the other day was good, wasn't it?"},"freqRank":800,"score":4,"notes":"With no it means 'the last one': kono mae no shiken (the last exam).","listLinks":[],"cv":5,"focus":false,"n":115},{"id":"s-yuube","romaji":"yuube","polite":null,"english":"last night","use":null,"ja":"ゆうべ","kana":"ゆうべ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuube wa zenzen nerenakatta.","ja":"ゆうべは全然寝れなかった。","english":"I couldn't sleep at all last night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuube wa zenzen nemuremasen deshita.","ja":"ゆうべは全然眠れませんでした。","english":"I couldn't sleep at all last night."},"freqRank":2525,"score":4,"notes":"Kinou no yoru means the same; sakuya is the formal word.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":116},{"id":"s-ototoi","romaji":"ototoi","polite":null,"english":"the day before yesterday","use":null,"ja":"おととい","kana":"おととい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ototoi kara atama ga itai.","ja":"おとといから頭が痛い。","english":"I've had a headache since the day before yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ototoi kara atama ga itai n desu.","ja":"おとといから頭が痛いんです。","english":"I've had a headache since the day before yesterday."},"freqRank":4331,"score":4,"notes":"Don't mix with ototoshi (the year before last).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":117},{"id":"s-asatte","romaji":"asatte","polite":null,"english":"the day after tomorrow","use":null,"ja":"あさって","kana":"あさって","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"asatte made ni kaesu ne.","ja":"あさってまでに返すね。","english":"I'll give it back by the day after tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"asatte made ni kaeshimasu.","ja":"あさってまでに返します。","english":"I'll return it by the day after tomorrow."},"freqRank":3247,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":118}],"stage":2,"range":"114-118","category":"Days and years around now"},{"id":"s-dayparts-1","label":"Three daily meals","rationale":"Lets you talk about breakfast, lunch and dinner.","interference":"Ohiru means both noon and lunch.","items":[{"id":"s-asagohan","romaji":"asagohan","polite":null,"english":"breakfast","use":null,"ja":"朝ご飯","kana":"あさごはん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou asagohan tabete nai n da.","ja":"今日朝ご飯食べてないんだ。","english":"I haven't had breakfast today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa asagohan o tabete inai n desu.","ja":"今日は朝ご飯を食べていないんです。","english":"I haven't eaten breakfast today."},"freqRank":5780,"score":null,"notes":"Asameshi is a rougher version, mostly used by men.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":119},{"id":"s-hirugohan","romaji":"hirugohan","polite":null,"english":"lunch","use":null,"ja":"昼ご飯","kana":"ひるごはん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hirugohan nani ni suru?","ja":"昼ご飯何にする？","english":"What do you want for lunch?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hirugohan wa nani ni shimasu ka?","ja":"昼ご飯は何にしますか？","english":"What will you have for lunch?"},"freqRank":11782,"score":null,"notes":"Ohiru and ranchi are also common.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":120},{"id":"s-bangohan","romaji":"bangohan","polite":null,"english":"dinner","use":null,"ja":"晩ご飯","kana":"ばんごはん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou no bangohan nani?","ja":"今日の晩ご飯何？","english":"What's for dinner tonight?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou no bangohan wa nan desu ka?","ja":"今日の晩ご飯は何ですか？","english":"What's for dinner today?"},"freqRank":7762,"score":null,"notes":"Yorugohan is also common, especially among younger speakers.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":121},{"id":"s-ohiru","romaji":"ohiru","polite":null,"english":"lunch; noon","use":null,"ja":"お昼","kana":"おひる","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ohiru issho ni tabenai?","ja":"お昼一緒に食べない？","english":"Want to have lunch together?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ohiru, issho ni tabemasen ka?","ja":"お昼、一緒に食べませんか？","english":"Would you like to have lunch together?"},"freqRank":2219,"score":4,"notes":"Ohiruyasumi is the lunch break.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":122}],"stage":2,"range":"119-122","category":"Parts of the day"},{"id":"s-seasons-1","label":"The four seasons","rationale":"Name the seasons and say which one you like.","interference":"None.","items":[{"id":"s-haru","romaji":"haru","polite":null,"english":"spring","use":null,"ja":"春","kana":"はる","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"haru ni nattara hanami ikou yo.","ja":"春になったら花見行こうよ。","english":"Let's go see the cherry blossoms when spring comes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"haru ni nattara hanami ni ikimashou.","ja":"春になったら花見に行きましょう。","english":"Let's go see the cherry blossoms when spring comes."},"freqRank":1839,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":123},{"id":"s-natsu","romaji":"natsu","polite":null,"english":"summer","use":null,"ja":"夏","kana":"なつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"natsu wa yappari umi da ne.","ja":"夏はやっぱり海だね。","english":"Summer just means the beach, doesn't it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"natsu wa yappari umi desu ne.","ja":"夏はやっぱり海ですね。","english":"Summer really means the beach, doesn't it."},"freqRank":1518,"score":4,"notes":"natsuyasumi = the summer holidays.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":124},{"id":"s-aki","romaji":"aki","polite":null,"english":"autumn; fall","use":null,"ja":"秋","kana":"あき","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sukkari aki da ne.","ja":"すっかり秋だね。","english":"It's really autumn now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sukkari aki desu ne.","ja":"すっかり秋ですね。","english":"It's really autumn now, isn't it."},"freqRank":3008,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":125},{"id":"s-fuyu","romaji":"fuyu","polite":null,"english":"winter","use":null,"ja":"冬","kana":"ふゆ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kotoshi no fuyu, samui ne.","ja":"今年の冬、寒いね。","english":"This winter's cold, huh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kotoshi no fuyu wa samui desu ne.","ja":"今年の冬は寒いですね。","english":"This winter is cold, isn't it."},"freqRank":2532,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":126},{"id":"s-kisetsu","romaji":"kisetsu","polite":null,"english":"season; time of year","use":"kono kisetsu = this time of year.","ja":"季節","kana":"きせつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dono kisetsu ga ichiban suki?","ja":"どの季節が一番好き？","english":"Which season do you like best?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dono kisetsu ga ichiban suki desu ka?","ja":"どの季節が一番好きですか？","english":"Which season do you like best?"},"freqRank":3106,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":127}],"stage":2,"range":"123-127","category":"Seasons and weather"},{"id":"s-colors-1","label":"Colour and four basics","rationale":"Ask what colour something is and call it red, white, black or blue.","interference":"aoi also covers green traffic lights, but grass is midori.","items":[{"id":"s-iro","romaji":"iro","polite":null,"english":"colour","use":"nani iro? asks what colour something is.","ja":"色","kana":"いろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kuruma, nani iro ni shita no?","ja":"車、何色にしたの？","english":"What colour did you go with for the car?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kuruma wa nani iro ni shimashita ka?","ja":"車は何色にしましたか？","english":"What colour did you choose for the car?"},"freqRank":1136,"score":null,"notes":"kiiro, chairo and haiiro all end in this word.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":128},{"id":"s-akai","romaji":"akai","polite":"akai desu","english":"red","use":"Adjective form, before a noun: akai kuruma.","ja":"赤い","kana":"あかい","politeJa":"赤いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano akai kaban, kawaii ne.","ja":"あの赤いかばん、かわいいね。","english":"That red bag is cute."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano akai kaban, kawaii desu ne.","ja":"あの赤いかばん、かわいいですね。","english":"That red bag is cute, isn't it."},"freqRank":1711,"score":null,"notes":"kao ga akai = your face is red (embarrassed or drunk).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":129},{"id":"s-shiroi","romaji":"shiroi","polite":"shiroi desu","english":"white","use":null,"ja":"白い","kana":"しろい","politeJa":"白いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atarashii shiroi shatsu, mou yogorechatta.","ja":"新しい白いシャツ、もう汚れちゃった。","english":"I already got my new white shirt dirty."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"atarashii shiroi shatsu ga mou yogorete shimaimashita.","ja":"新しい白いシャツがもう汚れてしまいました。","english":"My new white shirt has already got dirty."},"freqRank":1914,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'pale' for skin: hada ga shiroi.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":130},{"id":"s-kuroi","romaji":"kuroi","polite":"kuroi desu","english":"black; dark","use":null,"ja":"黒い","kana":"くろい","politeJa":"黒いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kuroi kutsu shika mottenai.","ja":"黒い靴しか持ってない。","english":"I only own black shoes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kuroi kutsu shika motte imasen.","ja":"黒い靴しか持っていません。","english":"I only own black shoes."},"freqRank":2477,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'tanned': hi ni yakete kuroi.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":131},{"id":"s-aoi","romaji":"aoi","polite":"aoi desu","english":"blue; green (traffic lights, leaves)","use":"Also covers green traffic lights and fresh greenery.","ja":"青い","kana":"あおい","politeJa":"青いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou, sora ga sugoku aoi ne.","ja":"今日、空がすごく青いね。","english":"The sky's so blue today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa sora ga totemo aoi desu ne.","ja":"今日は空がとても青いですね。","english":"The sky is very blue today, isn't it."},"freqRank":3078,"score":4,"notes":"kaoiro ga aoi = you look pale.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":132}],"stage":2,"range":"128-132","category":"Colours"},{"id":"s-body-1","label":"Face","rationale":"Lets you name the parts of your face.","interference":"hana (nose) sounds like hana (flower); me is one short sound and easy to miss.","items":[{"id":"s-me","romaji":"me","polite":null,"english":"eye; eyes","use":null,"ja":"目","kana":"め","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kafun de me ga kayui","ja":"花粉で目がかゆい","english":"My eyes are itchy from pollen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kafun de me ga kayui desu","ja":"花粉で目がかゆいです","english":"My eyes are itchy from pollen."},"freqRank":216,"score":null,"notes":"Also an experience: hidoi me ni atta means I had an awful time.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":133},{"id":"s-kao","romaji":"kao","polite":null,"english":"face","use":null,"ja":"顔","kana":"かお","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto kao aratte kuru ne","ja":"ちょっと顔洗ってくるね","english":"I'll just go wash my face."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chotto kao o aratte kimasu","ja":"ちょっと顔を洗ってきます","english":"I'll just go wash my face."},"freqRank":174,"score":null,"notes":"Kao o dasu means to show up somewhere.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":134},{"id":"s-kuchi","romaji":"kuchi","polite":null,"english":"mouth","use":null,"ja":"口","kana":"くち","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hai, kuchi ookiku akete","ja":"はい、口大きく開けて","english":"Okay, open your mouth wide."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kuchi o ookiku akete kudasai","ja":"口を大きく開けてください","english":"Please open your mouth wide."},"freqRank":556,"score":null,"notes":"Also how someone talks: kuchi ga warui means sharp-tongued.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":135},{"id":"s-mimi","romaji":"mimi","polite":null,"english":"ear; ears; hearing","use":null,"ja":"耳","kana":"みみ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mimi ni mizu haitchatta","ja":"耳に水入っちゃった","english":"I got water in my ear."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mimi ni mizu ga haitte shimaimashita","ja":"耳に水が入ってしまいました","english":"I got water in my ear."},"freqRank":1757,"score":null,"notes":"Mimi ga tooi means hard of hearing.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":136},{"id":"s-hana","romaji":"hana","polite":null,"english":"nose","use":null,"ja":"鼻","kana":"はな","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaze de hana ga tsumatteru","ja":"風邪で鼻が詰まってる","english":"My nose is blocked from a cold."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaze de hana ga tsumatte imasu","ja":"風邪で鼻が詰まっています","english":"My nose is blocked from a cold."},"freqRank":2627,"score":null,"notes":"Same sound as hana (flower). A runny nose is hanamizu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":137}],"stage":2,"range":"133-137","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-body-4","label":"Belly, back and chest","rationale":"Lets you talk about hunger and aches in the body.","interference":"onaka is the everyday word; hara is blunt and mostly male.","items":[{"id":"s-onaka","romaji":"onaka","polite":null,"english":"stomach; belly","use":"Onaka suita means I'm hungry; onaka ippai means I'm full.","ja":"お腹","kana":"おなか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aa, onaka suita naa","ja":"ああ、お腹すいたなあ","english":"Man, I'm hungry."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"onaka ga sukimashita ne","ja":"お腹がすきましたね","english":"I'm getting hungry."},"freqRank":4758,"score":null,"notes":"Onaka ga itai means I have a stomachache.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":138},{"id":"s-senaka","romaji":"senaka","polite":null,"english":"back","use":null,"ja":"背中","kana":"せなか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chotto senaka kaite kurenai?","ja":"ちょっと背中かいてくれない？","english":"Can you scratch my back?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chotto senaka o kaite moraemasu ka?","ja":"ちょっと背中をかいてもらえますか？","english":"Could you scratch my back?"},"freqRank":1602,"score":null,"notes":"The lower back is koshi.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":139},{"id":"s-mune","romaji":"mune","polite":null,"english":"chest; breasts; heart","use":null,"ja":"胸","kana":"むね","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyuu ni mune ga kurushiku natta","ja":"急に胸が苦しくなった","english":"My chest suddenly got tight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyuu ni mune ga kurushiku narimashita","ja":"急に胸が苦しくなりました","english":"My chest suddenly got tight."},"freqRank":997,"score":null,"notes":"Also feelings: mune ga itai can mean heartache.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":140},{"id":"s-hara","romaji":"hara","polite":"onaka","english":"belly; gut","use":"Blunt, mostly male word for onaka; hara hetta means I'm starving.","ja":"腹","kana":"はら","politeJa":"お腹","pos":"noun","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hara hetta, nanka kuou ze","ja":"腹減った、なんか食おうぜ","english":"I'm starving, let's eat something."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1216,"score":null,"notes":"Hara ga tatsu means to get angry.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":141}],"stage":2,"range":"138-141","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-pronouns-1","label":"I and you","rationale":"Lets you say I and you in casual talk.","interference":"ore is men-only and atashi women-leaning; anata and kimi can sound cold or bossy where a name would do.","items":[{"id":"s-ore","romaji":"ore","polite":"watashi","english":"I; me (men, casual)","use":"Men's everyday 'I' with friends and family; switch to watashi or boku in polite talk.","ja":"俺","kana":"おれ","politeJa":"私","pos":"pronoun","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ore mo issho ni iku yo","ja":"俺も一緒に行くよ","english":"I'll come with you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi mo issho ni ikimasu","ja":"私も一緒に行きます","english":"I'll come with you."},"freqRank":44,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":142},{"id":"s-anata","romaji":"anata","polite":null,"english":"you; dear","use":"Sounds distant or pointed face to face; Japanese usually use the person's name instead.","ja":"あなた","kana":"あなた","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"anata wa dou omou?","ja":"あなたはどう思う？","english":"What do you think?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"anata wa dou omoimasu ka?","ja":"あなたはどう思いますか？","english":"What do you think?"},"freqRank":68,"score":3,"notes":"Some wives call their husband anata, like 'dear'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":143},{"id":"s-atashi","romaji":"atashi","polite":"watashi","english":"I; me (women, casual)","use":"Soft, casual 'I', mostly used by women.","ja":"あたし","kana":"あたし","politeJa":"私","pos":"pronoun","flags":["fem","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atashi wa betsu ni ii kedo","ja":"あたしは別にいいけど","english":"I don't really mind, though."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa betsu ni kamaimasen","ja":"私は別に構いません","english":"I don't really mind."},"freqRank":4312,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":144},{"id":"s-kimi","romaji":"kimi","polite":null,"english":"you","use":"Said to friends, partners or juniors, mostly by men and bosses; everywhere in songs.","ja":"君","kana":"きみ","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kimi mo issho ni kuru?","ja":"君も一緒に来る？","english":"Are you coming too?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":173,"score":null,"notes":"Sounds condescending to someone older or senior.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":145}],"stage":2,"range":"142-145","category":"Pronouns"},{"id":"s-pronouns-5","label":"That guy, those guys","rationale":"Lets you talk casually about people who aren't here.","interference":"koitsu, soitsu and aitsu follow the same near, middle and far split as kore, sore and are.","items":[{"id":"s-yatsu","romaji":"yatsu","polite":null,"english":"guy; thing; one","use":"Casual word for a person or a thing: ii yatsu is a good guy, akai yatsu is the red one.","ja":"やつ","kana":"やつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare, ii yatsu da yo","ja":"彼、いいやつだよ","english":"He's a good guy."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":250,"score":4,"notes":"In polite talk, say hito for people and mono or no for things.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":146},{"id":"s-aitsu","romaji":"aitsu","polite":"ano hito","english":"that guy; him; her","use":"Casual 'him' or 'her' for someone not here; friendly or dismissive by tone.","ja":"あいつ","kana":"あいつ","politeJa":"あの人","pos":"pronoun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aitsu, mata chikoku da yo","ja":"あいつ、また遅刻だよ","english":"He's late again."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano hito wa mata chikoku desu","ja":"あの人はまた遅刻です","english":"He's late again."},"freqRank":251,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":147},{"id":"s-koitsu","romaji":"koitsu","polite":"kono hito","english":"this guy; this one","use":"Rough 'this person' for someone right beside you.","ja":"こいつ","kana":"こいつ","politeJa":"この人","pos":"pronoun","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"koitsu, ore no tomodachi","ja":"こいつ、俺の友達","english":"This guy's my friend."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hito wa watashi no tomodachi desu","ja":"この人は私の友達です","english":"This is my friend."},"freqRank":451,"score":3,"notes":"Also for things and pets: koitsu can mean this thing.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":148},{"id":"s-soitsu","romaji":"soitsu","polite":"sono hito","english":"that guy (just mentioned)","use":"Rough word for someone the other person just brought up.","ja":"そいつ","kana":"そいつ","politeJa":"その人","pos":"pronoun","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"soitsu, mukatsuku yatsu da na","ja":"そいつ、ムカつくやつだな","english":"That guy sounds like a jerk."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sono hito wa iya na hito desu ne","ja":"その人は嫌な人ですね","english":"That person sounds unpleasant."},"freqRank":1195,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":149},{"id":"s-aitsura","romaji":"aitsura","polite":"ano hitotachi","english":"those guys; them","use":null,"ja":"あいつら","kana":"あいつら","politeJa":"あの人たち","pos":"pronoun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"aitsura, mada konai no?","ja":"あいつら、まだ来ないの？","english":"Those guys still aren't here?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano hitotachi wa mada kimasen ka?","ja":"あの人たちはまだ来ませんか？","english":"Aren't they here yet?"},"freqRank":1387,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":150},{"id":"s-yatsura","romaji":"yatsura","polite":null,"english":"those guys; them (rough)","use":"Rough 'them', often for rivals or enemies.","ja":"やつら","kana":"やつら","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yatsura ni makeru wake ni wa ikanai","ja":"やつらに負けるわけにはいかない","english":"No way we're losing to those guys."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3902,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":151}],"stage":2,"range":"146-151","category":"Pronouns"},{"id":"s-taste-1","label":"Five basic tastes","rationale":"Say whether food is sweet, spicy, bitter, sour or salty.","interference":"karai means spicy, but in western Japan also salty; shoppai is the eastern word for salty.","items":[{"id":"s-amai","romaji":"amai","polite":"amai desu","english":"sweet; soft on someone","use":"Second sense: kodomo ni amai = soft on the kids.","ja":"甘い","kana":"あまい","politeJa":"甘いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, chotto amasugiru kamo.","ja":"これ、ちょっと甘すぎるかも。","english":"This might be a bit too sweet."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore wa chotto amasugiru kamo shiremasen.","ja":"これはちょっと甘すぎるかもしれません。","english":"This may be a little too sweet."},"freqRank":818,"score":null,"notes":"amai mono = sweets; amai mono ga suki = I have a sweet tooth.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":152},{"id":"s-karai","romaji":"karai","polite":"karai desu","english":"spicy (hot)","use":"Chilli heat; hot in temperature is atsui.","ja":"辛い","kana":"からい","politeJa":"辛いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore karai? taberareru kana.","ja":"これ辛い？食べられるかな。","english":"Is this spicy? Wonder if I can eat it."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore wa karai desu ka?","ja":"これは辛いですか？","english":"Is this spicy?"},"freqRank":3481,"score":null,"notes":"In western Japan it can also mean salty.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":true,"n":153},{"id":"s-nigai","romaji":"nigai","polite":"nigai desu","english":"bitter","use":"Also for experiences: nigai omoide = a bitter memory.","ja":"苦い","kana":"にがい","politeJa":"苦いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono koohii, chotto nigasugiru.","ja":"このコーヒー、ちょっと苦すぎる。","english":"This coffee is a bit too bitter."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono koohii wa chotto nigasugimasu.","ja":"このコーヒーはちょっと苦すぎます。","english":"This coffee is a little too bitter."},"freqRank":6494,"score":null,"notes":"Don't confuse with nigate (bad at; not a fan of).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":154},{"id":"s-suppai","romaji":"suppai","polite":"suppai desu","english":"sour","use":null,"ja":"酸っぱい","kana":"すっぱい","politeJa":"酸っぱいです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono ichigo, mada suppai ne.","ja":"このいちご、まだ酸っぱいね。","english":"These strawberries are still sour."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono ichigo wa mada suppai desu ne.","ja":"このいちごはまだ酸っぱいですね。","english":"These strawberries are still sour, aren't they."},"freqRank":10596,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":155},{"id":"s-shoppai","romaji":"shoppai","polite":"shoppai desu","english":"salty","use":"The everyday word for too salty, mainly in eastern Japan.","ja":"しょっぱい","kana":"しょっぱい","politeJa":"しょっぱいです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono suupu, chotto shoppakunai?","ja":"このスープ、ちょっとしょっぱくない？","english":"Isn't this soup a bit salty?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono suupu, sukoshi shoppai desu ne.","ja":"このスープ、少ししょっぱいですね。","english":"This soup is a little salty."},"freqRank":7991,"score":null,"notes":"Also slang for lame or disappointing.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":156}],"stage":2,"range":"152-156","category":"Tastes and textures"},{"id":"s-taste-2","label":"Bad taste and texture","rationale":"Say food tastes bad, is tough, or is tender.","interference":"mazui also means 'uh-oh, that's bad', not just bad taste.","items":[{"id":"s-mazui","romaji":"mazui","polite":"mazui desu","english":"tastes bad; bad, awkward (situation)","use":"mazui! alone means 'uh-oh, this is bad'.","ja":"まずい","kana":"まずい","politeJa":"まずいです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono raamen, honto ni mazui.","ja":"このラーメン、ほんとにまずい。","english":"This ramen is really bad."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono raamen wa chotto mazui desu ne.","ja":"このラーメンはちょっとまずいですね。","english":"This ramen isn't very good."},"freqRank":922,"score":null,"notes":"Blunt about food someone made for you; say amari oishiku nai instead.","listLinks":[],"cv":4,"focus":false,"n":157},{"id":"s-katai","romaji":"katai","polite":"katai desu","english":"hard; tough; stiff","use":"For food, beds and bodies; also stiff or formal (katai hanashi).","ja":"硬い","kana":"かたい","politeJa":"硬いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono niku, chotto katai ne.","ja":"この肉、ちょっと硬いね。","english":"This meat's a bit tough."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono niku wa sukoshi katai desu ne.","ja":"この肉は少し硬いですね。","english":"This meat is a little tough."},"freqRank":3207,"score":null,"notes":"atama ga katai = stubborn, set in their ways.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":158},{"id":"s-yawarakai","romaji":"yawarakai","polite":"yawarakai desu","english":"soft; tender","use":"For food, cushions and skin; also a gentle manner.","ja":"柔らかい","kana":"やわらかい","politeJa":"柔らかいです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono niku, sugoi yawarakai!","ja":"この肉、すごい柔らかい！","english":"This meat is so tender!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono niku wa totemo yawarakai desu ne.","ja":"この肉はとても柔らかいですね。","english":"This meat is very tender."},"freqRank":5315,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":159}],"stage":2,"range":"157-159","category":"Tastes and textures"},{"id":"s-clock-3","label":"How long it takes","rationale":"Lets you say how many hours, minutes, seconds or weeks something lasts.","interference":"niji (two o'clock) vs nijikan (two hours).","items":[{"id":"s-jikan","romaji":"-jikan","polite":null,"english":"hours (length of time)","use":"ichijikan, nijikan, sanjikan, yojikan, gojikan, rokujikan, nanajikan (or shichijikan), hachijikan, kujikan, juujikan; how long is nanjikan.","ja":"時間","kana":"じかん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"densha de nijikan gurai kakaru yo.","ja":"電車で二時間ぐらいかかるよ。","english":"It takes about two hours by train."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"densha de nijikan gurai kakarimasu.","ja":"電車で二時間ぐらいかかります。","english":"It takes about two hours by train."},"freqRank":181,"score":null,"notes":"Jikan alone means 'time': jikan ga nai = no time.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":160},{"id":"s-funkan","romaji":"-funkan","polite":null,"english":"minutes (as a length of time)","use":"Stresses how long: juppunkan = for ten minutes; in speech plain -fun often does the same job.","ja":"分間","kana":"ふんかん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, gofunkan dake yasumou ka.","ja":"じゃあ、五分間だけ休もうか。","english":"Okay, let's rest for just five minutes."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa, gofunkan dake yasumimashou.","ja":"では、五分間だけ休みましょう。","english":"Then let's rest for just five minutes."},"freqRank":5784,"score":null,"notes":"Same sound changes as -fun: ippunkan, sanpunkan, roppunkan, juppunkan.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":161},{"id":"s-byou","romaji":"-byou","polite":null,"english":"second(s)","use":"No sound changes: ichibyou, nibyou ... juubyou; how many is nanbyou.","ja":"秒","kana":"びょう","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ato sanjuubyou de hajimaru yo.","ja":"あと三十秒で始まるよ。","english":"It starts in thirty seconds."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ato sanjuubyou de hajimarimasu.","ja":"あと三十秒で始まります。","english":"It starts in thirty seconds."},"freqRank":1787,"score":4,"notes":"For 'just a second', people say chotto matte, not byou.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":162},{"id":"s-shuukan","romaji":"-shuukan","polite":null,"english":"weeks (length of time)","use":"isshuukan, nishuukan, sanshuukan, yonshuukan, goshuukan, rokushuukan, nanashuukan, hasshuukan, kyuushuukan, jusshuukan; how many is nanshuukan.","ja":"週間","kana":"しゅうかん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"isshuukan gurai yasumi toru tsumori.","ja":"一週間ぐらい休み取るつもり。","english":"I'm planning to take about a week off."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"isshuukan gurai yasumi o toru tsumori desu.","ja":"一週間ぐらい休みを取るつもりです。","english":"I'm planning to take about a week off."},"freqRank":4683,"score":4,"notes":"Raishuu (next week) and senshuu (last week) don't take -kan.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":163}],"stage":3,"range":"160-163","category":"Clock time"},{"id":"s-years-4","label":"Years later and since","rationale":"Lets you say a few years, years later, and the first time in years.","interference":"-nengo (years later) vs -nenburi (first time in years).","items":[{"id":"s-nenburi","romaji":"-nenburi","polite":null,"english":"for the first time in ... years","use":"Often heard when meeting someone again: gonenburi = first time in five years.","ja":"年ぶり","kana":"ねんぶり","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare ni au no, gonenburi da yo.","ja":"彼に会うの、五年ぶりだよ。","english":"It's been five years since I last saw him."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kare ni au no wa gonenburi desu.","ja":"彼に会うのは五年ぶりです。","english":"It's been five years since I last saw him."},"freqRank":2617,"score":3,"notes":"-buri works with any span: mikkaburi, and hisashiburi = it's been a while.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":164},{"id":"s-nengo","romaji":"-nengo","polite":null,"english":"... years later; in ... years","use":"sannengo = three years later or in three years' time; the opposite is -nen mae (years ago).","ja":"年後","kana":"ねんご","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juunengo, nani shiteru to omou?","ja":"十年後、何してると思う？","english":"What do you think you'll be doing in ten years?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juunengo, nani o shite iru to omoimasu ka?","ja":"十年後、何をしていると思いますか？","english":"What do you think you'll be doing in ten years?"},"freqRank":2771,"score":3,"notes":"The same -go works with other spans: mikkago = three days later.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":165},{"id":"s-suunen","romaji":"suunen","polite":null,"english":"a few years; several years","use":"Mostly in suunen mae (a few years ago) and suunengo (in a few years).","ja":"数年","kana":"すうねん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suunen mae ni hikkoshite kita n da.","ja":"数年前に引っ越してきたんだ。","english":"I moved here a few years ago."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"suunen mae ni hikkoshite kimashita.","ja":"数年前に引っ越してきました。","english":"I moved here a few years ago."},"freqRank":4272,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":166}],"stage":3,"range":"164-166","category":"Years and age"},{"id":"s-relative-2","label":"Every morning, week, year","rationale":"Lets you describe routines and how often things happen.","interference":"Maitsuki and maitoshi have formal twins, maigetsu and mainen.","items":[{"id":"s-maiasa","romaji":"maiasa","polite":null,"english":"every morning","use":null,"ja":"毎朝","kana":"まいあさ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maiasa koohii nomu yo.","ja":"毎朝コーヒー飲むよ。","english":"I have coffee every morning."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maiasa koohii o nomimasu.","ja":"毎朝コーヒーを飲みます。","english":"I drink coffee every morning."},"freqRank":3866,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":167},{"id":"s-maiban","romaji":"maiban","polite":null,"english":"every night; every evening","use":null,"ja":"毎晩","kana":"まいばん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maiban osoku made geemu shiteru.","ja":"毎晩遅くまでゲームしてる。","english":"I play games till late every night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maiban osoku made geemu o shite imasu.","ja":"毎晩遅くまでゲームをしています。","english":"I play games until late every night."},"freqRank":3427,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":168},{"id":"s-maishuu","romaji":"maishuu","polite":null,"english":"every week","use":null,"ja":"毎週","kana":"まいしゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maishuu kin'youbi ni au n da.","ja":"毎週金曜日に会うんだ。","english":"We meet up every Friday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maishuu kin'youbi ni aimasu.","ja":"毎週金曜日に会います。","english":"We meet every Friday."},"freqRank":4820,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":169},{"id":"s-maitsuki","romaji":"maitsuki","polite":null,"english":"every month","use":null,"ja":"毎月","kana":"まいつき","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maitsuki niman en chokin shiteru.","ja":"毎月二万円貯金してる。","english":"I save 20,000 yen every month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maitsuki niman en chokin shite imasu.","ja":"毎月二万円貯金しています。","english":"I put aside 20,000 yen every month."},"freqRank":4039,"score":4,"notes":"Maigetsu is the same word, more formal.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":170},{"id":"s-maitoshi","romaji":"maitoshi","polite":null,"english":"every year","use":null,"ja":"毎年","kana":"まいとし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maitoshi natsu ni jikka ni kaeru.","ja":"毎年夏に実家に帰る。","english":"I go home to my parents' every summer."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maitoshi natsu ni jikka ni kaerimasu.","ja":"毎年夏に実家に帰ります。","english":"I go back to my parents' place every summer."},"freqRank":2223,"score":4,"notes":"Mainen is the same word, a bit more formal.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":171},{"id":"s-maikai","romaji":"maikai","polite":null,"english":"every time","use":null,"ja":"毎回","kana":"まいかい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maikai onaji mono tanomu ne.","ja":"毎回同じもの頼むね。","english":"You order the same thing every time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maikai onaji mono o tanomimasu ne.","ja":"毎回同じものを頼みますね。","english":"You always order the same thing, don't you?"},"freqRank":2846,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":172}],"stage":3,"range":"167-172","category":"Days and years around now"},{"id":"s-dayparts-3","label":"Night and late night","rationale":"Lets you talk about evenings and the small hours.","interference":"Yonaka and shin'ya overlap; shin'ya sounds more official.","items":[{"id":"s-ban-2","romaji":"ban","polite":null,"english":"evening; night","use":"Mostly in set words: konban (this evening), maiban, bangohan, asa kara ban made.","ja":"晩","kana":"ばん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"asa kara ban made hataraiteru.","ja":"朝から晩まで働いてる。","english":"I work from morning till night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"asa kara ban made hataraite imasu.","ja":"朝から晩まで働いています。","english":"I work from morning until night."},"freqRank":4729,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":173},{"id":"s-yonaka","romaji":"yonaka","polite":null,"english":"the middle of the night","use":null,"ja":"夜中","kana":"よなか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yonaka ni me ga sameta.","ja":"夜中に目が覚めた。","english":"I woke up in the middle of the night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yonaka ni me ga samemashita.","ja":"夜中に目が覚めました。","english":"I woke up in the middle of the night."},"freqRank":2217,"score":4,"notes":"Mayonaka is the dead of night.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":174},{"id":"s-shinya","romaji":"shin'ya","polite":null,"english":"late at night; after midnight","use":"Sounds more official than yonaka; used for late shifts, late-night TV and opening hours.","ja":"深夜","kana":"しんや","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shin'ya made baito shiteru.","ja":"深夜までバイトしてる。","english":"I work my part-time job until late at night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shin'ya made arubaito o shite imasu.","ja":"深夜までアルバイトをしています。","english":"I work part-time until late at night."},"freqRank":3562,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":175},{"id":"s-yuugata","romaji":"yuugata","polite":null,"english":"early evening; late afternoon","use":"Roughly 4 to 7 p.m., while it gets dark; after that it's yoru.","ja":"夕方","kana":"ゆうがた","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuugata goro tsuku to omou.","ja":"夕方ごろ着くと思う。","english":"I think I'll get there around early evening."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuugata goro tsuku to omoimasu.","ja":"夕方ごろ着くと思います。","english":"I expect to arrive in the early evening."},"freqRank":2124,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":176},{"id":"s-hiruma","romaji":"hiruma","polite":null,"english":"daytime; during the day","use":null,"ja":"昼間","kana":"ひるま","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hiruma wa atsui kedo yoru wa suzushii.","ja":"昼間は暑いけど夜は涼しい。","english":"It's hot in the day but cool at night."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hiruma wa atsui desu ga, yoru wa suzushii desu.","ja":"昼間は暑いですが、夜は涼しいです。","english":"It's hot during the day, but cool at night."},"freqRank":2019,"score":3,"notes":"Hiru alone usually means noon or lunch; hiruma is the whole daylight stretch.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":177}],"stage":3,"range":"173-177","category":"Parts of the day"},{"id":"s-seasons-2","label":"Basic weather words","rationale":"Say what the weather is like today or tomorrow.","interference":"ame 'rain' sounds like ame 'candy'; hare is the noun, hareru the verb.","items":[{"id":"s-ame","romaji":"ame","polite":null,"english":"rain","use":"Rain falls with furu: ame ga furu.","ja":"雨","kana":"あめ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ame furisou da kara, kasa motte ikou.","ja":"雨降りそうだから、傘持って行こう。","english":"Looks like rain, so let's take an umbrella."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ame ga furisou na node, kasa o motte ikimashou.","ja":"雨が降りそうなので、傘を持って行きましょう。","english":"It looks like rain, so let's take an umbrella."},"freqRank":1522,"score":4,"notes":"Same sound as ame 'candy'; only the pitch differs.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":178},{"id":"s-tenki","romaji":"tenki","polite":null,"english":"weather; fine weather","use":null,"ja":"天気","kana":"てんき","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa ii tenki da ne.","ja":"今日はいい天気だね。","english":"Nice weather today, huh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa ii tenki desu ne.","ja":"今日はいい天気ですね。","english":"It's nice weather today, isn't it."},"freqRank":3650,"score":4,"notes":"otenki is the softer form. tenki ni naru = it'll clear up.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":179},{"id":"s-yuki","romaji":"yuki","polite":null,"english":"snow","use":null,"ja":"雪","kana":"ゆき","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita yuki furu kamo yo.","ja":"明日雪降るかもよ。","english":"It might snow tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita wa yuki ga furu kamo shiremasen.","ja":"明日は雪が降るかもしれません。","english":"It may snow tomorrow."},"freqRank":3158,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":180},{"id":"s-hare","romaji":"hare","polite":null,"english":"sunny weather; clear skies","use":"The forecast word for sunny: ashita wa hare.","ja":"晴れ","kana":"はれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita wa hare da tte.","ja":"明日は晴れだって。","english":"They say it'll be sunny tomorrow."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita wa hare da sou desu.","ja":"明日は晴れだそうです。","english":"I hear it'll be sunny tomorrow."},"freqRank":10195,"score":null,"notes":"The verb is hareru (to clear up).","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":181},{"id":"s-kumori","romaji":"kumori","polite":null,"english":"cloudy weather; overcast","use":null,"ja":"曇り","kana":"くもり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa zutto kumori mitai.","ja":"今日はずっと曇りみたい。","english":"Looks like it'll be cloudy all day."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa zutto kumori mitai desu.","ja":"今日はずっと曇りみたいです。","english":"It looks like it'll be cloudy all day."},"freqRank":13368,"score":null,"notes":"kumo is a cloud. The verb kumoru gives kumotte kita, 'it's clouding over'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":182},{"id":"s-tenki-yohou","romaji":"tenki yohou","polite":null,"english":"weather forecast","use":null,"ja":"天気予報","kana":"てんきよほう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ashita no tenki yohou mita?","ja":"明日の天気予報見た？","english":"Did you see tomorrow's forecast?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ashita no tenki yohou o mimashita ka?","ja":"明日の天気予報を見ましたか？","english":"Did you see tomorrow's weather forecast?"},"freqRank":13069,"score":3,"notes":"Often just yohou: yohou da to ame da tte = the forecast says rain.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":183}],"stage":3,"range":"178-183","category":"Seasons and weather"},{"id":"s-seasons-4","label":"How the air feels","rationale":"Comment on warm days, cool evenings and muggy summers.","interference":"atatakai (pleasant) vs atsui (too hot); suzushii (cool air) vs tsumetai (cold to the touch).","items":[{"id":"s-atatakai","romaji":"atatakai","polite":"atatakai desu","english":"warm","use":"Pleasant warmth: weather, rooms, food, kind people. Unpleasant heat is atsui.","ja":"暖かい","kana":"あたたかい","politeJa":"暖かいです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa atatakai ne.","ja":"今日は暖かいね。","english":"It's warm today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa atatakai desu ne.","ja":"今日は暖かいですね。","english":"It's warm today, isn't it."},"freqRank":2240,"score":4,"notes":"Casually said attakai. Written 温かい for food, drinks and kindness.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":184},{"id":"s-suzushii","romaji":"suzushii","polite":"suzushii desu","english":"cool (pleasantly)","use":"For air and weather; cold food or drinks are tsumetai.","ja":"涼しい","kana":"すずしい","politeJa":"涼しいです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuugata wa suzushiku natta ne.","ja":"夕方は涼しくなったね。","english":"It's got cooler in the evenings."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuugata wa suzushiku narimashita ne.","ja":"夕方は涼しくなりましたね。","english":"It's become cooler in the evenings, hasn't it."},"freqRank":7863,"score":null,"notes":"suzushii is nice; samui is unpleasantly cold.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":185},{"id":"s-mushiatsui","romaji":"mushiatsui","polite":"mushiatsui desu","english":"hot and humid; muggy","use":"The standard complaint about Japanese summers.","ja":"蒸し暑い","kana":"むしあつい","politeJa":"蒸し暑いです","pos":"i-adj","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou, honto ni mushiatsui ne.","ja":"今日、ほんとに蒸し暑いね。","english":"It's so muggy today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa hontou ni mushiatsui desu ne.","ja":"今日は本当に蒸し暑いですね。","english":"It's really muggy today, isn't it."},"freqRank":25950,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":186},{"id":"s-shikke","romaji":"shikke","polite":null,"english":"humidity; damp","use":"Comes up with hair, laundry and mould as much as weather.","ja":"湿気","kana":"しっけ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou, shikke sugokute kami ga yabai.","ja":"今日、湿気すごくて髪がやばい。","english":"It's so humid today, my hair's a mess."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa shikke ga sugokute, kami ga taihen desu.","ja":"今日は湿気がすごくて、髪が大変です。","english":"It's so humid today, my hair is a disaster."},"freqRank":20334,"score":3,"notes":"Also read shikki.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":187}],"stage":3,"range":"184-187","category":"Seasons and weather"},{"id":"s-seasons-5","label":"Wind and storms","rationale":"Talk about wind, typhoons, thunder and the rainy season.","interference":"kaze 'wind' and kaze 'a cold' sound the same.","items":[{"id":"s-kaze","romaji":"kaze","polite":null,"english":"wind","use":"Wind blows with fuku: kaze ga fuku. Windy is kaze ga tsuyoi.","ja":"風","kana":"かぜ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa kaze ga tsuyoi ne.","ja":"今日は風が強いね。","english":"It's really windy today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa kaze ga tsuyoi desu ne.","ja":"今日は風が強いですね。","english":"It's windy today, isn't it."},"freqRank":1532,"score":null,"notes":"Same sound as kaze 'a cold' (kaze o hiku = catch a cold).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":188},{"id":"s-taifuu","romaji":"taifuu","polite":null,"english":"typhoon","use":"Typhoons come late summer to autumn; taifuu ga kuru = a typhoon is coming.","ja":"台風","kana":"たいふう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"taifuu kuru kara, ashita yasumi kamo.","ja":"台風来るから、明日休みかも。","english":"A typhoon's coming, so tomorrow might be a day off."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"taifuu ga kuru node, ashita wa yasumi ni naru kamo shiremasen.","ja":"台風が来るので、明日は休みになるかもしれません。","english":"A typhoon is coming, so tomorrow may be a day off."},"freqRank":8171,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":189},{"id":"s-kaminari","romaji":"kaminari","polite":null,"english":"thunder; lightning","use":"One word for both; kaminari ga naru = it thunders.","ja":"雷","kana":"かみなり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uwa, kaminari natteru, kowai.","ja":"うわ、雷鳴ってる、怖い。","english":"Whoa, it's thundering. Scary."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaminari ga natte imasu ne. kowai desu.","ja":"雷が鳴っていますね。怖いです。","english":"It's thundering, isn't it. It's scary."},"freqRank":7324,"score":null,"notes":"kaminari ga ochiru = lightning strikes.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":190},{"id":"s-tsuyu","romaji":"tsuyu","polite":null,"english":"rainy season","use":"Japan's early-summer rains, roughly June to mid-July.","ja":"梅雨","kana":"つゆ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mou tsuyu ni haitta n da.","ja":"もう梅雨に入ったんだ。","english":"So the rainy season's started already."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mou tsuyu ni hairimashita ne.","ja":"もう梅雨に入りましたね。","english":"The rainy season has started already, hasn't it."},"freqRank":22408,"score":3,"notes":"tsuyuake = the end of the rainy season. Same sound as tsuyu 'dipping sauce'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":191}],"stage":3,"range":"188-191","category":"Seasons and weather"},{"id":"s-family-8","label":"Mum and dad at home","rationale":"Lets you call your parents the way families do at home.","interference":"With outsiders adults switch to chichi and haha.","items":[{"id":"s-papa","romaji":"papa","polite":"otousan","english":"dad; daddy","use":"What many kids, and some adults, call their father at home.","ja":"パパ","kana":"ぱぱ","politeJa":"お父さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"papa, chotto kore mite!","ja":"パパ、ちょっとこれ見て！","english":"Dad, look at this!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1028,"score":4,"notes":"Adults talking to outsiders switch to chichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":192},{"id":"s-mama","romaji":"mama","polite":"okaasan","english":"mum; mummy","use":"What many kids, and some adults, call their mother at home.","ja":"ママ","kana":"まま","politeJa":"お母さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mama, kore katte yo","ja":"ママ、これ買ってよ","english":"Mum, buy me this!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":7389,"score":null,"notes":"Also the woman who runs a bar or snack bar.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":193},{"id":"s-kaasan","romaji":"kaasan","polite":"okaasan","english":"Mum","use":"A more grown-up way to call your mother at home; common with teens and in dramas.","ja":"母さん","kana":"かあさん","politeJa":"お母さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaasan, chotto konbini itte kuru","ja":"母さん、ちょっとコンビニ行ってくる","english":"Mum, I'm just popping to the shop."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1319,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":194},{"id":"s-tousan","romaji":"tousan","polite":"otousan","english":"Dad","use":"A more grown-up way to call your father at home; common with teens and in dramas.","ja":"父さん","kana":"とうさん","politeJa":"お父さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tousan, chotto hanashi ga aru n da","ja":"父さん、ちょっと話があるんだ","english":"Dad, I need to talk to you."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1653,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":195}],"stage":3,"range":"192-195","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-10","label":"Uncles, aunts and relatives","rationale":"Lets you talk about the wider family.","interference":"ojisan and obasan also mean any middle-aged man or woman; mind the short vowel.","items":[{"id":"s-ojisan","romaji":"ojisan","polite":null,"english":"uncle; middle-aged man","use":"Any uncle, or any man around 40 to 60; kids use it for adult men.","ja":"おじさん","kana":"おじさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ojisan ni otoshidama moratta","ja":"おじさんにお年玉もらった","english":"I got New Year's money from my uncle."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ojisan ni otoshidama o moraimashita","ja":"おじさんにお年玉をもらいました","english":"I got New Year's money from my uncle."},"freqRank":1133,"score":4,"notes":"Calling a man ojisan can sting. Not ojiisan (grandfather).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":196},{"id":"s-obasan","romaji":"obasan","polite":null,"english":"aunt; middle-aged woman","use":"Any aunt, or any woman around 40 to 60; kids use it for adult women.","ja":"おばさん","kana":"おばさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"obasan no ie ni tomaru","ja":"おばさんの家に泊まる","english":"I'm staying at my aunt's."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"obasan no ie ni tomarimasu","ja":"おばさんの家に泊まります","english":"I'm staying at my aunt's."},"freqRank":1935,"score":4,"notes":"Calling a woman obasan can offend. Not obaasan (grandmother).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":197},{"id":"s-obachan","romaji":"obachan","polite":"obasan","english":"auntie; middle-aged lady","use":"Warmer, casual obasan; also how people call a friendly older woman at a shop.","ja":"おばちゃん","kana":"おばちゃん","politeJa":"おばさん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shokudou no obachan, yasashii yo","ja":"食堂のおばちゃん、優しいよ","english":"The canteen lady is really kind."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3405,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":198},{"id":"s-shinseki","romaji":"shinseki","polite":null,"english":"relatives; a relative","use":null,"ja":"親戚","kana":"しんせき","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shougatsu wa shinseki ga atsumaru","ja":"正月は親戚が集まる","english":"Relatives all get together at New Year."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shinseki no kekkonshiki ni ikimasu","ja":"親戚の結婚式に行きます","english":"I'm going to a relative's wedding."},"freqRank":2254,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":199},{"id":"s-itoko","romaji":"itoko","polite":null,"english":"cousin","use":null,"ja":"いとこ","kana":"いとこ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itoko to onaji gakkou nan da","ja":"いとこと同じ学校なんだ","english":"My cousin goes to my school."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itoko to onaji gakkou ni kayotte imasu","ja":"いとこと同じ学校に通っています","english":"My cousin and I go to the same school."},"freqRank":5611,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":200}],"stage":3,"range":"196-200","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-11","label":"Married couple words","rationale":"Lets you understand the casual and older words couples use.","interference":"shujin and danna are your own husband; goshujin and dannasan are someone else's.","items":[{"id":"s-danna","romaji":"danna","polite":"dannasan","english":"husband; hubby","use":"Casual word for your own husband; someone else's is dannasan.","ja":"旦那","kana":"だんな","politeJa":"旦那さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"danna, mada kaette konai","ja":"旦那、まだ帰ってこない","english":"My husband still isn't home."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"danna wa kyou shutchou desu","ja":"旦那は今日出張です","english":"My husband's away on business today."},"freqRank":1231,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":201},{"id":"s-fuufu","romaji":"fuufu","polite":null,"english":"married couple; husband and wife","use":null,"ja":"夫婦","kana":"ふうふ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano futari, fuufu na no?","ja":"あの二人、夫婦なの？","english":"Are those two married?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"fuufu de kissaten o yatte imasu","ja":"夫婦で喫茶店をやっています","english":"My wife and I run a café together."},"freqRank":1254,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":202},{"id":"s-shujin","romaji":"shujin","polite":"goshujin","english":"my husband","use":"Older-style word a wife uses for her own husband, mostly in polite talk.","ja":"主人","kana":"しゅじん","politeJa":"ご主人","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shujin wa mada neteru","ja":"主人はまだ寝てる","english":"My husband's still asleep."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shujin wa ima rusu desu","ja":"主人は今留守です","english":"My husband is out right now."},"freqRank":1832,"score":3,"notes":"Also means master or owner. Some avoid it as old-fashioned.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":203},{"id":"s-yome","romaji":"yome","polite":"okusan","english":"wife; daughter-in-law","use":"Many men use it casually for their own wife; traditionally it means a son's wife.","ja":"嫁","kana":"よめ","politeJa":"奥さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou yome ni okorareta yo","ja":"昨日嫁に怒られたよ","english":"My wife got mad at me yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yome no jikka ni ikimasu","ja":"嫁の実家に行きます","english":"I'm going to my wife's parents' place."},"freqRank":2260,"score":3,"notes":"Some find it old-fashioned; tsuma is the neutral word.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":204}],"stage":3,"range":"201-204","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-body-3","label":"Hands and feet","rationale":"Lets you name your limbs and fingers.","interference":"ashi covers both leg and foot; te often covers the arm too.","items":[{"id":"s-te","romaji":"te","polite":null,"english":"hand; arm","use":null,"ja":"手","kana":"て","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"gohan no mae ni te aratta?","ja":"ご飯の前に手洗った？","english":"Did you wash your hands before eating?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"gohan no mae ni te o aratte kudasai","ja":"ご飯の前に手を洗ってください","english":"Please wash your hands before eating."},"freqRank":259,"score":null,"notes":"Also help: te ga tarinai means short-handed.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":205},{"id":"s-ashi","romaji":"ashi","polite":null,"english":"leg; foot","use":null,"ja":"足","kana":"あし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"seiza shitete ashi ga shibireta","ja":"正座してて足がしびれた","english":"My legs went numb from kneeling."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"seiza o shite ite ashi ga shibiremashita","ja":"正座をしていて足がしびれました","english":"My legs went numb from kneeling."},"freqRank":707,"score":null,"notes":"One word for both leg and foot; context decides.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":206},{"id":"s-yubi","romaji":"yubi","polite":null,"english":"finger; toe","use":null,"ja":"指","kana":"ゆび","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"houchou de yubi kitchatta","ja":"包丁で指切っちゃった","english":"I cut my finger with the kitchen knife."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"houchou de yubi o kitte shimaimashita","ja":"包丁で指を切ってしまいました","english":"I cut my finger with the kitchen knife."},"freqRank":1853,"score":3,"notes":"Toes are ashi no yubi; the thumb is oyayubi.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":207},{"id":"s-ude","romaji":"ude","polite":null,"english":"arm; skill","use":null,"ja":"腕","kana":"うで","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nimotsu omokute ude ga tsukareta","ja":"荷物重くて腕が疲れた","english":"My arms are tired from the heavy bags."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nimotsu ga omokute ude ga tsukaremashita","ja":"荷物が重くて腕が疲れました","english":"My arms are tired from the heavy bags."},"freqRank":1105,"score":null,"notes":"Also skill: ude ga ii means skilled.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":208}],"stage":3,"range":"205-208","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-body-5","label":"Teeth, throat and lips","rationale":"Lets you describe toothache, sore throats and dry lips.","interference":"shita (tongue) sounds like shita (below); ha (tooth) like ha (leaf).","items":[{"id":"s-ha","romaji":"ha","polite":null,"english":"tooth; teeth","use":null,"ja":"歯","kana":"は","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ha ga itakute nerenai","ja":"歯が痛くて寝れない","english":"My tooth hurts so much I can't sleep."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ha ga itakute nemuremasen","ja":"歯が痛くて眠れません","english":"My tooth hurts so much I can't sleep."},"freqRank":3348,"score":null,"notes":"Ha o migaku means brush your teeth; the dentist is haisha.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":209},{"id":"s-nodo","romaji":"nodo","polite":null,"english":"throat","use":null,"ja":"喉","kana":"のど","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nodo kawaita, nanka nomou","ja":"喉渇いた、なんか飲もう","english":"I'm thirsty, let's get a drink."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nodo ga kawakimashita ne","ja":"喉が渇きましたね","english":"I'm getting thirsty."},"freqRank":3552,"score":4,"notes":"Nodo ga kawaku means to be thirsty; nodo ga itai means a sore throat.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":210},{"id":"s-kuchibiru","romaji":"kuchibiru","polite":null,"english":"lips; lip","use":null,"ja":"唇","kana":"くちびる","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"fuyu wa kuchibiru ga kasakasa ni naru","ja":"冬は唇がカサカサになる","english":"My lips get really dry in winter."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"fuyu wa kuchibiru ga kasakasa ni narimasu","ja":"冬は唇がカサカサになります","english":"My lips get really dry in winter."},"freqRank":5081,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":211},{"id":"s-shita","romaji":"shita","polite":null,"english":"tongue","use":null,"ja":"舌","kana":"した","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atsukute shita yakedo shita","ja":"熱くて舌やけどした","english":"It was so hot I burnt my tongue."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"atsukute shita o yakedo shimashita","ja":"熱くて舌をやけどしました","english":"It was so hot I burnt my tongue."},"freqRank":4557,"score":3,"notes":"Same sound as shita (below; under).","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":212}],"stage":3,"range":"209-212","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-position-2","label":"Next to and near","rationale":"Say where something is: next to, near, beside, between.","interference":"tonari is next to the same kind of thing; yoko is beside anything; soba is just near.","items":[{"id":"s-tonari","romaji":"tonari","polite":null,"english":"next to; next door","use":"Right beside, usually the same kind of thing: seats, houses, people.","ja":"隣","kana":"となり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tonari, suwatte mo ii?","ja":"隣、座ってもいい？","english":"Mind if I sit next to you?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tonari ni suwatte mo ii desu ka?","ja":"隣に座ってもいいですか？","english":"May I sit next to you?"},"freqRank":921,"score":4,"notes":"tonari no hito = the neighbour, or the person in the next seat.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":213},{"id":"s-soba","romaji":"soba","polite":null,"english":"near; beside","use":"Close by, vaguer than tonari or yoko: eki no soba = near the station.","ja":"そば","kana":"そば","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eki no soba ni sunderu n da.","ja":"駅のそばに住んでるんだ。","english":"I live near the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eki no soba ni sunde imasu.","ja":"駅のそばに住んでいます。","english":"I live near the station."},"freqRank":785,"score":3,"notes":"Same sound as soba noodles.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":214},{"id":"s-yoko","romaji":"yoko","polite":null,"english":"side; beside; sideways","use":"Beside anything at all, not just the same kind of thing.","ja":"横","kana":"よこ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kagi, terebi no yoko ni oita yo.","ja":"鍵、テレビの横に置いたよ。","english":"I put the keys next to the TV."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kagi wa terebi no yoko ni okimashita.","ja":"鍵はテレビの横に置きました。","english":"I put the keys next to the TV."},"freqRank":2228,"score":null,"notes":"yoko ni naru = lie down.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":215},{"id":"s-aida","romaji":"aida","polite":null,"english":"between; while (a stretch of time)","use":"X to Y no aida = between X and Y.","ja":"間","kana":"あいだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ginkou to yuubinkyoku no aida ni aru yo.","ja":"銀行と郵便局の間にあるよ。","english":"It's between the bank and the post office."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ginkou to yuubinkyoku no aida ni arimasu.","ja":"銀行と郵便局の間にあります。","english":"It's between the bank and the post office."},"freqRank":389,"score":null,"notes":"kono aida = the other day.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":216}],"stage":3,"range":"213-216","category":"Position and direction"},{"id":"s-position-3","label":"Around here and there","rationale":"Point to a rough area near you, near them or away from both, and ask whereabouts.","interference":"sono hen (near you) vs ano hen (away from both of us).","items":[{"id":"s-kono-hen","romaji":"kono hen","polite":null,"english":"around here; this area","use":null,"ja":"この辺","kana":"このへん","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono hen ni konbini aru?","ja":"この辺にコンビニある？","english":"Is there a convenience store around here?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hen ni konbini wa arimasu ka?","ja":"この辺にコンビニはありますか？","english":"Is there a convenience store around here?"},"freqRank":1367,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'stop here': kyou wa kono hen de = let's call it a day.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":217},{"id":"s-sono-hen","romaji":"sono hen","polite":null,"english":"around there; thereabouts","use":"Near the listener, or just 'somewhere around there'.","ja":"その辺","kana":"そのへん","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaban, sono hen ni oitoite.","ja":"かばん、その辺に置いといて。","english":"Just leave your bag around there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaban wa sono hen ni oite kudasai.","ja":"かばんはその辺に置いてください。","english":"Please put your bag over there."},"freqRank":2713,"score":3,"notes":"Also 'that part': sono hen wa daijoubu = that part's fine.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":218},{"id":"s-ano-hen","romaji":"ano hen","polite":null,"english":"over there; that area","use":"An area away from you both, or one you both know.","ja":"あの辺","kana":"あのへん","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mukashi, ano hen ni sundeta n da.","ja":"昔、あの辺に住んでたんだ。","english":"I used to live around there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mukashi, ano hen ni sunde imashita.","ja":"昔、あの辺に住んでいました。","english":"I used to live around there."},"freqRank":null,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":219},{"id":"s-dono-hen","romaji":"dono hen","polite":null,"english":"whereabouts; which part","use":"Softer than doko when you only want a rough area.","ja":"どの辺","kana":"どのへん","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"dono hen ni sunderu no?","ja":"どの辺に住んでるの？","english":"Whereabouts do you live?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dono hen ni sunde imasu ka?","ja":"どの辺に住んでいますか？","english":"Whereabouts do you live?"},"freqRank":9635,"score":null,"notes":"Also 'which part?': dono hen ga yokatta? = which part did you like?","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":220},{"id":"s-sokora","romaji":"sokora","polite":null,"english":"around there; somewhere around","use":"Vague: sokora ni aru = it's around there somewhere.","ja":"そこら","kana":"そこら","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"megane? sokora ni nai?","ja":"眼鏡？そこらにない？","english":"Your glasses? Aren't they around there somewhere?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4602,"score":3,"notes":"Also 'or so': ichiman en ka sokora = ten thousand yen or so.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":221}],"stage":3,"range":"217-221","category":"Position and direction"},{"id":"s-position-5","label":"Middle, sides, all over","rationale":"Talk about the surroundings, one side, the middle, and all over the place.","interference":"mannaka (exact middle) vs naka (inside).","items":[{"id":"s-mawari","romaji":"mawari","polite":null,"english":"around; surroundings; the people around you","use":"mawari no hito = the people around you, a big deal in Japanese social life.","ja":"周り","kana":"まわり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mawari no hito, ki ni shinakute ii yo.","ja":"周りの人、気にしなくていいよ。","english":"Don't worry about the people around you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mawari no hito wa ki ni shinakute ii desu yo.","ja":"周りの人は気にしなくていいですよ。","english":"You don't need to worry about the people around you."},"freqRank":735,"score":4,"notes":"Physical sense too: eki no mawari = around the station.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":222},{"id":"s-gawa","romaji":"-gawa","polite":null,"english":"side","use":"Attaches to a place or direction: migigawa (right side), kotchigawa (this side), mukougawa (far side).","ja":"〜側","kana":"がわ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kotchigawa no seki ni suwatte.","ja":"こっち側の席に座って。","english":"Sit on this side."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kochiragawa no seki ni suwatte kudasai.","ja":"こちら側の席に座ってください。","english":"Please sit on this side."},"freqRank":1192,"score":3,"notes":"Also a side in a dispute: kaisha no gawa = the company's side.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":223},{"id":"s-mannaka","romaji":"mannaka","polite":null,"english":"middle; centre","use":null,"ja":"真ん中","kana":"まんなか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mannaka no seki ga ii na.","ja":"真ん中の席がいいな。","english":"I'd like the middle seat."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mannaka no seki ga ii desu.","ja":"真ん中の席がいいです。","english":"I'd like the middle seat, please."},"freqRank":2903,"score":4,"notes":"naka is 'inside'; mannaka is the exact middle.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":224},{"id":"s-achikochi","romaji":"achikochi","polite":null,"english":"here and there; all over","use":null,"ja":"あちこち","kana":"あちこち","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou achikochi sagashita kedo, nakatta.","ja":"昨日あちこち探したけど、なかった。","english":"I looked all over yesterday, but it wasn't there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou achikochi sagashimashita ga, arimasen deshita.","ja":"昨日あちこち探しましたが、ありませんでした。","english":"I searched all over yesterday, but it wasn't there."},"freqRank":3022,"score":4,"notes":"Casually said atchikotchi. karada no achikochi ga itai = I ache all over.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":225}],"stage":3,"range":"222-225","category":"Position and direction"},{"id":"s-pronouns-3","label":"Saying we","rationale":"Lets you say we at different levels of casualness.","interference":"oretachi is men's casual talk; watashitachi works for everyone.","items":[{"id":"s-watashitachi","romaji":"watashitachi","polite":null,"english":"we; us","use":"Neutral 'we', fine anywhere; men say oretachi or bokutachi in casual talk.","ja":"私たち","kana":"わたしたち","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"watashitachi mo issho ni ikou yo","ja":"私たちも一緒に行こうよ","english":"Let's go along too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashitachi mo issho ni ikimashou","ja":"私たちも一緒に行きましょう","english":"Let's go along too."},"freqRank":395,"score":5,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":226},{"id":"s-oretachi","romaji":"oretachi","polite":"watashitachi","english":"we; us (men, casual)","use":null,"ja":"俺たち","kana":"おれたち","politeJa":"私たち","pos":"pronoun","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oretachi mo itte ii?","ja":"俺たちも行っていい？","english":"Can we come too?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashitachi mo itte ii desu ka?","ja":"私たちも行っていいですか？","english":"May we come too?"},"freqRank":544,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":227},{"id":"s-bokutachi","romaji":"bokutachi","polite":null,"english":"we; us (boys and men, gentle)","use":"Gentler male 'we'; boys say it, and men use it in polite-ish talk.","ja":"僕たち","kana":"ぼくたち","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"bokutachi, onaji kurasu da yo ne","ja":"僕たち、同じクラスだよね","english":"We're in the same class, right?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"bokutachi wa onaji kurasu desu","ja":"僕たちは同じクラスです","english":"We're in the same class."},"freqRank":1369,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":228}],"stage":3,"range":"226-228","category":"Pronouns"},{"id":"s-pronouns-4","label":"Blunt you","rationale":"Lets you recognise rough ways of saying you.","interference":"omae is friendly among male friends but aggressive from strangers.","items":[{"id":"s-omae","romaji":"omae","polite":null,"english":"you (rough)","use":"Men use it with close friends or to talk down; from a stranger it's aggressive.","ja":"お前","kana":"おまえ","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["rough","masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omae, nani shiteru n da yo","ja":"お前、何してるんだよ","english":"What the hell are you doing?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":65,"score":3,"notes":"In polite talk, use the person's name with -san.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":229},{"id":"s-anta","romaji":"anta","polite":null,"english":"you (blunt)","use":"Short for anata; blunt or familiar, common with older women and in arguments.","ja":"あんた","kana":"あんた","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"anta ni wa kankei nai desho","ja":"あんたには関係ないでしょ","english":"That's none of your business."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":176,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":230},{"id":"s-omaera","romaji":"omaera","polite":null,"english":"you lot; you guys","use":"Rough 'you' for a group; common among male friends and from coaches.","ja":"お前ら","kana":"おまえら","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["rough","masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omaera, chotto urusai zo","ja":"お前ら、ちょっとうるさいぞ","english":"You lot, keep it down."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":799,"score":3,"notes":"Polite talk uses minasan for 'you all'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":231}],"stage":3,"range":"229-231","category":"Pronouns"},{"id":"s-pronouns-6","label":"We with -ra","rationale":"Lets you make casual plurals and hear the we-words in songs.","interference":"-ra sounds rougher than -tachi; bokura is softer than orera.","items":[{"id":"s-ra","romaji":"-ra","polite":"-tachi","english":"plural ending for people (casual)","use":"Added to pronouns and names for 'and the others': karera, bokura, tanaka-ra.","ja":"〜ら","kana":"ら","politeJa":"〜たち","pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"karera mo kuru tte","ja":"彼らも来るって","english":"They said they're coming too."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"karera mo kuru sou desu","ja":"彼らも来るそうです","english":"I hear they're coming too."},"freqRank":1304,"score":null,"notes":"Rougher than -tachi on most words; karera (they) is neutral.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":232},{"id":"s-bokura","romaji":"bokura","polite":null,"english":"we; us (boys and men)","use":"Casual male 'we', softer than orera; very common in songs.","ja":"僕ら","kana":"ぼくら","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["masc"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"bokura, mou otona da yo","ja":"僕ら、もう大人だよ","english":"We're grown-ups now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"bokura wa mou otona desu","ja":"僕らはもう大人です","english":"We're adults now."},"freqRank":1464,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":233},{"id":"s-orera","romaji":"orera","polite":"watashitachi","english":"we; us (men, rough)","use":null,"ja":"俺ら","kana":"おれら","politeJa":"私たち","pos":"pronoun","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"orera de nantoka shiyou ze","ja":"俺らでなんとかしようぜ","english":"Let's sort it out ourselves."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashitachi de nantoka shimashou","ja":"私たちでなんとかしましょう","english":"Let's sort it out ourselves."},"freqRank":1795,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":234},{"id":"s-uchira","romaji":"uchira","polite":"watashitachi","english":"we; us (casual)","use":"Young women's and western Japan's casual 'we'.","ja":"うちら","kana":"うちら","politeJa":"私たち","pos":"pronoun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uchira, zutto tomodachi da yo ne","ja":"うちら、ずっと友達だよね","english":"We'll always be friends, right?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":2859,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":235}],"stage":3,"range":"232-235","category":"Pronouns"},{"id":"s-countries-3","label":"Home and abroad","rationale":"Talk about home countries, foreigners and travel abroad.","interference":"kaigai (going overseas) vs gaikoku (foreign countries themselves).","items":[{"id":"s-kuni","romaji":"kuni","polite":null,"english":"country; home country","use":null,"ja":"国","kana":"くに","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kuni ni wa itsu kaeru no?","ja":"国にはいつ帰るの？","english":"When are you going back home?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kuni ni wa itsu kaeru n desu ka?","ja":"国にはいつ帰るんですか？","english":"When are you going back to your country?"},"freqRank":1119,"score":4,"notes":"okuni wa dochira desu ka? is the polite 'where are you from?'","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":236},{"id":"s-kaigai","romaji":"kaigai","polite":null,"english":"overseas; abroad","use":"The usual word for going abroad: kaigai ryokou = a trip overseas.","ja":"海外","kana":"かいがい","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaigai ryokou, itta koto aru?","ja":"海外旅行、行ったことある？","english":"Have you ever been overseas?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaigai ryokou ni itta koto wa arimasu ka?","ja":"海外旅行に行ったことはありますか？","english":"Have you ever travelled overseas?"},"freqRank":1543,"score":4,"notes":"kaigai is about going abroad; gaikoku is the foreign countries themselves.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":true,"n":237},{"id":"s-gaikoku","romaji":"gaikoku","polite":null,"english":"foreign country; abroad","use":"Any country that isn't Japan.","ja":"外国","kana":"がいこく","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsuka gaikoku ni sunde mitai na.","ja":"いつか外国に住んでみたいな。","english":"I'd like to live abroad someday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itsuka gaikoku ni sunde mitai desu.","ja":"いつか外国に住んでみたいです。","english":"I'd like to live abroad someday."},"freqRank":4295,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":238},{"id":"s-gaikokujin","romaji":"gaikokujin","polite":null,"english":"foreigner","use":"The neutral word for non-Japanese people.","ja":"外国人","kana":"がいこくじん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono hen, gaikokujin ooi ne.","ja":"この辺、外国人多いね。","english":"Lots of foreigners around here, huh."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono hen wa gaikokujin ga ooi desu ne.","ja":"この辺は外国人が多いですね。","english":"There are a lot of foreigners around here."},"freqRank":5391,"score":null,"notes":"You'll also hear the clipped gaijin, which many find rude.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":239},{"id":"s-kokunai","romaji":"kokunai","polite":null,"english":"domestic; within the country","use":"Mostly for travel and flights: kokunai ryokou, kokunaisen (domestic flights).","ja":"国内","kana":"こくない","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kotoshi wa kokunai ryokou ni shiyou ka.","ja":"今年は国内旅行にしようか。","english":"Shall we travel within Japan this year?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kotoshi wa kokunai ryokou ni shimashou ka.","ja":"今年は国内旅行にしましょうか。","english":"Shall we travel within the country this year?"},"freqRank":4855,"score":3,"notes":"The usual contrast is kaigai (overseas).","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":240}],"stage":3,"range":"236-240","category":"Countries and languages"},{"id":"s-numbers-4","label":"Changed hundreds and thousands","rationale":"Lets you say prices like 300 or 8,000 yen correctly.","interference":"Saying the regular rokuhyaku or hachisen instead of the changed forms.","items":[{"id":"s-sanbyaku","romaji":"sanbyaku","polite":null,"english":"three hundred","use":null,"ja":"三百","kana":"さんびゃく","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, sanbyaku en da yo.","ja":"これ、三百円だよ。","english":"This is three hundred yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore wa sanbyaku en desu.","ja":"これは三百円です。","english":"This is three hundred yen."},"freqRank":29453,"score":null,"notes":"Not sanhyaku: h turns to b after san. Nanbyaku (how many hundred) changes the same way.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":241},{"id":"s-roppyaku","romaji":"roppyaku","polite":null,"english":"six hundred","use":null,"ja":"六百","kana":"ろっぴゃく","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kippu, roppyaku en datta.","ja":"切符、六百円だった。","english":"The ticket was six hundred yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kippu wa roppyaku en deshita.","ja":"切符は六百円でした。","english":"The ticket was six hundred yen."},"freqRank":67498,"score":null,"notes":"Not rokuhyaku: roku shortens to rop- and h becomes p.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":242},{"id":"s-happyaku","romaji":"happyaku","polite":null,"english":"eight hundred","use":null,"ja":"八百","kana":"はっぴゃく","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ranchi, happyaku en de yasui ne.","ja":"ランチ、八百円で安いね。","english":"Lunch is cheap at eight hundred yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ranchi wa happyaku en de yasui desu ne.","ja":"ランチは八百円で安いですね。","english":"Lunch is cheap at eight hundred yen."},"freqRank":27191,"score":null,"notes":"Not hachihyaku: hachi shortens to hap- and h becomes p.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":243},{"id":"s-sanzen","romaji":"sanzen","polite":null,"english":"three thousand","use":null,"ja":"三千","kana":"さんぜん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sanzen en de tariru?","ja":"三千円で足りる？","english":"Is three thousand yen enough?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sanzen en de tarimasu ka.","ja":"三千円で足りますか。","english":"Will three thousand yen be enough?"},"freqRank":36055,"score":null,"notes":"Not sansen: s turns to z after san.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":244},{"id":"s-hassen","romaji":"hassen","polite":null,"english":"eight thousand","use":null,"ja":"八千","kana":"はっせん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hoteru, hassen en datta yo.","ja":"ホテル、八千円だったよ。","english":"The hotel was eight thousand yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hoteru wa hassen en deshita.","ja":"ホテルは八千円でした。","english":"The hotel was eight thousand yen."},"freqRank":103752,"score":null,"notes":"Not hachisen. Rokusen (6,000) stays regular.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":245}],"stage":4,"range":"241-245","category":"Numbers"},{"id":"s-numbers-5","label":"Big numbers in man","rationale":"Lets you talk about rent, salaries and big prices.","interference":"English counts in thousands; 100,000 is juuman, not hyakusen.","items":[{"id":"s-ichiman","romaji":"ichiman","polite":null,"english":"ten thousand","use":"Japanese groups big numbers in man (10,000), not thousands, and always says ichiman, never man alone.","ja":"一万","kana":"いちまん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichiman en satsu shika nai.","ja":"一万円札しかない。","english":"I've only got a ten-thousand-yen note."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ichiman en satsu shika arimasen.","ja":"一万円札しかありません。","english":"I only have a ten-thousand-yen note."},"freqRank":28430,"score":null,"notes":"Count up in man: niman is 20,000, goman is 50,000.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":246},{"id":"s-juuman","romaji":"juuman","polite":null,"english":"a hundred thousand","use":"Ten man; prices and rent in this range are said in man.","ja":"十万","kana":"じゅうまん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yachin, juuman gurai da yo.","ja":"家賃、十万ぐらいだよ。","english":"Rent's about a hundred thousand yen."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yachin wa juuman en gurai desu.","ja":"家賃は十万円ぐらいです。","english":"The rent is about a hundred thousand yen."},"freqRank":32601,"score":null,"notes":"Not hyakusen. Two hundred thousand is nijuuman.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":247},{"id":"s-hyakuman","romaji":"hyakuman","polite":null,"english":"a million","use":"A hundred man; there is no separate word for million.","ja":"百万","kana":"ひゃくまん","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hyakuman en atattara nani suru?","ja":"百万円当たったら何する？","english":"What would you do if you won a million yen?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hyakuman en atattara nani o shimasu ka.","ja":"百万円当たったら何をしますか。","english":"What would you do if you won a million yen?"},"freqRank":14900,"score":null,"notes":"Ten million is issenman, with sen shortened to issen.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":248},{"id":"s-ichioku","romaji":"ichioku","polite":null,"english":"a hundred million","use":"The next unit after man: ten thousand man is ichioku.","ja":"一億","kana":"いちおく","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ichioku en atte mo tarinai yo.","ja":"一億円あっても足りないよ。","english":"Even a hundred million yen wouldn't be enough."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ichioku en atte mo tarimasen.","ja":"一億円あっても足りません。","english":"Even a hundred million yen wouldn't be enough."},"freqRank":30809,"score":null,"notes":"The classic 'fortune' number in lotteries and dreams. A billion is juuoku.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":249}],"stage":4,"range":"246-249","category":"Numbers"},{"id":"s-native-1","label":"Things one to five","rationale":"Lets you count and order things without knowing a counter.","interference":"Hitotsu and futatsu are things; hitori and futari are people.","items":[{"id":"s-hitotsu","romaji":"hitotsu","polite":null,"english":"one (thing); one","use":"Counts things that have no special counter, and is how you order: kore hitotsu.","ja":"一つ","kana":"ひとつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kore, hitotsu choudai.","ja":"これ、一つちょうだい。","english":"Give me one of these."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kore o hitotsu kudasai.","ja":"これを一つください。","english":"One of these, please."},"freqRank":763,"score":5,"notes":"Mou hitotsu means one more. One person is hitori, not hitotsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":250},{"id":"s-futatsu","romaji":"futatsu","polite":null,"english":"two (things)","use":"The count usually comes after the thing: ringo o futatsu.","ja":"二つ","kana":"ふたつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ringo futatsu katte kite.","ja":"りんご二つ買ってきて。","english":"Pick up two apples."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ringo o futatsu katte kite kudasai.","ja":"りんごを二つ買ってきてください。","english":"Please pick up two apples."},"freqRank":5643,"score":null,"notes":"Futari is two people; futatsu is two things.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":251},{"id":"s-mittsu","romaji":"mittsu","polite":null,"english":"three (things)","use":null,"ja":"三つ","kana":"みっつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mittsu de juubun da yo.","ja":"三つで十分だよ。","english":"Three is plenty."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mittsu de juubun desu.","ja":"三つで十分です。","english":"Three is plenty."},"freqRank":11392,"score":null,"notes":"Hold the small pause: mit-tsu, not mitsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":252},{"id":"s-yottsu","romaji":"yottsu","polite":null,"english":"four (things)","use":null,"ja":"四つ","kana":"よっつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"isu, yottsu aru?","ja":"椅子、四つある？","english":"Are there four chairs?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"isu wa yottsu arimasu ka.","ja":"椅子は四つありますか。","english":"Are there four chairs?"},"freqRank":21590,"score":null,"notes":"Hold the small pause: yot-tsu. Easy to mix with yattsu (eight).","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":253},{"id":"s-itsutsu","romaji":"itsutsu","polite":null,"english":"five (things)","use":null,"ja":"五つ","kana":"いつつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsutsu mo tabeta no?","ja":"五つも食べたの？","english":"You ate five of them?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itsutsu mo tabeta n desu ka.","ja":"五つも食べたんですか。","english":"You ate five of them?"},"freqRank":21929,"score":null,"notes":"No pause here, unlike mittsu and yottsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":254}],"stage":4,"range":"250-254","category":"Counting things"},{"id":"s-native-2","label":"Things six to ten","rationale":"Lets you count things up to ten.","interference":"Muttsu (6) sounds like mittsu (3), and yattsu (8) like yottsu (4).","items":[{"id":"s-muttsu","romaji":"muttsu","polite":null,"english":"six (things)","use":null,"ja":"六つ","kana":"むっつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tamago muttsu tsukau yo.","ja":"卵六つ使うよ。","english":"We're using six eggs."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tamago o muttsu tsukaimasu.","ja":"卵を六つ使います。","english":"We'll use six eggs."},"freqRank":33159,"score":null,"notes":"Easy to mishear as mittsu (three); listen for mu.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":255},{"id":"s-nanatsu","romaji":"nanatsu","polite":null,"english":"seven (things)","use":null,"ja":"七つ","kana":"ななつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanatsume no eki de oriru yo.","ja":"七つ目の駅で降りるよ。","english":"I get off at the seventh stop."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanatsume no eki de orimasu.","ja":"七つ目の駅で降ります。","english":"I get off at the seventh station."},"freqRank":23295,"score":null,"notes":"Add -me for order: hitotsume, futatsume = first, second.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":256},{"id":"s-yattsu","romaji":"yattsu","polite":null,"english":"eight (things)","use":null,"ja":"八つ","kana":"やっつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"piza, yattsu ni kitte.","ja":"ピザ、八つに切って。","english":"Cut the pizza into eight."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"piza o yattsu ni kitte kudasai.","ja":"ピザを八つに切ってください。","english":"Please cut the pizza into eight."},"freqRank":24154,"score":null,"notes":"Easy to mix with yottsu (four); listen for ya.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":257},{"id":"s-kokonotsu","romaji":"kokonotsu","polite":null,"english":"nine (things)","use":null,"ja":"九つ","kana":"ここのつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"number","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kokonotsu atta hazu da kedo.","ja":"九つあったはずだけど。","english":"There should've been nine."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kokonotsu atta hazu desu ga.","ja":"九つあったはずですが。","english":"There should have been nine."},"freqRank":31914,"score":null,"notes":"Many adults just say kyuuko, with the counter -ko.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":258}],"stage":4,"range":"255-258","category":"Counting things"},{"id":"s-native-3","label":"Asking how many","rationale":"Lets you ask how many, say 'a few' and go through things one by one.","interference":"Ikutsu asks how many; ikutsuka means a few.","items":[{"id":"s-ikutsu","romaji":"ikutsu","polite":null,"english":"how many; how old","use":"Asks how many things with no special counter, and a child's or friend's age.","ja":"いくつ","kana":"いくつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ikutsu iru?","ja":"いくつ要る？","english":"How many do you need?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ikutsu irimasu ka.","ja":"いくつ要りますか。","english":"How many do you need?"},"freqRank":1556,"score":4,"notes":"To ask an adult's age politely, say oikutsu desu ka. Ikura asks how much money.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":259},{"id":"s-ikutsuka","romaji":"ikutsuka","polite":null,"english":"several; a few","use":"A vague small number of things; for people use nannin ka.","ja":"いくつか","kana":"いくつか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ikutsuka shitsumon shite ii?","ja":"いくつか質問していい？","english":"Can I ask a few questions?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ikutsuka shitsumon shite mo ii desu ka.","ja":"いくつか質問してもいいですか。","english":"May I ask a few questions?"},"freqRank":2941,"score":4,"notes":"A statement, not a question: the ka makes it vague, like 'some'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":260},{"id":"s-hitotsu-hitotsu","romaji":"hitotsu hitotsu","polite":null,"english":"one by one; each one","use":"Stresses going through things one at a time, carefully.","ja":"一つ一つ","kana":"ひとつひとつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hitotsu hitotsu chekku shita yo.","ja":"一つ一つチェックしたよ。","english":"I checked each one."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitotsu hitotsu chekku shimashita.","ja":"一つ一つチェックしました。","english":"I checked them one by one."},"freqRank":5036,"score":3,"notes":"For people, it's hitori hitori.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":261}],"stage":4,"range":"259-261","category":"Counting things"},{"id":"s-people-2","label":"Both, each, only one","rationale":"Lets you talk about both people, each person, a lone person and the headcount.","interference":"Hitori hitori (each person) vs hitotsu hitotsu (each thing).","items":[{"id":"s-futari-tomo","romaji":"futari tomo","polite":null,"english":"both (people); both of them","use":null,"ja":"二人とも","kana":"ふたりとも","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"futari tomo genki da yo.","ja":"二人とも元気だよ。","english":"They're both doing well."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"futari tomo genki desu.","ja":"二人とも元気です。","english":"They are both well."},"freqRank":3402,"score":4,"notes":"For two things, both is ryouhou. Three people works the same: sannin tomo.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":262},{"id":"s-hitori-hitori","romaji":"hitori hitori","polite":null,"english":"each person; one by one","use":"Stresses every individual, not the group.","ja":"一人一人","kana":"ひとりひとり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hitori hitori kangae ga chigau yo.","ja":"一人一人考えが違うよ。","english":"Everyone thinks differently."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hitori hitori kangae ga chigaimasu.","ja":"一人一人考えが違います。","english":"Each person has different ideas."},"freqRank":4228,"score":3,"notes":"For things, it's hitotsu hitotsu.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":263},{"id":"s-tatta-hitori","romaji":"tatta hitori","polite":null,"english":"just one person; all alone","use":"Tatta stresses how few, often with a sad or surprised tone.","ja":"たった一人","kana":"たったひとり","politeJa":null,"pos":"expression","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kita no wa tatta hitori datta.","ja":"来たのはたった一人だった。","english":"Only one person showed up."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kita no wa tatta hitori deshita.","ja":"来たのはたった一人でした。","english":"Only one person came."},"freqRank":3834,"score":3,"notes":"Tatta works with any number: tatta hyaku en = a mere 100 yen.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":264},{"id":"s-ninzuu","romaji":"ninzuu","polite":null,"english":"number of people; headcount","use":"Used for bookings, parties and group plans.","ja":"人数","kana":"にんずう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ninzuu kakunin shite oku ne.","ja":"人数確認しておくね。","english":"I'll check the headcount."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ninzuu o kakunin shite okimasu.","ja":"人数を確認しておきます。","english":"I'll confirm the number of people."},"freqRank":3530,"score":3,"notes":"Said ninzuu, with z, not ninsuu.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":265}],"stage":4,"range":"262-265","category":"Counting people"},{"id":"s-counters-1","label":"Prices and shop counters","rationale":"Lets you say prices and buy or order things by the piece, bottle, sheet or cup.","interference":"-hon and -hai share the same changes (ippon/ippai, sanbon/sanbai); 4 yen is yoen.","items":[{"id":"s-en","romaji":"-en","polite":null,"english":"yen","use":"After the number: ichien, nien, san'en, yoen, goen, rokuen, nanaen, hachien, kyuuen, juuen; to ask a price, say ikura (or nan'en).","ja":"円","kana":"えん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zenbu de nisen en gurai da yo.","ja":"全部で二千円ぐらいだよ。","english":"It's about 2,000 yen altogether."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"zenbu de nisen en gurai desu.","ja":"全部で二千円ぐらいです。","english":"It comes to about 2,000 yen altogether."},"freqRank":629,"score":null,"notes":"Watch 4 yen (yoen) and 9 yen (kyuuen). 10,000 yen is ichiman'en, not juusen'en.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":266},{"id":"s-ko","romaji":"-ko","polite":null,"english":"small things (counter); pieces","use":"For small or chunky things like eggs, apples and sweets: ikko, niko, sanko, yonko, goko, rokko, nanako, hakko, kyuuko, jukko; how many is nanko.","ja":"個","kana":"こ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tamago, ikko nokotteru yo.","ja":"卵、一個残ってるよ。","english":"There's one egg left."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tamago ga ikko nokotte imasu.","ja":"卵が一個残っています。","english":"There's one egg left."},"freqRank":2010,"score":null,"notes":"Hitotsu, futatsu ... works for the same things and is the safe default.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":267},{"id":"s-hon","romaji":"-hon","polite":null,"english":"long thin things (counter): bottles, pens, umbrellas","use":"Changes with the number: ippon, nihon, sanbon, yonhon, gohon, roppon, nanahon, happon, kyuuhon, juppon; how many is nanbon.","ja":"本","kana":"ほん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"biiru, mou ippon nomu?","ja":"ビール、もう一本飲む？","english":"Want another bottle of beer?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"biiru, mou ippon nomimasu ka?","ja":"ビール、もう一本飲みますか？","english":"Would you like another bottle of beer?"},"freqRank":780,"score":null,"notes":"Also counts films, phone calls and trains.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":268},{"id":"s-mai","romaji":"-mai","polite":null,"english":"flat things (counter): sheets, tickets, plates, shirts","use":"No sound changes: ichimai, nimai, sanmai, yonmai ... juumai; how many is nanmai.","ja":"枚","kana":"まい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kami, ichimai moratte ii?","ja":"紙、一枚もらっていい？","english":"Can I have a sheet of paper?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kami o ichimai moratte mo ii desu ka?","ja":"紙を一枚もらってもいいですか？","english":"May I have a sheet of paper?"},"freqRank":4126,"score":4,"notes":"Also counts photos and slices of bread or pizza.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":269},{"id":"s-hai","romaji":"-hai","polite":null,"english":"cups, glasses, bowls (counter)","use":"Same changes as -hon: ippai, nihai, sanbai, yonhai, gohai, roppai, nanahai, happai, kyuuhai, juppai; how many is nanbai.","ja":"杯","kana":"はい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"koohii, mou ippai nomou ka.","ja":"コーヒー、もう一杯飲もうか。","english":"Shall we have another cup of coffee?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"koohii, mou ippai nomimashou ka.","ja":"コーヒー、もう一杯飲みましょうか。","english":"Shall we have another cup of coffee?"},"freqRank":4299,"score":4,"notes":"Ippai on its own also means 'full' or 'lots'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":270}],"stage":4,"range":"266-270","category":"Counters"},{"id":"s-counters-3","label":"Animals, machines, books","rationale":"Lets you count pets, cars and devices, and books.","interference":"-hiki changes like -hon (ippiki, sanbiki, roppiki); -dai never changes.","items":[{"id":"s-hiki","romaji":"-hiki","polite":null,"english":"small animals (counter): dogs, cats, fish, insects","use":"Same changes as -hon: ippiki, nihiki, sanbiki, yonhiki, gohiki, roppiki, nanahiki, happiki, kyuuhiki, juppiki; how many is nanbiki.","ja":"匹","kana":"ひき","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uchi, neko ga nihiki iru n da.","ja":"うち、猫が二匹いるんだ。","english":"We've got two cats at home."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"uchi ni wa neko ga nihiki imasu.","ja":"うちには猫が二匹います。","english":"We have two cats at home."},"freqRank":4780,"score":null,"notes":"Large animals like cows and horses take -tou instead.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":271},{"id":"s-dai","romaji":"-dai","polite":null,"english":"machines and vehicles (counter): cars, bikes, phones, computers","use":"No sound changes: ichidai, nidai, sandai ... juudai; how many is nandai.","ja":"台","kana":"だい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kuruma, nidai aru no?","ja":"車、二台あるの？","english":"You have two cars?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kuruma ga nidai aru n desu ka?","ja":"車が二台あるんですか？","english":"You have two cars?"},"freqRank":3170,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":272},{"id":"s-satsu","romaji":"-satsu","polite":null,"english":"books, notebooks, magazines (counter)","use":"issatsu, nisatsu, sansatsu, yonsatsu, gosatsu, rokusatsu, nanasatsu, hassatsu, kyuusatsu, jussatsu; how many is nansatsu.","ja":"冊","kana":"さつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"toshokan de hon sansatsu karita yo.","ja":"図書館で本三冊借りたよ。","english":"I borrowed three books from the library."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"toshokan de hon o sansatsu karimashita.","ja":"図書館で本を三冊借りました。","english":"I borrowed three books from the library."},"freqRank":8530,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":273}],"stage":4,"range":"271-273","category":"Counters"},{"id":"s-counters-4","label":"Turns, floors and rooms","rationale":"Lets you name a turn, a floor, a place in line, a room or an address block.","interference":"Floor -kai sounds like 'times' -kai; sangai is 3rd floor but sankai is three times.","items":[{"id":"s-ban","romaji":"ban","polite":null,"english":"number (in a sequence); turn","use":"After a number for numbered things like platforms and lines (sanban = number 3); dare no ban = whose turn.","ja":"番","kana":"ばん","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsugi, dare no ban?","ja":"次、誰の番？","english":"Whose turn is it next?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsugi wa dare no ban desu ka?","ja":"次は誰の番ですか？","english":"Whose turn is it next?"},"freqRank":1055,"score":4,"notes":"No sound changes; which number is nanban. Ichiban also means 'most, best'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":274},{"id":"s-kai-2","romaji":"-kai","polite":null,"english":"floor (of a building)","use":"ikkai, nikai, sangai, yonkai, gokai, rokkai, nanakai, hakkai, kyuukai, jukkai; which floor is nangai; basement 1 is chika ikkai.","ja":"階","kana":"かい","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"toire wa nikai da yo.","ja":"トイレは二階だよ。","english":"The toilet's on the second floor."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"toire wa nikai ni arimasu.","ja":"トイレは二階にあります。","english":"The toilet is on the second floor."},"freqRank":3447,"score":null,"notes":"Japan counts the ground floor as ikkai, so nikai is the British first floor. Sangai (3rd floor) voices; sankai (three times) does not.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":275},{"id":"s-banme","romaji":"-banme","polite":null,"english":"-th (position in order): first, second, third","use":"ichibanme, nibanme, sanbanme ...; which one in order is nanbanme.","ja":"番目","kana":"ばんめ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"migi kara nibanme no hito, dare?","ja":"右から二番目の人、誰？","english":"Who's the second person from the right?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"migi kara nibanme no hito wa dare desu ka?","ja":"右から二番目の人は誰ですか？","english":"Who is the second person from the right?"},"freqRank":5855,"score":null,"notes":"With native numbers, -me does the same job: futatsume = the second one.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":276},{"id":"s-goushitsu","romaji":"-goushitsu","polite":null,"english":"room number","use":"After the number on a door: hotel rooms, flats, classrooms; which room is nangoushitsu.","ja":"号室","kana":"ごうしつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"heya wa nihyakuichigoushitsu da yo.","ja":"部屋は二百一号室だよ。","english":"The room is 201."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"heya wa nihyakuichigoushitsu desu.","ja":"部屋は二百一号室です。","english":"The room is 201."},"freqRank":4700,"score":3,"notes":"Room numbers are often read digit by digit with maru for zero: nimaruichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":277},{"id":"s-choume","romaji":"-choume","polite":null,"english":"block (in an address)","use":"Comes after the district name: sanchoume; the changes are itchoume, hatchoume, jutchoume; which block is nanchoume.","ja":"丁目","kana":"ちょうめ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"uchi, sanchoume no kouen no chikaku da yo.","ja":"うち、三丁目の公園の近くだよ。","english":"My place is near the park in block 3."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"uchi wa sanchoume no kouen no chikaku desu.","ja":"うちは三丁目の公園の近くです。","english":"My home is near the park in block 3."},"freqRank":4474,"score":3,"notes":"Mostly heard when giving or reading an address.","listLinks":[],"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":278}],"stage":4,"range":"274-278","category":"Counters"},{"id":"s-counters-5","label":"Units of measure","rationale":"Lets you give distances, heights, weights and volumes.","interference":"Kiro can be kilograms or kilometres; ikkiro and issenchi shrink like native counters.","items":[{"id":"s-kiro","romaji":"kiro","polite":null,"english":"kilo: kilogram; kilometre","use":"Context says weight or distance; the number shortens before it: ikkiro, rokkiro, hakkiro, jukkiro, hyakkiro.","ja":"キロ","kana":"キロ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eki made gokiro gurai aru yo.","ja":"駅まで五キロぐらいあるよ。","english":"It's about five kilometres to the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eki made gokiro gurai arimasu.","ja":"駅まで五キロぐらいあります。","english":"It's about five kilometres to the station."},"freqRank":2833,"score":3,"notes":"Speed is jisoku: jisoku hyakkiro = 100 km/h.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":279},{"id":"s-meetoru","romaji":"meetoru","polite":null,"english":"metre","use":"No sound changes: ichimeetoru, nimeetoru, hyakumeetoru; how far is nanmeetoru.","ja":"メートル","kana":"メートル","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hyakumeetoru saki ni konbini aru yo.","ja":"百メートル先にコンビニあるよ。","english":"There's a convenience store 100 metres ahead."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hyakumeetoru saki ni konbini ga arimasu.","ja":"百メートル先にコンビニがあります。","english":"There's a convenience store 100 metres ahead."},"freqRank":4149,"score":3,"notes":"Height is usually given in senchi, not meetoru.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":280},{"id":"s-senchi","romaji":"senchi","polite":null,"english":"centimetre","use":"Sound changes: issenchi, hassenchi, jussenchi; height is usually said in senchi.","ja":"センチ","kana":"センチ","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"maegami, gosenchi gurai kitte.","ja":"前髪、五センチぐらい切って。","english":"Cut my fringe by about five centimetres."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"maegami o gosenchi gurai kitte kudasai.","ja":"前髪を五センチぐらい切ってください。","english":"Please cut my fringe by about five centimetres."},"freqRank":4315,"score":3,"notes":"Short for senchimeetoru.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":281},{"id":"s-guramu","romaji":"guramu","polite":null,"english":"gram","use":"Common when buying meat or food by weight: hyakuguramu = 100 g.","ja":"グラム","kana":"グラム","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"butaniku, nihyakuguramu de ii?","ja":"豚肉、二百グラムでいい？","english":"Is 200 grams of pork okay?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"butaniku, nihyakuguramu de ii desu ka?","ja":"豚肉、二百グラムでいいですか？","english":"Is 200 grams of pork all right?"},"freqRank":9865,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":282},{"id":"s-rittoru","romaji":"rittoru","polite":null,"english":"litre","use":"For drinks and bottle sizes: nirittoru no pettobotoru = a two-litre plastic bottle.","ja":"リットル","kana":"リットル","politeJa":null,"pos":"counter","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mizu, mainichi nirittoru nonderu yo.","ja":"水、毎日二リットル飲んでるよ。","english":"I drink two litres of water a day."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mizu o mainichi nirittoru nonde imasu.","ja":"水を毎日二リットル飲んでいます。","english":"I drink two litres of water every day."},"freqRank":12523,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":283}],"stage":4,"range":"279-283","category":"Counters"},{"id":"s-dates-1","label":"The 1st to 5th","rationale":"Lets you say the first five dates and spans of two to five days.","interference":"Tsuitachi is only the date; a day long is ichinichi.","items":[{"id":"s-tsuitachi","romaji":"tsuitachi","polite":null,"english":"the 1st (of the month)","use":"Only the date; a length of one day is ichinichi.","ja":"一日","kana":"ついたち","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"raigetsu no tsuitachi ni hikkosu n da.","ja":"来月の一日に引っ越すんだ。","english":"I'm moving on the 1st of next month."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"raigetsu no tsuitachi ni hikkoshimasu.","ja":"来月の一日に引っ越します。","english":"I'm moving on the 1st of next month."},"freqRank":1444,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":284},{"id":"s-futsuka","romaji":"futsuka","polite":null,"english":"the 2nd; two days","use":"Same word for the date and for a two-day span.","ja":"二日","kana":"ふつか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shigatsu futsuka ga tanjoubi nan da.","ja":"四月二日が誕生日なんだ。","english":"My birthday's April 2nd."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shigatsu futsuka ga tanjoubi desu.","ja":"四月二日が誕生日です。","english":"My birthday is April 2nd."},"freqRank":18814,"score":null,"notes":"Futsukayoi (hangover) is built on it.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":285},{"id":"s-mikka","romaji":"mikka","polite":null,"english":"the 3rd; three days","use":null,"ja":"三日","kana":"みっか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mikka de owaru to omou.","ja":"三日で終わると思う。","english":"I think it'll be done in three days."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mikka de owaru to omoimasu.","ja":"三日で終わると思います。","english":"I think it will be finished in three days."},"freqRank":16819,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix with muika (the 6th).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":286},{"id":"s-yokka","romaji":"yokka","polite":null,"english":"the 4th; four days","use":null,"ja":"四日","kana":"よっか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yokka no gogo wa dou?","ja":"四日の午後はどう？","english":"How about the afternoon of the 4th?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yokka no gogo wa ikaga desu ka?","ja":"四日の午後はいかがですか？","english":"Would the afternoon of the 4th work?"},"freqRank":53011,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix with youka (the 8th): yokka has the short pause, youka the long o.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":287},{"id":"s-itsuka","romaji":"itsuka","polite":null,"english":"the 5th; five days","use":null,"ja":"五日","kana":"いつか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsuka made ni oshiete.","ja":"五日までに教えて。","english":"Let me know by the 5th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itsuka made ni oshiete kudasai.","ja":"五日までに教えてください。","english":"Please let me know by the 5th."},"freqRank":43449,"score":null,"notes":"Sounds the same as itsuka (someday); context tells them apart.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":288}],"stage":4,"range":"284-288","category":"Dates"},{"id":"s-dates-2","label":"The 6th to 10th","rationale":"Lets you say the 6th to the 10th and spans of six to ten days.","interference":"Youka (8th) vs yokka (4th); muika (6th) vs mikka (3rd).","items":[{"id":"s-muika","romaji":"muika","polite":null,"english":"the 6th; six days","use":null,"ja":"六日","kana":"むいか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"muika made shutchou nan da.","ja":"六日まで出張なんだ。","english":"I'm on a business trip until the 6th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"muika made shutchou desu.","ja":"六日まで出張です。","english":"I'm away on business until the 6th."},"freqRank":83829,"score":null,"notes":"Never rokunichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":289},{"id":"s-nanoka","romaji":"nanoka","polite":null,"english":"the 7th; seven days","use":null,"ja":"七日","kana":"なのか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nanoka no yoru, aiteru?","ja":"七日の夜、空いてる？","english":"Are you free the night of the 7th?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nanoka no yoru wa aite imasu ka?","ja":"七日の夜は空いていますか？","english":"Are you free on the evening of the 7th?"},"freqRank":38618,"score":null,"notes":"Nanuka is also heard.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":290},{"id":"s-youka","romaji":"youka","polite":null,"english":"the 8th; eight days","use":null,"ja":"八日","kana":"ようか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"youka made ni henji suru ne.","ja":"八日までに返事するね。","english":"I'll get back to you by the 8th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"youka made ni henji shimasu.","ja":"八日までに返事します。","english":"I'll reply by the 8th."},"freqRank":65351,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix with yokka (the 4th).","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":291},{"id":"s-kokonoka","romaji":"kokonoka","polite":null,"english":"the 9th; nine days","use":null,"ja":"九日","kana":"ここのか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kokonoka wa tomodachi no kekkonshiki nan da.","ja":"九日は友達の結婚式なんだ。","english":"The 9th is my friend's wedding."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kokonoka wa tomodachi no kekkonshiki desu.","ja":"九日は友達の結婚式です。","english":"The 9th is my friend's wedding."},"freqRank":17398,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":292},{"id":"s-tooka","romaji":"tooka","polite":null,"english":"the 10th; ten days","use":null,"ja":"十日","kana":"とおか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tooka ni kaette kuru yo.","ja":"十日に帰ってくるよ。","english":"I'll be back on the 10th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tooka ni kaette kimasu.","ja":"十日に帰ってきます。","english":"I'll be back on the 10th."},"freqRank":33994,"score":null,"notes":"Never juunichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":293}],"stage":4,"range":"289-293","category":"Dates"},{"id":"s-dates-3","label":"Other dates","rationale":"Lets you say any date in the month and ask what the date is.","interference":"Hatsuka (20th) vs futsuka (2nd).","items":[{"id":"s-juugonichi","romaji":"juugonichi","polite":null,"english":"the 15th; any regular date (number + nichi)","use":"Every date not on the irregular list is just the number plus nichi; 17th and 19th use shichi and ku.","ja":"十五日","kana":"じゅうごにち","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"juugonichi kara natsuyasumi da yo.","ja":"十五日から夏休みだよ。","english":"Summer break starts on the 15th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"juugonichi kara natsuyasumi desu.","ja":"十五日から夏休みです。","english":"Summer break starts on the 15th."},"freqRank":71064,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":294},{"id":"s-juuyokka","romaji":"juuyokka","polite":null,"english":"the 14th; fourteen days","use":"Like the 4th it takes yokka, not yonnichi.","ja":"十四日","kana":"じゅうよっか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"barentain wa nigatsu juuyokka da yo.","ja":"バレンタインは二月十四日だよ。","english":"Valentine's Day is February 14th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"barentain wa nigatsu juuyokka desu.","ja":"バレンタインは二月十四日です。","english":"Valentine's Day is February 14th."},"freqRank":8884,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":295},{"id":"s-hatsuka","romaji":"hatsuka","polite":null,"english":"the 20th; twenty days","use":"Not nijuunichi.","ja":"二十日","kana":"はつか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hatsuka ni yachin harawanakya.","ja":"二十日に家賃払わなきゃ。","english":"I have to pay rent on the 20th."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hatsuka ni yachin o harawanai to ikemasen.","ja":"二十日に家賃を払わないといけません。","english":"I have to pay the rent on the 20th."},"freqRank":40007,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix with futsuka (the 2nd).","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":296},{"id":"s-nijuuyokka","romaji":"nijuuyokka","polite":null,"english":"the 24th; twenty-four days","use":"Any date ending in 4 uses yokka: 4th, 14th, 24th.","ja":"二十四日","kana":"にじゅうよっか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nijuuyokka no yoru wa dou suru?","ja":"二十四日の夜はどうする？","english":"What are you doing the night of the 24th?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nijuuyokka no yoru wa dou shimasu ka?","ja":"二十四日の夜はどうしますか？","english":"What are your plans for the evening of the 24th?"},"freqRank":9975,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":297},{"id":"s-nannichi","romaji":"nannichi","polite":null,"english":"what date; how many days","use":null,"ja":"何日","kana":"なんにち","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaigi wa nannichi ni naru?","ja":"会議は何日になる？","english":"What date will the meeting be?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kaigi wa nannichi ni narimasu ka?","ja":"会議は何日になりますか？","english":"What date will the meeting be on?"},"freqRank":3041,"score":4,"notes":"Add -kan to ask only the length: nannichikan.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":298}],"stage":4,"range":"294-298","category":"Dates"},{"id":"s-relative-3","label":"Further back and ahead","rationale":"Lets you go two weeks or two years either way, or a day either side of an event.","interference":"Zenjitsu and yokujitsu count from an event, not from today.","items":[{"id":"s-sensenshuu","romaji":"sensenshuu","polite":null,"english":"the week before last","use":null,"ja":"先々週","kana":"せんせんしゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sensenshuu kara kaze hiiteru.","ja":"先々週から風邪ひいてる。","english":"I've had a cold since the week before last."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sensenshuu kara kaze o hiite imasu.","ja":"先々週から風邪をひいています。","english":"I've had a cold since the week before last."},"freqRank":34984,"score":null,"notes":"Sensen- means two back: sensengetsu is the month before last.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":299},{"id":"s-saraishuu","romaji":"saraishuu","polite":null,"english":"the week after next","use":null,"ja":"再来週","kana":"さらいしゅう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiken wa saraishuu da kara, mada daijoubu.","ja":"試験は再来週だから、まだ大丈夫。","english":"The exam's the week after next, so there's still time."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shiken wa saraishuu na node, mada daijoubu desu.","ja":"試験は再来週なので、まだ大丈夫です。","english":"The exam is the week after next, so I still have time."},"freqRank":17915,"score":null,"notes":"Sarai- means two ahead: saraigetsu is the month after next.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":300},{"id":"s-ototoshi","romaji":"ototoshi","polite":null,"english":"the year before last","use":null,"ja":"一昨年","kana":"おととし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ototoshi kekkon shita n da.","ja":"一昨年結婚したんだ。","english":"I got married the year before last."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ototoshi kekkon shimashita.","ja":"一昨年結婚しました。","english":"I got married the year before last."},"freqRank":21411,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix with ototoi (the day before yesterday).","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":301},{"id":"s-sarainen","romaji":"sarainen","polite":null,"english":"the year after next","use":null,"ja":"再来年","kana":"さらいねん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sarainen sotsugyou suru yotei.","ja":"再来年卒業する予定。","english":"I'm due to graduate the year after next."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sarainen sotsugyou suru yotei desu.","ja":"再来年卒業する予定です。","english":"I'm due to graduate the year after next."},"freqRank":20700,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":302},{"id":"s-zenjitsu","romaji":"zenjitsu","polite":null,"english":"the day before (an event)","use":"Counted from a set day, not from today; for 'yesterday' say kinou.","ja":"前日","kana":"ぜんじつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiken no zenjitsu wa hayaku neta.","ja":"試験の前日は早く寝た。","english":"I went to bed early the day before the exam."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shiken no zenjitsu wa hayaku nemashita.","ja":"試験の前日は早く寝ました。","english":"I went to bed early the day before the exam."},"freqRank":3968,"score":3,"notes":"Mae no hi is the softer everyday phrase.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":303},{"id":"s-yokujitsu","romaji":"yokujitsu","polite":null,"english":"the next day; the following day","use":"Counted from a set or past day, not from today; for 'tomorrow' say ashita.","ja":"翌日","kana":"よくじつ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nomikai no yokujitsu wa itsumo futsukayoi.","ja":"飲み会の翌日はいつも二日酔い。","english":"I'm always hungover the day after a drinking party."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nomikai no yokujitsu wa itsumo futsukayoi desu.","ja":"飲み会の翌日はいつも二日酔いです。","english":"I'm always hungover the day after a drinking party."},"freqRank":3234,"score":3,"notes":"Tsugi no hi is the everyday phrase.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":304}],"stage":4,"range":"299-304","category":"Days and years around now"},{"id":"s-dayparts-4","label":"Formal meal words","rationale":"Lets you follow dinner and breakfast talk at hotels and on menus.","interference":"Yuushoku (dinner) vs choushoku (breakfast).","items":[{"id":"s-yuuhan","romaji":"yuuhan","polite":null,"english":"dinner; evening meal","use":"Same as bangohan; common at home.","ja":"夕飯","kana":"ゆうはん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuuhan no shitaku shinakya.","ja":"夕飯の支度しなきゃ。","english":"I need to get dinner ready."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuuhan no shitaku o shimasu.","ja":"夕飯の支度をします。","english":"I'll get dinner ready."},"freqRank":2950,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":305},{"id":"s-yuushoku","romaji":"yuushoku","polite":null,"english":"dinner (formal)","use":"Heard at hotels, restaurants and in announcements; at home say bangohan or yuuhan.","ja":"夕食","kana":"ゆうしょく","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuushoku wa hoteru de taberu yo.","ja":"夕食はホテルで食べるよ。","english":"We'll have dinner at the hotel."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuushoku wa hoteru de tabemasu.","ja":"夕食はホテルで食べます。","english":"We'll have dinner at the hotel."},"freqRank":3909,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":306},{"id":"s-choushoku","romaji":"choushoku","polite":null,"english":"breakfast (formal)","use":"Heard at hotels and on menus; at home say asagohan.","ja":"朝食","kana":"ちょうしょく","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"choushoku tte nanji kara?","ja":"朝食って何時から？","english":"What time does breakfast start?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"choushoku wa nanji kara desu ka?","ja":"朝食は何時からですか？","english":"What time is breakfast served from?"},"freqRank":4784,"score":3,"notes":"Lunch in the same style is chuushoku.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":307}],"stage":4,"range":"305-307","category":"Parts of the day"},{"id":"s-seasons-3","label":"Rain starting and stopping","rationale":"Say it's raining, it's stopped, or it's cleared up.","interference":"yamu (weather stops by itself) gets mixed up with yameru (someone quits).","items":[{"id":"s-furu","romaji":"furu","polite":"furimasu","english":"fall (rain, snow)","use":"Only for things falling from the sky: ame ga furu, yuki ga furu.","ja":"降る","kana":"ふる","politeJa":"降ります","pos":"verb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"soto, ame mada futteru?","ja":"外、雨まだ降ってる？","english":"Is it still raining outside?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"soto wa mada ame ga futte imasu ka?","ja":"外はまだ雨が降っていますか？","english":"Is it still raining outside?"},"freqRank":2179,"score":4,"notes":"Same sound as furu 'wave; dump someone'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":308},{"id":"s-yamu","romaji":"yamu","polite":"yamimasu","english":"stop (rain, snow, wind)","use":"For weather or noise stopping by itself.","ja":"止む","kana":"やむ","politeJa":"止みます","pos":"verb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ame yanda kara, ikou ka.","ja":"雨止んだから、行こうか。","english":"The rain's stopped, so shall we go?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ame ga yanda node, ikimashou ka.","ja":"雨が止んだので、行きましょうか。","english":"The rain has stopped, so shall we go?"},"freqRank":14280,"score":3,"notes":"Not yameru (quit), which someone does on purpose.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":309},{"id":"s-hareru","romaji":"hareru","polite":"haremasu","english":"clear up; be sunny","use":"Mostly past or -te form: hareta (it cleared up), hareteru (it's sunny).","ja":"晴れる","kana":"はれる","politeJa":"晴れます","pos":"verb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yatto hareta ne, yokatta.","ja":"やっと晴れたね、よかった。","english":"It finally cleared up, thank goodness."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yatto haremashita ne, yokatta desu.","ja":"やっと晴れましたね、よかったです。","english":"It's finally cleared up, I'm glad."},"freqRank":2893,"score":3,"notes":"The noun hare is the forecast word for 'sunny'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":310}],"stage":4,"range":"308-310","category":"Seasons and weather"},{"id":"s-colors-2","label":"Basic colours as nouns","rationale":"Name a colour on its own: aka ga suki, kuro no fuku, the light's ao.","interference":"akai before a noun vs aka on its own; the -i drops when the colour stands alone.","items":[{"id":"s-aka","romaji":"aka","polite":null,"english":"red (the colour)","use":"Noun form: aka ga suki, aka no kuruma. At lights, aka = red.","ja":"赤","kana":"あか","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shingou, aka da yo. tomatte.","ja":"信号、赤だよ。止まって。","english":"The light's red. Stop."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shingou ga aka desu yo. tomatte kudasai.","ja":"信号が赤ですよ。止まってください。","english":"The light is red. Please stop."},"freqRank":2299,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":311},{"id":"s-shiro","romaji":"shiro","polite":null,"english":"white (the colour)","use":"Noun form: shiro ga ii, shiro no kuruma.","ja":"白","kana":"しろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shiro to kuro, dotchi ga ii?","ja":"白と黒、どっちがいい？","english":"White or black, which do you prefer?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shiro to kuro, dochira ga ii desu ka?","ja":"白と黒、どちらがいいですか？","english":"White or black, which would you prefer?"},"freqRank":2828,"score":null,"notes":"Same sound as shiro 'castle'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":312},{"id":"s-kuro","romaji":"kuro","polite":null,"english":"black (the colour)","use":"Noun form: kuro ga suki, kuro no fuku.","ja":"黒","kana":"くろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"itsumo kuro bakkari kiteru ne.","ja":"いつも黒ばっかり着てるね。","english":"You're always wearing black."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"itsumo kuro bakari kite imasu ne.","ja":"いつも黒ばかり着ていますね。","english":"You always wear black, don't you."},"freqRank":2762,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":313},{"id":"s-ao","romaji":"ao","polite":null,"english":"blue; green (traffic light)","use":"Noun form. At lights, ao = green.","ja":"青","kana":"あお","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ao ni natta yo, ikou.","ja":"青になったよ、行こう。","english":"It's turned green, let's go."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ao ni narimashita yo. ikimashou.","ja":"青になりましたよ。行きましょう。","english":"It's turned green. Let's go."},"freqRank":3630,"score":4,"notes":"For clearly green things like grass or a shirt, say midori.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":314}],"stage":4,"range":"311-314","category":"Colours"},{"id":"s-colors-3","label":"Green, yellow, pink, brown","rationale":"Describe things in the next most common colours.","interference":"midori (green things) vs ao (green traffic lights).","items":[{"id":"s-midori","romaji":"midori","polite":null,"english":"green; greenery","use":"For green things and plants; traffic lights are ao.","ja":"緑","kana":"みどり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"midori ga ooi machi da ne.","ja":"緑が多い町だね。","english":"This town has lots of green."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"midori ga ooi machi desu ne.","ja":"緑が多い町ですね。","english":"It's a town with a lot of greenery, isn't it."},"freqRank":3774,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":315},{"id":"s-kiiro","romaji":"kiiro","polite":null,"english":"yellow","use":"kiiroi is the adjective before a noun: kiiroi kuruma.","ja":"黄色","kana":"きいろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kiiro no seetaa, niau ne.","ja":"黄色のセーター、似合うね。","english":"The yellow sweater suits you."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kiiro no seetaa, niaimasu ne.","ja":"黄色のセーター、似合いますね。","english":"The yellow sweater suits you."},"freqRank":5982,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":316},{"id":"s-pinku","romaji":"pinku","polite":null,"english":"pink","use":null,"ja":"ピンク","kana":"ピンク","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kami, pinku ni someta n da.","ja":"髪、ピンクに染めたんだ。","english":"I dyed my hair pink."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kami o pinku ni somemashita.","ja":"髪をピンクに染めました。","english":"I dyed my hair pink."},"freqRank":3884,"score":3,"notes":"momoiro is the older native word for pink.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":317},{"id":"s-chairo","romaji":"chairo","polite":null,"english":"brown","use":"Literally 'tea colour'; chairoi is the adjective.","ja":"茶色","kana":"ちゃいろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"chairo no kutsu, doko de katta no?","ja":"茶色の靴、どこで買ったの？","english":"Where'd you get the brown shoes?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"chairo no kutsu, doko de kaimashita ka?","ja":"茶色の靴、どこで買いましたか？","english":"Where did you buy the brown shoes?"},"freqRank":12202,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":318}],"stage":4,"range":"315-318","category":"Colours"},{"id":"s-colors-4","label":"Purple, orange, grey","rationale":"Round out the colours for clothes and the sky.","interference":"haiiro and the loanword gurei both mean grey.","items":[{"id":"s-murasaki","romaji":"murasaki","polite":null,"english":"purple","use":null,"ja":"紫","kana":"むらさき","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"murasaki no kasa, dare no?","ja":"紫の傘、誰の？","english":"Whose purple umbrella is this?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"murasaki no kasa wa dare no desu ka?","ja":"紫の傘は誰のですか？","english":"Whose is the purple umbrella?"},"freqRank":8569,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":319},{"id":"s-orenji","romaji":"orenji","polite":null,"english":"orange (colour; fruit)","use":"orenji iro makes it clear you mean the colour.","ja":"オレンジ","kana":"オレンジ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"yuuhi, orenji iro de kirei da ne.","ja":"夕日、オレンジ色できれいだね。","english":"The sunset's such a pretty orange."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"yuuhi ga orenji iro de kirei desu ne.","ja":"夕日がオレンジ色できれいですね。","english":"The sunset is a beautiful orange, isn't it."},"freqRank":6409,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":320},{"id":"s-haiiro","romaji":"haiiro","polite":null,"english":"grey","use":"Literally 'ash colour'. For clothes, the loanword gurei is just as common.","ja":"灰色","kana":"はいいろ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kyou wa sora ga haiiro da ne.","ja":"今日は空が灰色だね。","english":"The sky's grey today."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kyou wa sora ga haiiro desu ne.","ja":"今日は空が灰色ですね。","english":"The sky is grey today, isn't it."},"freqRank":19877,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":321}],"stage":4,"range":"319-321","category":"Colours"},{"id":"s-family-5","label":"Husband and wife","rationale":"Lets you talk about your spouse and ask about someone else's.","interference":"tsuma and otto are your own spouse; okusan and goshujin are someone else's.","items":[{"id":"s-okusan","romaji":"okusan","polite":null,"english":"(someone's) wife","use":"Someone else's wife; also a way to address a married woman.","ja":"奥さん","kana":"おくさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okusan wa genki ni shiteru?","ja":"奥さんは元気にしてる？","english":"How's your wife doing?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okusan mo issho ni dou desu ka?","ja":"奥さんも一緒にどうですか？","english":"Why not bring your wife along too?"},"freqRank":849,"score":4,"notes":"Some men also say uchi no okusan for their own wife in casual talk.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":322},{"id":"s-tsuma","romaji":"tsuma","polite":"okusan","english":"my wife; wife","use":"Neutral word for your own wife; someone else's is okusan.","ja":"妻","kana":"つま","politeJa":"奥さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsuma ga ninshin shita n da","ja":"妻が妊娠したんだ","english":"My wife's pregnant."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsuma to futari de sunde imasu","ja":"妻と二人で住んでいます","english":"I live with my wife, just the two of us."},"freqRank":872,"score":3,"notes":"In casual talk many men say yome instead.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":323},{"id":"s-otto","romaji":"otto","polite":"goshujin","english":"my husband; husband","use":"Neutral word for your own husband; someone else's is goshujin.","ja":"夫","kana":"おっと","politeJa":"ご主人","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"otto ga ryouri shite kureru","ja":"夫が料理してくれる","english":"My husband does the cooking."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"otto wa kaishain desu","ja":"夫は会社員です","english":"My husband is an office worker."},"freqRank":1132,"score":3,"notes":"In casual talk many women say danna instead.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":324},{"id":"s-goshujin","romaji":"goshujin","polite":null,"english":"(someone's) husband","use":"Polite word for someone else's husband.","ja":"ご主人","kana":"ごしゅじん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"goshujin, nan no shigoto shiteru no?","ja":"ご主人、何の仕事してるの？","english":"What does your husband do?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"goshujin wa ogenki desu ka?","ja":"ご主人はお元気ですか？","english":"How is your husband?"},"freqRank":1902,"score":3,"notes":"Also the master or owner of a shop or house.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":325}],"stage":4,"range":"322-325","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-6","label":"Sons and daughters","rationale":"Lets you talk about your children and ask about other people's.","interference":"Plain musuko and musume are your own; add -san for someone else's.","items":[{"id":"s-musume","romaji":"musume","polite":"musumesan","english":"daughter; my daughter","use":"Your own daughter; someone else's is musumesan.","ja":"娘","kana":"むすめ","politeJa":"娘さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"musume to kaimono ni itta","ja":"娘と買い物に行った","english":"I went shopping with my daughter."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"musume ga futari imasu","ja":"娘が二人います","english":"I have two daughters."},"freqRank":488,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":326},{"id":"s-musuko","romaji":"musuko","polite":"musukosan","english":"son; my son","use":"Your own son; someone else's is musukosan.","ja":"息子","kana":"むすこ","politeJa":"息子さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"musuko ga daigaku ni haitta","ja":"息子が大学に入った","english":"My son got into university."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"musuko wa shougakusei desu","ja":"息子は小学生です","english":"My son is in primary school."},"freqRank":645,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":327},{"id":"s-musumesan","romaji":"musumesan","polite":null,"english":"(your) daughter; young woman","use":"Someone else's daughter.","ja":"娘さん","kana":"むすめさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"musumesan, hontou ni kawaii ne","ja":"娘さん、本当にかわいいね","english":"Your daughter's really cute."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"musumesan, hontou ni kawaii desu ne","ja":"娘さん、本当にかわいいですね","english":"Your daughter is really cute."},"freqRank":1520,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":328},{"id":"s-musukosan","romaji":"musukosan","polite":null,"english":"(your) son","use":"Someone else's son.","ja":"息子さん","kana":"むすこさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"musukosan, ookiku natta ne","ja":"息子さん、大きくなったね","english":"Your son's grown so much."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"musukosan, ookiku narimashita ne","ja":"息子さん、大きくなりましたね","english":"Your son has grown so much."},"freqRank":1810,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":329},{"id":"s-okosan","romaji":"okosan","polite":null,"english":"(your) child; children","use":"Polite word for someone else's child or children; your own is kodomo.","ja":"お子さん","kana":"おこさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"okosan, ikutsu ni natta?","ja":"お子さん、いくつになった？","english":"How old is your kid now?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"okosan wa nannin desu ka?","ja":"お子さんは何人ですか？","english":"How many children do you have?"},"freqRank":2403,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":330}],"stage":4,"range":"326-330","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-7","label":"Grandparents","rationale":"Lets you talk to and about grandparents and elderly people.","interference":"ojiisan and obaasan (grandparents) differ from ojisan and obasan (uncle, aunt) only by the long vowel.","items":[{"id":"s-ojiichan","romaji":"ojiichan","polite":"ojiisan","english":"grandpa; old man","use":"Your own grandpa at home and with friends; also a friendly word for any old man.","ja":"おじいちゃん","kana":"おじいちゃん","politeJa":"おじいさん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ojiichan no ie ni iku","ja":"おじいちゃんの家に行く","english":"I'm going to Grandpa's."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ojiichan to issho ni sunde imasu","ja":"おじいちゃんと一緒に住んでいます","english":"I live with my grandpa."},"freqRank":2162,"score":4,"notes":"In polite talk about your own grandfather, sofu is safer.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":331},{"id":"s-obaachan","romaji":"obaachan","polite":"obaasan","english":"grandma; old lady","use":"Your own grandma at home and with friends; also a friendly word for any old woman.","ja":"おばあちゃん","kana":"おばあちゃん","politeJa":"おばあさん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"obaachan no ryouri, oishii yo","ja":"おばあちゃんの料理、おいしいよ","english":"Grandma's cooking is delicious."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"obaachan wa inaka ni sunde imasu","ja":"おばあちゃんは田舎に住んでいます","english":"My grandma lives in the countryside."},"freqRank":1664,"score":4,"notes":"In polite talk about your own grandmother, sobo is safer.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":332},{"id":"s-ojiisan","romaji":"ojiisan","polite":null,"english":"grandfather; old man","use":"Someone else's grandfather, or a polite word for an elderly man.","ja":"おじいさん","kana":"おじいさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano ojiisan, mainichi koko ni iru ne","ja":"あのおじいさん、毎日ここにいるね","english":"That old man is here every day."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ojiisan wa ogenki desu ka?","ja":"おじいさんはお元気ですか？","english":"How is your grandfather?"},"freqRank":4687,"score":4,"notes":"Don't confuse with ojisan (uncle; middle-aged man): the long ii makes it grandfather.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":333},{"id":"s-obaasan","romaji":"obaasan","polite":null,"english":"grandmother; old woman","use":"Someone else's grandmother, or a polite word for an elderly woman.","ja":"おばあさん","kana":"おばあさん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"obaasan ni michi kikareta","ja":"おばあさんに道聞かれた","english":"An old lady asked me for directions."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"obaasan ni michi o kikaremashita","ja":"おばあさんに道を聞かれました","english":"An old lady asked me for directions."},"freqRank":5130,"score":null,"notes":"Don't confuse with obasan (aunt; middle-aged woman): the long aa makes it grandmother.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":334},{"id":"s-jiichan","romaji":"jiichan","polite":"ojiisan","english":"grandpa","use":"Plain, homely word for your own grandpa, common with boys and men.","ja":"じいちゃん","kana":"じいちゃん","politeJa":"おじいさん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jiichan, mata tsuri ni ikou yo","ja":"じいちゃん、また釣りに行こうよ","english":"Grandpa, let's go fishing again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":5481,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":335},{"id":"s-baachan","romaji":"baachan","polite":"obaasan","english":"grandma","use":"Plain, homely word for your own grandma, common with boys and men.","ja":"ばあちゃん","kana":"ばあちゃん","politeJa":"おばあさん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"baachan no ie, natsukashii na","ja":"ばあちゃんの家、懐かしいな","english":"Grandma's house brings back memories."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":5021,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":336}],"stage":4,"range":"331-336","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-9","label":"Calling siblings at home","rationale":"Lets you call your older siblings the way families do.","interference":"niichan and neechan also hail strangers and can sound rough.","items":[{"id":"s-oniichan","romaji":"oniichan","polite":"oniisan","english":"big brother","use":"What younger siblings call an older brother at home; also a friendly call to a young man.","ja":"お兄ちゃん","kana":"おにいちゃん","politeJa":"お兄さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oniichan, chotto matte yo!","ja":"お兄ちゃん、ちょっと待ってよ！","english":"Wait for me, big brother!"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1977,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":337},{"id":"s-oneechan","romaji":"oneechan","polite":"oneesan","english":"big sister","use":"What younger siblings call an older sister at home; also a friendly call to a young woman.","ja":"お姉ちゃん","kana":"おねえちゃん","politeJa":"お姉さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"oneechan, kono fuku karite ii?","ja":"お姉ちゃん、この服借りていい？","english":"Sis, can I borrow these clothes?"},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1968,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":338},{"id":"s-niichan","romaji":"niichan","polite":"oniisan","english":"big bro; young guy","use":"Shorter, rougher oniichan; older people also use it to hail a young man.","ja":"兄ちゃん","kana":"にいちゃん","politeJa":"お兄さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"niichan, issho ni asobou","ja":"兄ちゃん、一緒に遊ぼう","english":"Bro, come play with me."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3921,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":339},{"id":"s-neechan","romaji":"neechan","polite":"oneesan","english":"big sis; young woman","use":"Shorter, rougher oneechan; used to hail a young woman, it can sound crude.","ja":"姉ちゃん","kana":"ねえちゃん","politeJa":"お姉さん","pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mata neechan ni okorareta","ja":"また姉ちゃんに怒られた","english":"My big sister told me off again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3283,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":340},{"id":"s-niisan","romaji":"niisan","polite":"oniisan","english":"older brother","use":"A grown-up, slightly formal way to call your older brother; common in dramas.","ja":"兄さん","kana":"にいさん","politeJa":"お兄さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"niisan, hisashiburi da ne","ja":"兄さん、久しぶりだね","english":"Long time no see, brother."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"niisan, ohisashiburi desu ne","ja":"兄さん、お久しぶりですね","english":"It's been a long time, brother."},"freqRank":3484,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":341},{"id":"s-neesan","romaji":"neesan","polite":"oneesan","english":"older sister","use":"A grown-up, slightly formal way to call your older sister; common in dramas.","ja":"姉さん","kana":"ねえさん","politeJa":"お姉さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"neesan, chotto soudan ga aru n da kedo","ja":"姉さん、ちょっと相談があるんだけど","english":"Sis, can I ask your advice about something?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"neesan, chotto soudan ga aru n desu ga","ja":"姉さん、ちょっと相談があるんですが","english":"Sister, could I ask your advice about something?"},"freqRank":4079,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":342}],"stage":4,"range":"337-342","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-12","label":"Family roles","rationale":"Lets you describe parents and eldest children as roles.","interference":"chichioya and hahaoya describe a role; they are not what you call your parents.","items":[{"id":"s-chichioya","romaji":"chichioya","polite":null,"english":"father","use":"Father as a role ('a father', 'his father'), not what you call him.","ja":"父親","kana":"ちちおや","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kare, mou chichioya nan da","ja":"彼、もう父親なんだ","english":"He's a dad now."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kare wa mou chichioya desu","ja":"彼はもう父親です","english":"He's a father now."},"freqRank":667,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":343},{"id":"s-hahaoya","romaji":"hahaoya","polite":null,"english":"mother","use":"Mother as a role ('a mother', 'her mother'), not what you call her.","ja":"母親","kana":"ははおや","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hahaoya ni sokkuri da ne","ja":"母親にそっくりだね","english":"You look just like your mother."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kanojo wa futari no ko no hahaoya desu","ja":"彼女は二人の子の母親です","english":"She's a mother of two."},"freqRank":692,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":344},{"id":"s-oyako","romaji":"oyako","polite":null,"english":"parent and child","use":null,"ja":"親子","kana":"おやこ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano futari, oyako mitai","ja":"あの二人、親子みたい","english":"Those two look like parent and child."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"oyako de sanka dekimasu","ja":"親子で参加できます","english":"Parents and children can take part together."},"freqRank":1517,"score":3,"notes":"Oyakodon, chicken and egg on rice, is named after it.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":345},{"id":"s-chounan","romaji":"chounan","polite":null,"english":"eldest son","use":null,"ja":"長男","kana":"ちょうなん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ore, chounan da kara sa","ja":"俺、長男だからさ","english":"I'm the eldest son, you know."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa chounan desu","ja":"私は長男です","english":"I'm the eldest son."},"freqRank":3938,"score":3,"notes":"Often carries family duties, like looking after the parents.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":346},{"id":"s-choujo","romaji":"choujo","polite":null,"english":"eldest daughter","use":null,"ja":"長女","kana":"ちょうじょ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"atashi, choujo nan da","ja":"あたし、長女なんだ","english":"I'm the eldest daughter."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa choujo desu","ja":"私は長女です","english":"I'm the eldest daughter."},"freqRank":7158,"score":null,"notes":"The second son and daughter are jinan and jijo.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":347}],"stage":4,"range":"343-347","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-13","label":"Grandparents and grandchildren","rationale":"Lets you mention your grandparents and grandkids politely.","interference":"sofu and sobo are your own grandparents in polite talk; at home say ojiichan and obaachan.","items":[{"id":"s-mago","romaji":"mago","polite":"omagosan","english":"grandchild","use":"Your own grandchild; someone else's is omagosan.","ja":"孫","kana":"まご","politeJa":"お孫さん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"mago ga kawaikute shouganai","ja":"孫がかわいくてしょうがない","english":"My grandkids are just too cute."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"mago ga sannin imasu","ja":"孫が三人います","english":"I have three grandchildren."},"freqRank":1984,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":348},{"id":"s-sofu","romaji":"sofu","polite":"ojiisan","english":"my grandfather","use":"Your own grandfather in polite talk with outsiders; at home say ojiichan.","ja":"祖父","kana":"そふ","politeJa":"おじいさん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sofu ga kyonen nakunatta n da","ja":"祖父が去年亡くなったんだ","english":"My grandfather passed away last year."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"sofu wa moto kyoushi desu","ja":"祖父は元教師です","english":"My grandfather is a retired teacher."},"freqRank":5420,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":349},{"id":"s-sobo","romaji":"sobo","polite":"obaasan","english":"my grandmother","use":"Your own grandmother in polite talk with outsiders; at home say obaachan.","ja":"祖母","kana":"そぼ","politeJa":"おばあさん","pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"sobo no ie, inaka ni aru n da","ja":"祖母の家、田舎にあるんだ","english":"My grandmother's house is in the countryside."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"watashi wa sobo ni sodateraremashita","ja":"私は祖母に育てられました","english":"I was raised by my grandmother."},"freqRank":6076,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":350}],"stage":4,"range":"348-350","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-family-14","label":"Rough home words","rationale":"Lets you understand the homely or blunt words people use for family.","interference":"oyaji and ofukuro are men's words for their own parents; oyaji also means any middle-aged man.","items":[{"id":"s-oyaji","romaji":"oyaji","polite":"chichi","english":"my dad; old man","use":"Men's casual word for their own father; also any middle-aged man, or the owner of a small shop.","ja":"親父","kana":"おやじ","politeJa":"父","pos":"noun","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou oyaji to kenka shita","ja":"昨日親父とケンカした","english":"I had a fight with my old man yesterday."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":1491,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":351},{"id":"s-kaachan","romaji":"kaachan","polite":null,"english":"mum; ma","use":"Homely, old-fashioned way to call your mother; also in rough men's talk.","ja":"母ちゃん","kana":"かあちゃん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kaachan, onaka suita yo","ja":"母ちゃん、お腹すいたよ","english":"Ma, I'm hungry."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3177,"score":3,"notes":"okaasan is the standard word; to outsiders, your own mother is haha.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":352},{"id":"s-ofukuro","romaji":"ofukuro","polite":"haha","english":"my mum; mother","use":"Men's casual word for their own mother when talking to others.","ja":"おふくろ","kana":"おふくろ","politeJa":"母","pos":"noun","flags":["masc","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ofukuro no ryouri ga ichiban da yo","ja":"おふくろの料理が一番だよ","english":"Nothing beats my mum's cooking."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":3456,"score":3,"notes":"Ofukuro no aji means home cooking like Mum makes.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":353},{"id":"s-touchan","romaji":"touchan","polite":null,"english":"dad; pa","use":"Homely, old-fashioned way to call your father.","ja":"父ちゃん","kana":"とうちゃん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":["casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"touchan, hayaku kaette kite ne","ja":"父ちゃん、早く帰ってきてね","english":"Come home early, Dad."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4835,"score":3,"notes":"otousan is the standard word; to outsiders, your own father is chichi.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":354},{"id":"s-jiisan","romaji":"jiisan","polite":"ojiisan","english":"old man; grandpa","use":"Blunt word for an old man or your own grandpa; can sound rude.","ja":"じいさん","kana":"じいさん","politeJa":"おじいさん","pos":"noun","flags":["rough","casual-only"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano jiisan, mata okotteru yo","ja":"あのじいさん、また怒ってるよ","english":"That old guy's angry again."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4397,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":355}],"stage":4,"range":"351-355","category":"Family"},{"id":"s-body-6","label":"Lower back and legs","rationale":"Lets you describe back pain and leg injuries.","interference":"koshi is the lower back, not the whole back (senaka).","items":[{"id":"s-koshi","romaji":"koshi","polite":null,"english":"lower back; hips","use":null,"ja":"腰","kana":"こし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"nimotsu mochiagete koshi itameta","ja":"荷物持ち上げて腰痛めた","english":"I hurt my back lifting the bags."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"nimotsu o mochiagete koshi o itamemashita","ja":"荷物を持ち上げて腰を痛めました","english":"I hurt my back lifting the bags."},"freqRank":2126,"score":null,"notes":"Back pain is usually koshi, not senaka.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":356},{"id":"s-hiza","romaji":"hiza","polite":null,"english":"knee; lap","use":null,"ja":"膝","kana":"ひざ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"koronde hiza o surimuichatta","ja":"転んで膝を擦りむいちゃった","english":"I fell and scraped my knee."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"koronde hiza o surimukimashita","ja":"転んで膝を擦りむきました","english":"I fell and scraped my knee."},"freqRank":5219,"score":null,"notes":"Hiza no ue means on your lap.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":357},{"id":"s-oshiri","romaji":"oshiri","polite":null,"english":"bottom; backside","use":"The everyday word; shiri alone is cruder.","ja":"お尻","kana":"おしり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"zutto suwatteta kara oshiri itai","ja":"ずっと座ってたからお尻痛い","english":"My bum hurts from sitting all day."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"zutto suwatte ita node oshiri ga itai desu","ja":"ずっと座っていたのでお尻が痛いです","english":"My bottom hurts from sitting all day."},"freqRank":4530,"score":4,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":358}],"stage":4,"range":"356-358","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-body-7","label":"Hair, skin and nails","rationale":"Lets you talk about grooming and how skin looks.","interference":"kami no ke and kami are the same hair; ke alone is body hair.","items":[{"id":"s-kami-no-ke","romaji":"kami no ke","polite":null,"english":"hair; a hair","use":"Same hair as kami but more concrete, often single hairs or hair that has fallen out.","ja":"髪の毛","kana":"かみのけ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"suupu ni kami no ke haitteru","ja":"スープに髪の毛入ってる","english":"There's a hair in the soup."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"suupu ni kami no ke ga haitte imasu","ja":"スープに髪の毛が入っています","english":"There's a hair in the soup."},"freqRank":3658,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":359},{"id":"s-hada","romaji":"hada","polite":null,"english":"skin","use":"Mostly about how skin looks or feels.","ja":"肌","kana":"はだ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hada kirei da ne","ja":"肌きれいだね","english":"Your skin is so nice."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hada ga kirei desu ne","ja":"肌がきれいですね","english":"Your skin is lovely."},"freqRank":2768,"score":3,"notes":"The doctor's word for skin is hifu.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":360},{"id":"s-tsume","romaji":"tsume","polite":null,"english":"nail; claw","use":null,"ja":"爪","kana":"つめ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"tsume nobite kita, kiranakya","ja":"爪伸びてきた、切らなきゃ","english":"My nails have grown, I need to cut them."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"tsume ga nobita node kirimasu","ja":"爪が伸びたので切ります","english":"My nails have grown, so I'll cut them."},"freqRank":4532,"score":null,"notes":"Nail clippers are tsumekiri.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":361}],"stage":4,"range":"359-361","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-body-8","label":"Left, right, both","rationale":"Lets you say which hand, or the whole body.","interference":"None.","items":[{"id":"s-migite","romaji":"migite","polite":null,"english":"right hand","use":null,"ja":"右手","kana":"みぎて","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou migite o kega shita","ja":"昨日右手をけがした","english":"I hurt my right hand yesterday."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou migite o kega shimashita","ja":"昨日右手をけがしました","english":"I hurt my right hand yesterday."},"freqRank":4112,"score":3,"notes":"Migite also means on the right-hand side, as in directions.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":362},{"id":"s-hidarite","romaji":"hidarite","polite":null,"english":"left hand","use":null,"ja":"左手","kana":"ひだりて","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hidarite de hashi tsukaeru?","ja":"左手で箸使える？","english":"Can you use chopsticks with your left hand?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hidarite de hashi o tsukaemasu ka?","ja":"左手で箸を使えますか？","english":"Can you use chopsticks with your left hand?"},"freqRank":4678,"score":3,"notes":"Hidarite also means on the left-hand side, as in directions.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":363},{"id":"s-ryoute","romaji":"ryoute","polite":null,"english":"both hands","use":null,"ja":"両手","kana":"りょうて","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"omoi kara ryoute de motte","ja":"重いから両手で持って","english":"It's heavy, hold it with both hands."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"omoi node ryoute de motte kudasai","ja":"重いので両手で持ってください","english":"It's heavy, so please hold it with both hands."},"freqRank":4842,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":364},{"id":"s-zenshin","romaji":"zenshin","polite":null,"english":"whole body; all over","use":null,"ja":"全身","kana":"ぜんしん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kinou no jimu de zenshin kinnikutsuu","ja":"昨日のジムで全身筋肉痛","english":"I'm sore all over from yesterday's gym session."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kinou no jimu de zenshin ga itai desu","ja":"昨日のジムで全身が痛いです","english":"My whole body aches from yesterday's gym session."},"freqRank":3525,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":365}],"stage":4,"range":"362-365","category":"Body"},{"id":"s-position-1","label":"Street directions","rationale":"Give and follow directions: right, left, straight on, at the corner.","interference":"migi and hidari get swapped under pressure.","items":[{"id":"s-migi","romaji":"migi","polite":null,"english":"right","use":null,"ja":"右","kana":"みぎ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"soko, migi ni magatte.","ja":"そこ、右に曲がって。","english":"Turn right there."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"soko o migi ni magatte kudasai.","ja":"そこを右に曲がってください。","english":"Please turn right there."},"freqRank":1600,"score":4,"notes":"migigawa = the right-hand side.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":366},{"id":"s-hidari","romaji":"hidari","polite":null,"english":"left","use":null,"ja":"左","kana":"ひだり","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hidari no hou ga chikai yo.","ja":"左の方が近いよ。","english":"Going left is quicker."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hidari no hou ga chikai desu yo.","ja":"左の方が近いですよ。","english":"It's closer if you go left."},"freqRank":1578,"score":null,"notes":"hidarikiki = left-handed.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":367},{"id":"s-massugu","romaji":"massugu","polite":null,"english":"straight; straight ahead","use":"Also 'directly': massugu kaeru = go straight home.","ja":"まっすぐ","kana":"まっすぐ","politeJa":null,"pos":"adverb","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kono michi, massugu itte.","ja":"この道、まっすぐ行って。","english":"Go straight along this road."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kono michi o massugu itte kudasai.","ja":"この道をまっすぐ行ってください。","english":"Please go straight along this road."},"freqRank":2303,"score":4,"notes":"massugu na hito = an honest, straightforward person.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":368},{"id":"s-kado","romaji":"kado","polite":null,"english":"corner (of a street, table)","use":"The outside corner you turn at; a room's inside corner is sumi.","ja":"角","kana":"かど","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano kado no konbini de matteru ne.","ja":"あの角のコンビニで待ってるね。","english":"I'll wait at the convenience store on that corner."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano kado no konbini de matte imasu ne.","ja":"あの角のコンビニで待っていますね。","english":"I'll be waiting at the convenience store on that corner."},"freqRank":4203,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":369}],"stage":4,"range":"366-369","category":"Position and direction"},{"id":"s-position-4","label":"Front and far side","rationale":"Say something is right in front, across, at the back, just before, or face-on.","interference":"temae (this side) vs mukou (the far side); oku (deep inside) vs ushiro (behind).","items":[{"id":"s-mukou","romaji":"mukou","polite":null,"english":"over there; the other side","use":"The far side of something: kawa no mukou = across the river.","ja":"向こう","kana":"むこう","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano biru no mukou ni kouen ga aru yo.","ja":"あのビルの向こうに公園があるよ。","english":"There's a park on the other side of that building."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"ano biru no mukou ni kouen ga arimasu.","ja":"あのビルの向こうに公園があります。","english":"There's a park on the other side of that building."},"freqRank":590,"score":4,"notes":"Also 'they, the other party', or 'abroad': mukou de = over there.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":370},{"id":"s-me-no-mae","romaji":"me no mae","polite":null,"english":"right in front of you","use":"Right in front, very close: eki no me no mae = right across from the station.","ja":"目の前","kana":"めのまえ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"hoteru wa eki no me no mae da yo.","ja":"ホテルは駅の目の前だよ。","english":"The hotel's right in front of the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"hoteru wa eki no me no mae desu.","ja":"ホテルは駅の目の前です。","english":"The hotel is right in front of the station."},"freqRank":981,"score":3,"notes":"Also 'coming right up': shiken ga me no mae = the exam is almost here.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":371},{"id":"s-oku","romaji":"oku","polite":null,"english":"the back; deep inside","use":"The far end inside a space: mise no oku = the back of the shop.","ja":"奥","kana":"おく","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"toire, oku ni aru yo.","ja":"トイレ、奥にあるよ。","english":"The toilet's at the back."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"toire wa oku ni arimasu.","ja":"トイレは奥にあります。","english":"The toilet is at the back."},"freqRank":1271,"score":null,"notes":"ushiro is behind something; oku is deep inside it.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":372},{"id":"s-temae","romaji":"temae","polite":null,"english":"just before; this side (nearer)","use":"In directions: eki no temae = just before you reach the station.","ja":"手前","kana":"てまえ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eki no temae de oroshite.","ja":"駅の手前で降ろして。","english":"Drop me off just before the station."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eki no temae de oroshite kudasai.","ja":"駅の手前で降ろしてください。","english":"Please drop me off just before the station."},"freqRank":3666,"score":3,"notes":"The rough 'temee!' (you!) heard in films comes from it.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":373},{"id":"s-shoumen","romaji":"shoumen","polite":null,"english":"front; directly opposite","use":"The main face of a building, or straight across from you.","ja":"正面","kana":"しょうめん","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"shoumen no iriguchi kara haitte.","ja":"正面の入口から入って。","english":"Come in through the front entrance."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"shoumen no iriguchi kara haitte kudasai.","ja":"正面の入口から入ってください。","english":"Please come in through the front entrance."},"freqRank":4434,"score":3,"notes":"mae is just 'in front'; shoumen is face-on.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":374}],"stage":4,"range":"370-374","category":"Position and direction"},{"id":"s-position-6","label":"Compass points","rationale":"Use north, south, east and west, mostly for station exits and regions.","interference":"higashi and hidari both start hi-; kita 'north' sounds like kita 'came'.","items":[{"id":"s-kita","romaji":"kita","polite":null,"english":"north","use":"Big stations name exits by direction: kitaguchi = north exit.","ja":"北","kana":"きた","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"kita no hou wa mada yuki ga aru yo.","ja":"北の方はまだ雪があるよ。","english":"There's still snow up north."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"kita no hou wa mada yuki ga arimasu yo.","ja":"北の方はまだ雪がありますよ。","english":"There's still snow in the north."},"freqRank":3654,"score":3,"notes":"Same sound as kita 'came'.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":375},{"id":"s-minami","romaji":"minami","polite":null,"english":"south","use":"minamiguchi = the south exit of a station.","ja":"南","kana":"みなみ","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"jaa, minamiguchi de matteru ne.","ja":"じゃあ、南口で待ってるね。","english":"OK, I'll wait at the south exit."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"dewa, minamiguchi de matte imasu ne.","ja":"では、南口で待っていますね。","english":"Then I'll be waiting at the south exit."},"freqRank":2998,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":376},{"id":"s-higashi","romaji":"higashi","polite":null,"english":"east","use":"higashiguchi = the east exit of a station.","ja":"東","kana":"ひがし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"higashiguchi kara deta hou ga chikai yo.","ja":"東口から出た方が近いよ。","english":"It's quicker if you leave by the east exit."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"higashiguchi kara deta hou ga chikai desu yo.","ja":"東口から出た方が近いですよ。","english":"It's closer if you leave by the east exit."},"freqRank":3100,"score":null,"notes":"Don't mix up with hidari (left); both start hi-.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":377},{"id":"s-nishi","romaji":"nishi","polite":null,"english":"west","use":"nishiguchi = the west exit of a station; nishi nihon = western Japan.","ja":"西","kana":"にし","politeJa":null,"pos":"noun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"eki no nishiguchi tte dotchi?","ja":"駅の西口ってどっち？","english":"Which way's the station's west exit?"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"eki no nishiguchi wa dochira desu ka?","ja":"駅の西口はどちらですか？","english":"Which way is the station's west exit?"},"freqRank":3413,"score":3,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":378}],"stage":4,"range":"375-378","category":"Position and direction"},{"id":"s-pronouns-7","label":"Formal and self words","rationale":"Lets you mention someone respectfully, speak for a group, and say yourself.","interference":"jibun jishin stresses the self; plain jibun is the everyday word.","items":[{"id":"s-ano-kata","romaji":"ano kata","polite":null,"english":"that person (polite)","use":"Respectful ano hito, for customers, elders and bosses.","ja":"あの方","kana":"あのかた","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"ano kata ga shachou desu yo","ja":"あの方が社長ですよ","english":"That's the company president."},"examplePolite":null,"freqRank":4117,"score":3,"notes":"Also kono kata and sono kata; the polite 'who' is donata.","listLinks":[],"cv":2,"focus":false,"n":379},{"id":"s-wareware","romaji":"wareware","polite":null,"english":"we (formal)","use":"Speeches, business and speaking for a group; stiff or jokey in chat.","ja":"我々","kana":"われわれ","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":["formal"],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"wareware no shouri da!","ja":"我々の勝利だ！","english":"Victory is ours!"},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"wareware wa kono keikaku ni hantai desu","ja":"我々はこの計画に反対です","english":"We are against this plan."},"freqRank":899,"score":null,"notes":null,"listLinks":[],"cv":1,"focus":false,"n":380},{"id":"s-jibun-jishin","romaji":"jibun jishin","polite":null,"english":"oneself; myself; yourself","use":"Stresses the self: jibun jishin de kimeru means decide for yourself.","ja":"自分自身","kana":"じぶんじしん","politeJa":null,"pos":"pronoun","flags":[],"contrastGroup":null,"example":{"romaji":"motto jibun jishin o shinjite","ja":"もっと自分自身を信じて","english":"Believe in yourself more."},"examplePolite":{"romaji":"motto jibun jishin o shinjite kudasai","ja":"もっと自分自身を信じてください","english":"Please believe in yourself more."},"freqRank":3400,"score":3,"notes":"Jibun alone is the everyday 'oneself'.","listLinks":[],"cv":3,"focus":false,"n":381}],"stage":4,"range":"379-381","category":"Pronouns"}],"cuts":[{"id":"s-gogo-2","romaji":"gogo","ja":"午後","english":"afternoon; p.m.","freqRank":1394,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Same word as gogo."},{"id":"s-ichinichi","romaji":"ichinichi","ja":"一日","english":"one day; a day (per day); a whole day","freqRank":1444,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Same word as tsuitachi."},{"id":"cut-ji-han","romaji":"-ji han","ja":"時半","english":"half past (the hour)","freqRank":3029,"score":5,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Tokenizer fragment of X-ji han (e.g. sanji han); covered by 半 (han) and 一時 (-ji)."},{"id":"s-gozen-2","romaji":"gozen","ja":"午前","english":"morning; a.m.","freqRank":3249,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Same word as gozen."},{"id":"cut-watashitachi","romaji":"watashitachi","ja":"私達","english":"we, us","freqRank":4604,"score":5,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Duplicate of 私たち (same word, written with kanji 達)."},{"id":"s-too","romaji":"too","ja":"十","english":"ten (things)","freqRank":4640,"score":null,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Same word as juu."},{"id":"cut-kagetsu","romaji":"-kagetsu","ja":"カ月","english":"months (duration)","freqRank":5015,"score":4,"verdict":"dropped","reason":"Spelling variant of か月; the same -kagetsu counter."}]}